Indian Geography – Important Points

 The Indian subcontinent, flanked by the towering mountains

in the north and girdled by the seas and the ocean in the
south stands distinct from the rest of Asia. This explains why
the subcontinent has been able to develop a distinctive culture
of its own.
 India occupies a dominant position in the subcontinent as it
alone claims three fourths of the total population. Also it has
fairly long common frontiers with each member of the
subcontinent.

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 Being located at the head of the Indian Ocean it is in a very
good position to promote trade with the continents of Asia,
Africa and Australia.

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 The construction of Suez Canal has brought Europe and North
America in its easy reach. re
 India is only at a relatively short distance from the oil-rich
countries surrounding the Persian Gulf.
 The latitudinal extent of the country implies marked variations
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in the climate of the northern and southern parts of the
country. The longitudinal extent is responsible for a time lag of
almost two hours between its eastern and western extremities.
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 This, however, has been minimised by adopting 82 30' E

longitude as the standard meridian of India whose local time is
taken to be the standard time for the entire country.
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 In terms of area, India stands seventh in the world but in

population it ranks second next only to China. It means there
is tremendous population pressure on our limited land and
water resources.
 The physiographic divisions of India are very bold and highly
contrasting. In fact, each one of them can be presented as an
ideal example of its kind - be it a mountain; a plateau or a
plain. Besides adding to the diversity they also stress
economic complementarity.
 They make all these macro regions entirely interdependent on
one another, making the whole country a single economic and
political entity benefiting each and every part – big or small.

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 India is a country of climatic diversities which are expressed in
the variations in the distribution of temperature, pressure,
winds and amount of precipitation.
 The factors which are responsible for determining the climate
of different regions of India include her location and latitudinal
extent, physiography, the role of Himalayan ranges as a
climatic divide, the monsoon winds, upper air circulation,
western disturbances and cyclonic storms.
 Derived from Arabic word „mousim‟, monsoon implies the
rhythm of season and seasonal reversal of winds.
 Meteorologically, the year in India is divided into four seasons
namely the cold weather season, the hot weather season, the

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advancing southwest monsoon season and the retreating
southwest monsoon season. These seasons have different

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characteristics of weather conditions.
 Among the top ten disaster prone countries, India stands
second after China.
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 More than 6% of the total population bears the brunt of
natural disasters. Natural hazard, which devastates life and
property, are called disasters.
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 More than 20% of the deaths caused by floods in the world,
occur in India. Floods are caused by heavy rain, deposition of
sediment and tsunami.
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 65% of cultivated area of India is rain fed. This is the area

where droughts are common. Degradation of environment
caused by human activities is also responsible for drought. By
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adopting some measures, the impact of drought could be

mitigated.
 191 districts, out of the 593 (2001) districts of India, are
vulnerable to drought.
 Landslides cause heavy damage on mountainous slopes in
rainy season. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim and all the seven states of North East
India are landslide prone.
 Landslides are caused by deforestation, earthquakes,
construction of roads and buildings, and shifting agriculture.
A very severe earthquake occurred on 26 January, 2001 in
Gujarat.

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 Earthquakes not only destroy life and property, but also
change the courses of rivers. Tsunami, mud fountains, cracks
and fissures are also caused by severely devastating
earthquakes.
 The quake prone areas are North East India, Gujarat,
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
 Cyclones originate in the Bay of Bengal and affect the states of
eastern coasts. Cyclones that originate in the Arabian Sea
have a devastating impact over Maharashtra and Gujarat
coast. If some precise precautions are taken, the impact of
cyclones could be mininised.
 Land is our basic resource. It has different roles like

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productive economic factor, foundation for social prestige and
is the basis of wealth and political power.

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 India is well endowed with cultivable land. It has favourable
land-man ratio than Japan, and Netherlands, whereas it is not
as favourable as it is in Australia, Canada and the U.S.A.
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 Land use is a dynamic process. It changes over time due to a
number of factors including increasing population and
changes in cropping pattern and technology. However, bulk of
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land continues to be used for raising crops.
 India faces a lot of problems related to land. They are land
degradation, tenure or ownership of land and deforestation.
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India has adopted two broad measures, land reclamation and

land reforms to solve these problems.
 Soil is defined as upper layer of the earth composed of loose
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surface material.
 The soils of India are broadly divided into six groups. They are
alluvial, regur or black, red, laterite, desert and mountain
soils. Like land, soil also has problems such as soil erosion
and soil exhaustion.
 Various soil conservation methods like contour ploughing
terracing, shelter belt formation and afforestation are adopted
in India.
 Natural vegetation implies the assemblage of plant species
living in association with one another in a given environment.
 Diversity in climatic conditions has resulted into a marked
diversity in natural vegetation.

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 The important vegetation types in India include the moist
tropical evergreen, the moist tropical deciduous, the dry
deciduous, the tidal forests and the mountain vegetation.
 Water in the most important and precious resources of nature.
This is the basis of life. There are various uses of water. It is
used for drinking, domestic work, irrigation, industries and
energy sectors.
 India is an agricultural country. It has a long growing season.
Hence there is maximum use of water in irrigation, wells, tube
wells, canals, and tanks are the important sources of
irrigation. There is maximum use of wells and tube wells in
irrigation.

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 The distribution of water in India is very uneven. Duration of
rainfall, nature of rainfall nature of level and slope of land are

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responsible factors for uneven distribution of water.
 River valley projects have played an important role in the
development of water resourced, flood control and appropriate
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use of water. These have contributed greatly in the economic
development of the country and in the conservation of
resources.
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 The conservation of water resources has become necessary
due to scarcity of water, diversity in temporal and terrestrial
distribution of water, increasing demand for water by a large
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growing population and changing atmospheric conditions.

 Special emphasis has been given on rain water harvesting and
water-shed development programmes for this. If these
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programmes are carried out honestly. Then water crisis can

never arise in India. Among there rain water harvesting
programmes can be completed in low budget with the active
cooperation of the people. There is a great need to change out
thinking about water resources.
 Many social organization, councils and individuals have done
commendable work in this field. Barren and backward areas
have adopted on the path of development with their
cooperation.
 Water-shed development and linking rivers together is very
expensive time consuming and complex. But this work can be

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 completed by cooperation among different state govts, strong
will power of the centre and cooperation of the people.
 India has different types of land uses. About 47 per cent of its
total area is under cultivation leaving very little scope for
brining further land under cultivation.
 The food for rapidly growing population can be provided only
by improving productivity per hectare of land as cultivable
land in India is only 13 per cent. There is need of increasing
forest land for ecological balance.
 Animal rearing is important economic activity in India. It
accounts for a quarter of the total agricultural output. India
has the highest number of livestock but the quality of livestock

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is very poor.
 Efforts are being made to improve the quality of animals

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through operation flood. As a result, India is now leading in
milk production in the world.
 Fisheries are also an important occupation in India.

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Rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and tea are important crops
grown in India. Efforts are being made to increase production
of fruits, vegetables, spices and flowers.
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 The importance of these crops has increased due to global
opportunities in export of agricultural commodities. India can
earn a sizable amount of foreign exchanges with export of
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these items.
 The government of India has formulated a new agricultural
policy in 2000 in the light of economic liberalization.
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 In the new agricultural policy emphasis have been placed on

privatization of agriculture, increasing animal products,
aquaculture, floriculture, improving domestic and
international market systems and facilitating credit flow to the
farmers.
 Mineral and power resources play an important role in the
industrial development of a nation. They provide the industrial
raw materials and fuel.
 Minerals are classified into metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Metallic minerals can be further grouped into ferrous and non-
ferrous.

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 Mineral fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. India‟s
position is particularly good in the metallic minerals of ferrous
group. It is well endowed with iron ore of high quality.
 India has rich deposits of mica and bauxite. It is also one of
the leading producers of mica in the world.
 Coal is the primary source of power in India. It occurs in the
rock formations of Gondwana and Tertiary age.
 Gondwana coal fields account for 96% of the total reserves and
production in India.
 India‟s position is not satisfactory in the reserves as well as
production of petroleum. Assam belt and Gujarat-Cambay and
Bombay High belt are the two important petroleum producing

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regions in India.
 Uranium and thorium are the two important atomic minerals

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in India. The major problems faced by mineral resources are
depletion of mineral resources, ecological problems, pollution
and social problems.
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 Various methods are adopted for conservation of mineral
resources. The measures are reclamation, recycling,
substitution and more efficient uses.
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 Recently some on-shore as well as off-shore oil fields has been
discovered.
 On-shore oil fields are discovered in the state of Rajasthan
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whereas offshore oil fields are discovered along the coast of

Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
 Natural gas is emerging as an important source of commercial
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energy because in recent years more and more reserves are

discovered at eastern coast namely Krishna, Godavari and
Mahanadi basins.
 Energy is a highly important infrastructural resource for the
economic development of a country. Main sources of power are
coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear power and water power.
All these sources are known as the conventional sources of
energy.
 Power generated by the use of coal petroleum and natural gas
is called thermal energy. These sources of energy are
exhaustible and non-renewable. They cause pollution.

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 Hydel power is a renewable and pollution free source of
energy. Its maintenance costs are very low. Nuclear power is
source of power. It requires huge capital and sophisticated
technology. Careful handling and security measures are
necessary for the protection of life all around their sites.
 The share of thermal power is more than 70 percent out of the
total energy produced in India.
 Next comes is the hydel power whose share is about 26
percent. The share of nuclear power is only less than 2.5
percent.
 Coal based thermal power plants are located either near the
coal fields or near the consumption centres. These plants are

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largely located in Madhya Pradesh, Chhatishgarh, Jharkhand
and Orissa. However, thermal plants on the borders of Uttar

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Pradesh, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh are also very
important as they serve far off regions in these three states.
 There has been sufficient development of hydel power in the
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southern states. India has developed about 50 percent of its
total water power potential.
 Sun, winds, tides, hot springs, biogas etc. are the alternative
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sources of power. They are known as non-conventional
sources of energy. They are renewable, pollution free and
inexpensive. There is a slow progress in the utilisation of these
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sources for want of suitable and economically viable

technologies.
 The processing of natural resources into more useful items is
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called manufacturing.
 Economic development of a country is directly linked with the
level of industrial development. In India the share of
manufacturing industries in GDP has been increasing, over
the period, especially in post-economic reforms period.
 Before independence, India was industrially less developed.
But after independence India initiated industrial development
in a planned manner during its Five Year Plans.
 Today, India exports a large number of industrial goods to
different countries of the world.
 Industries can be classified into different categories on the
basis, such as of sources of raw material, ownership,

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 functions, size of industry and weight of raw material and
finished products.
 Since India is still an agricultural country, it has developed
various agro-based industries such as cotton textile, woolen
textile, jute textile and sugar industry.
 Cotton textile industry is the largest organised sector industry
in India.
 India is also endowed with various minerals, enabling the
country to establish various mineral based industries such as
iron and steel, heavy engineering, automobiles, chemicals and
petro chemical industry.
 The Government of India framed policies which have made

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India self-reliant in various sectors of industries.
Liberalization, globalization and privatization have helped in

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bringing foreign capital and modern technology into the
country. Private enterprise is being allowed to enter into
various core sectors. This, has resulted into the faster growth
of industrial sector.
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 The term infrastructure denotes the essential elements
forming the bases of a system or structure. Transport,
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communication and trade are important infrastructural
resources of economy. These services provide support for the
development of entire economy, particularly agriculture and
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industries.
 Railways, roads and pipe lines are the means of land
transport. They play an important role in strengthening the
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national unity. They also promote social and economic

prosperity in the country.
 Water transport is an inexpensive but slow means of
transport. The development of inland water transport is
limited only to the eastern part and eastern coastal plains.
India is ideally situated on the busy Suez route joining
Australia and south-east Asia and Europe.
 The air transport is the fastest through costliest means of
transport. It is also suitable in the areas where construction
and maintenance of surface transport is difficult, such as
Northeastern region. All these means of transport have
brought the world closer.

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 Rail transport provides services particularly for long distance
and carries bulk of traffic at one time. Northern plains, eastern
coastal plains, and Gujarat plains have dense network of
railways; while the Northeastern region, Western Rajasthan
and the Himalayan region have sparse railway network.
 Road transport provides door to door services. It is flexible and
is suitable for short distances. Punjab, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
have the highest density of surfaced roads.
 Communication involves sending or receiving messages at
individual or mass level.
 It includes postal services, telegraph, telephone, teleprinters,
radio, television and print media. Radio and television belong

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to electronic telecommunication media.
 Transport and communication are interrelated and they

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strengthen and supplement each other.
 The trade relations of India have grown very rapidly after
Independence. India has bilateral trade with many developed
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and developing countries. There has been a significant change
in the commodities of export and import after independence.
 India has now adopted the policy of liberalisation of trade
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removing restrictions on imports. Despite phenomenal growth
in foreign trade India‟s share in world trade is very low - not
even one per cent.
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 Human resource is the most important resource in an area. It

is the quality rather than quantity of this resource which is
important for the economic development of a country.
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 India is the second most populous country of the world after

China. The distribution of population is generally studied in
terms of density. The density of population in India is not
uniform. On the basis of density of population,
 India can be divided into three broad regions of high density,
the areas of moderate density, and the areas of low density.
The factors which affect density and distribution can be
grouped into two categories. They are physical factors and
socio-economic factors.
 The population of India has been increasing very rapidly since
1921 and the rate of growth has been increasing. The growth
rate of population is determined by the birth rate, death rate

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 and migration of an area. Like density and distribution, the
growth rate is also not uniform throughout the country.
 Migration is an important factor for the growth rate of
population. Migration can be divided into various types. It can
be divided as permanent and temporary.
 On the basis of source of origin and destination of migrant
population, it can be divided into rural to rural, rural to
urban, urban to urban and urban to rural. These four types
can be grouped under two categories i.e. inter-state migration
and intrastate migration.
 People move from one place to other under the influence of
economic, sociopolitical and demographic factors.

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 The causes of migration can be studied in terms of push and
pull factors. The consequences of migrations are numerous

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and they can be studied in terms of economic, social and
demographic consequences.
 The migrants involve themselves in extra marital relation and
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drug abuse due to their loneliness since they have left their
family at their source.
 The development of a country depends upon both quality and
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quantity of the human resources. The quality of human
resource depends upon the population composition. They are
rural - urban, sex - age, linguistic, religious, Scheduled
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Castes, Scheduled Tribe, literate-non literate composition.

India is proverbially known as the country of villages.
 Till today more than 72 percent of people live in rural areas.
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The rate of urbanisation is however increasing. The growth

rate of urban population is higher than the average growth
rate in the country. This is mainly due to migration of people
from rural to urban areas. There are 35 metropolitan cities in
India having population more than 10,00,000.
 On the other hand, sex ratio in India is unfavourable. The
highest number of females per one thousand males in Kerala
(1058) whereas it is lowest in Haryana (861). If we take Union
Territory into account then the lowest sex ratio in the country
is in Daman and Diu (709). The sex ratio has been gradually
decreasing in each successive censuses except some marginal
increase in the 1951, 1981 and 2001 census.

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 The rate of literacy in India is not very high (65.38%). It is the
highest in Kerala where the literacy rate is as high as 90.92%
and on the other extreme is the state of Bihar where literacy is
as low as 47.53% percent.
 India is a land of great social diversity. It is the home of people
belonging to different racial stocks, languages and religions.
The tribal people are the nearest relations of some of the
original racial stocks. The Schedule Castes are intermixture of
various racial stocks.
 The concentration of these population are found in the plain
areas due to their profession. Whereas Scheduled Tribes
generally live in isolated forested and hilly tracts. They are pre-

in
industrial stage of development and believe in super-natural
powers.
 India is a unique country in terms of language and religion.

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Here all the major religions of the world are found. There are
18 major languages and hundreds of dialects are spoken in
the country.
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 The concept of Human Development Index (HDI) was
propounded by Prof Mehbub Al Haque and Prof. Amartya Sen
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in 1990.
 From 1990 onwards Human Development Report is published
by UNDP annually which reflects the status of human
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development in almost all the countries across the world.

 HDI is a composite index that measures the average
achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of
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human development. They are long and healthy life,

knowledge and decent standards of living.
 They basic difference between economic development and
human development is that economic development entirely
focuses on the increase of income whereas the human
development stresses in expanding and widening of all aspects
of human life. In HDI, economic condition is one of the
essential elements.
 Apart from HDI, various types of indices are constructed and
published by UNDP. Some of the important indices are Human
Poverty Index, Gender Development Index, Gender Empowered
Measurement index, etc.

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 If we look at the situation since independence to till date, we
find that there has been a significant improvement. However
there have been increases in HIV/AIDS patients to check the
menace of HIV/AIDS, the youngsters have been suggested to
develop certain life skills. But there is a need for further
improvement. To improve the situation, the Government of
India has implemented many programmes such as massive
project like National Rural Health Mission, Sarva Shikhsa
Abhiyan, and National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
etc.
 In accordance with UNDP Human Development Report,
Planning Commission of India came out with a similar kind of

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Report titled “National Human Development Report.”
 In this report HDI of fifteen major states were calculated. The
state of Kerala has highest HDI whereas the state of Bihar has

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the lowest HDI.
 Settlement can be defined as any form of human habitation
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which ranges from a single dwelling to a large city.
 Settlements can be broadly divided into two types – rural and
urban. The basic difference between rural and urban is on the
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basis of function.
 In India rural settlements are broadly grouped under four
categories. These are compact, semi-compact, hamleted and
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dispersed.
 Compact settlements have closely built up area and dwellings
are concentrated in one central site. Maximum settlements of
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our country come under this category and geographically it

spreads almost every part of the country. There are as much
as eleven patterns are found within the compact settlement.
 Semi-compact settlements are characterised by a small but
compact nuclear around which hamlets are dispersed. Some of
the important patterns bound in semi-compact settlements are
checkerboard, elongated and fan-shaped. Such settlements
are found in tribal areas of Chota Nagpur region and Nagaland
in north-eastern states of India.
 Hamleted settlements are those settlements where central or
main settlements is either absent or has less influence on the
other units whereas dispersed settlement is a unit of small

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 size which may consists of a single house to a small group of
houses. Physical ethnic or cultural and historical or defence
are some of the important factors which influence the type of
rural settlements in India.
 There are variations in house types also. The variations are
determined by topography, climate, availability of building
materials, etc.
 As far as building materials are concerned, these can be
grouped under two categories – (i) building material used for
walls and (ii) building material used for roofs.
 Building materials used for walls are mainly mud, stone,
brick, timber and wattle whereas building materials used for

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roofs are thatch, mud, tiles, tine, stone slab, wood, brick, etc.
 According to census of India, urban settlements are (a) all

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places with municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or
notified town area committee etc. and (b) all other places
which satisfy the following criteria: (i) a minimum population
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of 5000; (ii) at least 75% of male working population engaged
in non-agricultural pursuits; and (iii) a density of population of
at least 400 persons per square kilometer.
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 The places which satisfy the conditions mentioned in category
(a) are known as statutory towns. The towns which satisfy
conditions mentioned in the category (b) are known as census
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towns.
 Like rural settlements, urban settlements are classified on
various bases. However, classification based on size and
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functions are most common.

 On the basis of population size all urban settlements can be
town, city, metropolitan city and mega city. On the basis of
functions, cities can be grouped as administrative, industrial,
transportation, commercial, mining, cantonment, educational,
religious, tourist, etc.
 Local area planning is a process of planning that is concerned
with resolving local level problems and issues.
 Local area is both a physical as well as a cultural attribute like
landscape of an area, local products of folk dances,
handicrafts etc.

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 An effort to devise way and means to solve the problems of
places and people is termed as planning.
 Planning is carried out of various levels from small local area
to as large area as the world. However, it is the sincere effort of
the local people that ensures local area clean, green and
prosperous.
 For local area planning, formulation of objectives fixing targets
and priorities to be achieved, mobilization of local and other
resources for the execution of plan, creating social group for
the implementation of the plan and monitoring of progress are
the basic requirements.
 The success of local area planning largely depends upon the

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ecological and socioeconomic base of the locality.
 As such local area plans vary significantly from place to place.

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The dimensions of local area planning are essentially to fulfill
the basic and higher needs of the people besides creating
adequate opportunities for employment and income generation
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to meet the growing needs of local people.
 Hence, need based utilization of local resources is a
precondition for such a planning.
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 Local resources refer to land resources like rocks and soils,
water resources, plantations and forest resources. Assessment
of local resources helps in data collection and preparation of
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plan and its implementation.

 Planning is, thus, a continuous process. India is making
planned efforts to develop its economy and areas for the
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welfare of people. India has designed 10 Five Year Plans based

on its priorities so far.
 Priorities have been changing during different plan periods.
However, all of these plans were aimed at achieving higher
economic growth rates while keeping general welfare of the
people as the main goal.
 There are distinct problems and potentials of the different
regions. Hence, present unique needs for planning.
 Water harvesting and management, protection and promotion
of forest, tribal welfare and protection of wild life, power to the
people for managing local environment are some of the

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 planning priorities of different regions based on their unique
needs.
 To improve the quality of local environment, utilization of local
re- sources and initiatives of the local people are important.
There is a need for optimal resource utilisation in the light of
resource depletion and their renewability.
 Maps are the basic tools and designs for the development and
planning of a local area. As such use of maps, sketches and
photographs helps in the identification of local issues,
collection of data/information and for finalizing the blue print
of local area planning.
 The case studies need to be conducted to analyse the socio-

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economic set up, land use pattern, amenities and social
facilities and common property resources in the area. Based
on the result of the case studies, planning proposals need to

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be developed. These proposals must include the issues and
specific schemes for environmental, social and economic
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planning of the area.
 India‟s share in world‟s tourism is still very low both in the
number of tourist arrivals and in foreign exchange earnings.
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Tourism accounts for our third largest export item in the
country‟s foreign trade in terms of earnings.
 Tourism industry creates new jobs at a faster pace and with
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relatively low investment. It tones up the economy and quality

of life in under developed areas as are the geographically
isolated tracts in the mountains.
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 International tourism promotes the export of invisible

products without sending them out of India, in the form of
hospitality service rendered to tourists during the stay in our
tourist areas. It is so because we earn foreign exchange out of
what the foreign tourists spend.
 Additionally, they also carry many of our fanciful articles like
handicrafts, without incurring any cost of their transport or
advertisement by us.
 Cash earning from the stay of foreign tourists makes up our
unfavourable balance of trade. The natural environment and
heritage sites remain a source of attraction as long as these
are not damaged beyond control from their degradation or
pollution.

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 Massive tourist traffic, unless regulated creates these mal-
effects. Tourist carrying capacity of a resort needs to be
matched to minimize the inconveniences of local people during
the period of tourist rush.
 Youths of the host area are also to be saved from cultural
alienation by blindly initiating the lifestyle of foreigners during
days of reckless massive tourism.
 A planning for adopting a sequence of steps like a survey of
the existing position of services and facilities needed by
tourists and measures for development of a healthy and
sustainable tourism has become a dire need.
 A national level, an apex body has to take stock of the status

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and trends of tourism in comparison with neighbouring
countries. It will help appraise the future needs, the nature of

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various incentives for alluring tourists and the gaps to be
removed for better provision as well as management of the
infrastructure.
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 A national policy alone is capable to give a feed for organizing
integrated interstate circuit tours. It helps in reducing the
imbalances in spread of tourism in the country and in
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promptly rehabilitating the booming tourist areas extensively
damaged by natural disaster like the recent Tsunami seismic
sea waves.
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 A regional review is needed to keep up the continued

attraction of sight-seeing spots and improve upon the
connectivity for tourists to reach them in local areas.
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 A full scale publicity drive is crucial for making tourists aware

of what in worth seeing in the region and the local community
to care for proper marketing of its landscape, heritage and
skills. A continuous supply of professional intermediaries at
all levels within the local tourist areas cannot be neglected in
the interest of promotion of tourism.
 A regional organization is more capable to develop more sites
for tourism and to recommend innovative steps like the
induction of new forms of ethnic tourism which is found
appealing both for the visitor and the host community.

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 Innovations are the need of the present so as to save regional
tourism from reaching a saturation point which is its dead
end.

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