Answers # 8

1. The critical value is a point on the test distribution that is compared to the test statistic to
determine whether to reject the null hypothesis. If the absolute value of your test statistic is
greater than the critical value, you can declare statistical significance and reject the null
hypothesis.
The obtained value is the value you compare to the critical value to determine if you will fail to
reject the null hypothesis or accept the research hypothesis.
Obtained ˂ Critical (fail to reject null hypothesis)
Obtained ˃ Critical (reject the null hypothesis)
2. Alpha ( 𝛼𝛼) value: The significance level, also denoted as alpha or ( 𝛼𝛼), is the probability of
rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. For example, a significant level of .05 indicates a 5%
risk of concluding that a difference exists when there is no actual difference.
P-value: The p-value is the probability of finding the observed, or more extreme, results when the
null hypothesis is true (i.e. when are the chances of seeing something in our results…if nothing
exists in the population).
3. a) Figure 1: Scatter Plot of Years of Education and Hours Watching TV Per Day

Scatter Plot of Years of Education and Hours

Watching TV Per Day
7
Hours Spent Watching TV/Day

6
5
4
3
2 y = -0.4604x + 9.6386
1 R² = 0.8156

0
0 5 10 15 20
Years of Education

b) 5 step model
Step 1:
Variable 1: Years of Education (x)
Variable 2: Hours watching TV per day (y)
Step 2:
Two tailed
1
State the null and research hypothesis:
Null (H0): There is no significant correlation between the years of education and the number of hours
watching television per day.
Research (Ha): There is a significant correlation between the years of education and the number of
hours watching television per day.
Step 3:
r-Distribution
r-critical (df = n- 2) = (6-2) = 4; 𝛼𝛼 = .05; therefore r-critical = -.811 / .811
Step 4:

r=
∑ XY − n( X )(Y )
(∑ X − n( X ) )(∑ Y − n(Y )
2 2 2 2
)

X y xy X2 Y2
17 1 17 289 1 n=6
10 4 40 100 16 13.33
9 6 54 81 36 𝑌𝑌� = 3.5
12 5 60 144 25 (𝑋𝑋�)2 = 177.78
14 3 42 196 9
(𝑌𝑌�)2 = 12.25
18 2 36 324 4

80 21 249 1,134 91

r= _______249 - 6(13.33) (3.5)_______

�1,134 − 6 (177.78)(91 − 6(12.25)
r = _______ - 31.00_______
�(67.32)(17.5)
r= _______ -31.00________
√1,178.10
r = - .90
Step 5:
The r obtained (- .90) is greater than the r critical (- .811); therefore, accept the research hypothesis
that a significant negative correlation exists between years of education and the number of hours
watching television per day. (The more education, the less time spent watching television.)
c) Strength: -.90 (very strong/high correlation). Direction = negative. As years of education increase,
hours spent watching decreases and/or as years of education decrease, hours spent watching television
increase.
d)
2
b=
∑ XY − n(X )(Y )
∑ X − n( X )
2 2

= 249 – 6(13.33) (3.5) = - 31.00 = - .46

67.32 67.32

a = Y − bX
= 3.5 – (-.46 (13.33))
= 3.5 + 6.13
= 9.63
e) Regression eqution :
y = 9.63 - .46x +e
f)
Y-Intercept: The value where the regression line crosses the y-axis (so when x=0) In this case y
=9.63. So when years of education is 0, then hours spent watching television will be 9.63 hours.
Slope: b = - .46. Y decreases by .46 with each unit increase in x (years of education). So for each
additional year of education, hours spent watching tv will decrease by 46minutes.
g)
See scatter plot in a) for the regression line. Use point estimates to draw regression line (ignore the
error term). Use widely spaced points to draw an accurate line.

Yˆ = a + bX + e
X = 19; y = .89 hours
X = 1; y = 9.17 hours
h)
Ŷ = 9.63 - .46 (11)
= 4.57 hours
Someone with 11 years of education will watch on average 4.57 hours of television a day.
i)
Coefficient of determination (r2) * 100 = (- .90)2 x 100 = 81% of the variation in in the number of
hours watching television is attributable to the variation in the years of education
Coefficient of non-determination (1 – r2) * 100 = 19% of the variation in the number of hours
watching television is not attributable to the variation in the years of education.