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Bachelor of Technology
In
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by:
This is certified that the Project entitled, “Fabrication of advanced four in one
multipurpose agricultural robotic vehicle” by Anjali Dubey (Roll No. 15ME02), Ankita
Kumari :(Roll No. 15ME03), Komal Gupta: (Roll No. 15ME21), Savita Verma:
(15ME41), Tabassum Khan:(15ME44), Tamanna Paliwal:(15ME45) has been carried out
under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirement of B. Tech. in Mechanical
Engineering.
Semester : 7th
The Aim of the project is to use multiple equipment’s in a single machine to perform
various operations of agriculture.
Background of work:
It is a new technology in which the machine used 4 different equipment for agricultural
process. In this the 4 different work done by the multipurpose machine are ploughing or to
dig a hole, sowing, watering and Cutting. It is the advanced technology in agriculture & it
reduces the cost of using 4 different-different equipment on a single machine alone.
5 Designing 25
7 Conclusion 31
8 References 32
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Agriculture
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain
so for a long time. A man without food for three days will quarrel, for a week will fight
and for a month or so will die‖. Agriculture is a branch of applied science. Agriculture
is the science and art of farming including cultivating the soil, producing crops and
raising livestock. It is the most important enterprise in the world. Over the years,
agricultural practices have been carried out by small-holders cultivating between 2 to 3
hectare, using human labor and traditional tools such as wooden plough, yoke, leveler,
harrow, spade, big etc. These tools are used in land preparation, for sowing of seeds,
weeding and harvesting. Modem agricultural techniques and equipment’s are not used
by small land holders because this equipment’s are too expensive and difficult to
acquire. Adopting scientific farming methods, we can get maximum yield and good
quality crops which can save a farmer from going bankrupt but majority of farmers still
uses primitive method of farming techniques due to lack of knowledge or lack of
investment for utilizing modern equipment. The use of hand tools for land cultivation is
still predominant in India because tractors require resources that many Indian farmers
do not have easy access to.
The need for agricultural mechanization in India must therefore be assessed with a
deeper understanding of the small holder farmer’s activities. Sustainable improvement
in the livelihoods of poor farmers in developing countries depends largely on the
adoption of improved resource conserving cropping systems. While most of the
necessary components already exist, information on the availability and performance of
iii. Labour intensive cultivation: Due to increase in population the pressure on land
holding increased. Land holdings get fragmented and subdivided and become
uneconomical. Machinery and equipment cannot be used on such farms.
viii. Dominance of food crops: 75% of the cultivated area is under food crops like
Wheat, Rice and Bajra, while 25% of cultivated area is under commercial crops.
This pattern is cause of backward agriculture.
ii. High cost of Farm Inputs: Over the year’s rates of farm inputs have increased.
Farm inputs include fertilizer, insecticide, pesticides, HYV seeds, farm labor
cost etc. Such an increase puts low and medium land holding farmers at a
disadvantage.
iii. Soil Exhaustion: Soil exhaustion means loss of nutrients in the soil from
farming the same crop over and over again. This usually happens in the rain
forest.
iv. Depletion of Fresh Ground Water: Most of the irrigation in dry areas of
Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh was carried out by excessive use of
ground water. Today fresh ground water situation in these states is alarming. In
the coming few years if this type of farming practice continues, these states are
going to face water famine.
v. Adverse impact of Global Climatic Change: Among various challenges,
global climatic change is the recent one. It is predicted that due to climate
change, temperature would increase from 2°C to 3°C, there would be increase in
sea level, more intense cyclones, unpredictable rainfall etc. These changes would
adversely affect the production of crops.
vi. Impact of Globalization: You can see the effect of globalization on the farm
sector in India. All developing countries have been affected by it. The most
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FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE 4 IN 1 AGRICULTURE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
evident effect is the squeeze on farmer ‘s income and the threat to the viability of
cultivation in India. This is due to the rising input costs and falling output prices.
This reflects the combination of reduced subsidy and protection to farmers.
vii. Providing Food Security: Before the introduction of green revolution in India,
we were not self-sufficient in terms of our food grain production. With the
introduction of green revolution, production of food grains increased
substantially and India became self-sufficient. However, during the last one
decade the total production has become stagnant. On the other hand, we have
added another 16 to 18 million populations over this period. Although India has
become self-sufficient in good it is yet to ensure food security which is
dependent upon accessibility, affordability as well nutritional value of the food
available. One of the biggest challenges facing India is Providing Food Security
to its population.
viii. Farmers Suicide: Every suicide has a multiple of causes but when you have
nearly 200,000 of them, it makes sense to seek broad common factors within that
group. The suicides appear concentrated in regions of high commercialization of
agriculture and very high peasant debt. Cash crop farmers seemed far more
vulnerable to suicide than those growing food crops. Yet the basic underlying
causes of the crisis remained untouched. Commercialization of the countryside
along with massive decline in investment in agriculture was the beginning of the
decline. Withdrawal of bank credit at a time of soaring input prices and the crash
in farm incomes compounded the problems. Shifting of millions from food crop
to cash crop cultivation had its own risks. Privatization of many resources has
also compounded the problems. The devastation lies in the big 5 States of
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
These states accounted for two-thirds of all farm suicides during 2003-08. Some
of the major factors responsible are indebtedness, crop failure and deterioration
in economic status. Decline in social position, exorbitant charges by local money
lenders for the vulnerable farmers, chronic illness in the family, addiction etc.
have made life of farmers difficult.
In the current scenario most of us have come across the atomization in various fields
as the advancement of technology has to a lead tremendous development in the
industrial products that have made our lives a lot easier and helpful than what our
ancestors faced. The advancements especially in the field of agriculture have helped
evolve a new era of development and growth of different developing countries. The
atomization in this field has been a trademark for the people who are completely
dependent on agriculture for their survival and other needs.
Accordingly, a report made says that most of the agriculture equipment’s that are
been projected in various fields, that is either by researchers or by the engineers are
practically very difficult to implement. This equipment’s made are mostly very
complex in terms of field operation or are either less efficient as they are
implemented based upon on the basic concept from the design point of view. Many
of the other devices developed based upon the concept of seed sowing and fertilizing
are either a single application devices or they are very less efficient.
As these devices are developed taking in point the present scenario in the field of
agriculture these devices are hence forth based upon the basic concept model and are
practically inefficient to implement as these are designed to work in single rows
which can be done more efficiently using manpower. Thus in order to overcome
these issues we are making an effort to develop a model which could be more
efficient when being implanted on the practical basis.
Chapter-2
Literature Review
2.1 V.K. Tiwari, A. Ashok Kumar, Satya Prakash Kumar, Brajesh Nare
[2012]
In this research papers author have done case study on farm mechanization in west
Bengal as being part of India it gives clear status about availability and progress in
India.
This ensured us to take right steps compared to current steps.
Chapter-3
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FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE 4 IN 1 AGRICULTURE ROBOTIC VEHICLE
Water is essential because germination of seeds does not take place under dry
condition. Water also protects the crop from both frost and hot air currents. To
maintain the moisture of the soil for healthy crop growth, fields have to be watered
regularly.
3.3 PUMP:
It is used for increase the pressure of Water.
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), by mechanical action.
DC power: 120V
The output of the gear reduction operates a linkage that moves the wipers back and
forth.
The circuit maintains power to the wipers until they are parked at the bottom of the
windshield, then cuts the power to the motor.
This circuit also parks the wipers between wipes when they are on their intermittent
setting.
3.6 BATTERY:
We use lead acid battery. It is connected to solar panel to store the power so that we
can use it in when no solar energy is available
3.7 CONTROLLER:
It is used to control the processes of agriculture robotic vehicle such as sowing,
ploughing, watering & cutting.
3.8 BOX:
It is a container which is used to store the seeds.
We used wood material in this.
The sowing mechanism is installed in this box.
Length : 35 cm
Width : 17.5 -18 cm
Height : 25.5 cm
3.9 Wheels:
Wheels reduce friction. Instead of simply sliding over the ground, the wheels dig in
and rotate, turning around sturdy rods called axles.
Wheels provide leverage (in other words, they are examples of force multipliers or
simple machines)
Width : 40.9 mm
Dia. : 25 cm
3.10 SEED SOWING /CUTTING MOTOR:
This motor is use as a time interruption purpose because one by one side wills
down to earth side and vehicle move forward direction at same time.
Knowing the position and severity of the weeds there are many methods that can
kill, remove or retard these unwanted plants. Different physical methods can be
used that rely on physical interaction with the weeds.
A classic example is to break the soil and root interface by tillage and promote
wilting of the weed plants. This can be achieved in the inter row area easily by
using classical spring or duck foot tines.
Within the close-to-crop area, tillage cannot be used as any disturbance to the
soil is likely to damage the interface between the crop and the soil.
Intra row weeding is more difficult as it requires the position of the crop plant to
be known so that the end effectors can be steered away.
Chapter-4
Working Principle & Advantages
The base frame is made for the robot with 3 wheels connected and driven the rear
wheel is dc motor.
One end of the frame, cultivator is fitted which is also driven by dc motor and
design is made to dig the soil.
Cylindrical piping arrangement is made by the sheet metal, to store the seeds and
the seeds flow through the drilled path holes on the digged soil.
GOVRNMENT WOMEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER 20
Water pump sprayer to spray the water on the soil after sowing so that seeds receive
proper irrigation.
Solar is placed on top of the robot and is connected to the battery for charging the
battery.
Thus the max efficiency is utilized from the sun by the solar panel and to the
battery. The solar panel system is operated by solar tracker.
It is not wireless process it uses wires for functioning of the vehicle which is
controlled by the controller board.
The whole robot requires the 12v battery to operate the system.
4.2 OPERATIONS
4.2.1 Steering mechanism
4.2.2 Ploughing
4.2.4 Leveling
4.3 Advantages
To reduce human effort in the agricultural field with the use of small robot.
To perform all 4 operations at single time, hence increases production and saves
time.
To complete large amount of work in less time.
Farmer can operate this robot through remote by sitting at one side and he can
operate easily.
The usage of solar can be utilized for Battery charging. As the Robot works in the
field, the rays of the sun can be used for solar power generation.
To increase the efficiency, the solar power is used and the Power output can be
increased.
Moreover, we will give examples of the economic potential of applying autonomous
robotic vehicles compared to conventional systems. Focus will be put on potential
labor cost savings, farm structure implications and sizes for operation, daily working
hours, potential environmental impact, energy costs and safety issues.
GOVRNMENT WOMEN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER 23
Chapter-5
Designing of Parts
AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a commercial computer aided design and drafting software application.
Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as
a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Before
AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD program ran on mainframe computers
or minicomputers, with each cad operator working at separate graphic terminal. Since
2010, AutoCAD released as a mobile and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
SOLIDWORKS
Solid works is a solid modeling computer aided design and computer aided engineering
computer program that runs on Microsoft window. Solid works is published by Dassault
Systemes.
MODELING TECHNOLOGY
Building a model in solid works usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are
available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as point, lines, arcs,
conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define
the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as
tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity. The parametric nature of solid
works means that the dimension and relations drive the geometry, not the other way
around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships
to other parameter inside or outside of the sketch.
ASSEMBLY
In an assembly, the analog to sketch relation are mates. Just as sketch relation define
conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to sketch
geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts
or component, allowing the easy construction of assemblies. Solid works also includes
additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which allow
modeled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual
gear train.
Finally, drawing can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are automatically
generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances can then be easily
added to the drawing as needed. The drawing module includes most paper size and
standards (ANSI, ISO, DIN, GOST, JIS, BSI and SAC).
File format
Chapter-6
Scope & Future outcome
6.1 Scope:
The Present project aims at designing an intelligent robotic vehicle which can be
controlled by toggle switch.
The main aim of our project has been to develop a solar operated digging machine,
which is solar powered.
In this machine we used a solar panel to capture and convert solar energy into
electrical energy which in turn is used to charge a battery, which then gives the
necessary power to a shunt wound DC motor. This power is then transmitted to the
rear wheel through gear drives.
In this project an attempt is made to make the electric and mechanical systems share
their powers in an efficient way.
Based on the overall performance of the machine we can definitely say that the
project will satisfy the need of small scale farmer, because they are not able to
purchase costly agricultural equipment.
The machine required less man power and less time compared to traditional
methods, so if we manufacture it on a large scale its cost gets significantly reduce
and we hope this will satisfy the partial thrust of Indian agriculture.
So in this way we can overcome the labour problem that is the need of today’s
farming in India.
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