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G eorge Facer
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PHILIP ALLAN
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STUDENT UNIT GUIDE
NEW EDITION
• ..
Ed excel AS/A2 Chernist:ry
Unit:s 3 and 6
Chernist:ry Laboratory Sl<ills
Geor·ge Facer·
PHILIP ALLAN
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Contents
Get·ttna the mos t f"ro en this book ........... . .. . . . ...... •............................................. .... •...... •......................... 4
About this book .......................... . . ..... •...... •.... •...... •......................... 5
C o n te n t Guida n ce
Unit 3 ...... . ...... ...... ..... .. .. ................................................................................... •...... . .... ..... .......... . .. .... ..... .. ... . 8
Activity B: Qualttallve obsea·vatiOa1 ... ... ... ......... ....... .......... .. ... .. ............... . ... ... . .... ... ... . .......... ....... ................ 8
Activity C: Quantitative m easu re anent ...................................................................................................... 17
Act1vity 0 : Preparatton ................................................................................................................................27
Unit 6 ..........................................................................................................................................................33
Activity B : Quallt~ U ve obse 1·vat1on ............. . .... . ...... . ........ . . ..... .. .... ...... .. ............... ... .... 33
Activ ity C: Quantitative n"''easurement . . ............................................... ....................... 44
Activ ity D : Propc:u·auon .............. . ..... ................................. 51
E x ••••i u ~ r Li p~
Ad....;co (ror,-, tho oxnrornincn- o n lcoy poin-ts in t h ea Knowl edge c h ~ck
"text t:o help you learn and recall uni t: content:. Rapid-fire question • throuah ovt the C o n tent
tsvoid p i t f .:tlls , and polish your ex"*M technique in Guidance section 'to check you r understand i n~.
ol'"'dfar to boost your S~Jddo .
• ..
Q uestions & Answers
·-
._ ,
..
_
...... ..._....._.......... ________ .. ·-
.. ::.:..~::::::::.:::-::..":"-":.:=.-:.:.~::=--"".!:_~...""·"'-" ...
....... - . . . . . - -... _~
.....____ .... -· ·-
_.._,..,.. __ . . ..·---
::.::..."":.~..::::..=·=-.·::::.-::::_"=:--
n'\arks, tndtcated by the
leon \.::tt. ------·----·- ,__, ,.,. "'',.._..,,_.,...__,
•t ~;::...'"';:.;:;-.::r...::::-:-.:=::::==.:'--.-
X:::.;:;-.:..-.(;.';:;;:;::;-"'--·-- --
__ ..
- -........
answers that follow
each Questton .
---·-·----
4 Ede><:Cel A S/A2 ChEHY'Ii stry
About: t:his book
This g u ldo I s o n e of tho series coveri n g tho Edcxcol s pcclflcnllo n f or AS nnd A2
c h e mistry. 1t o ffe r s adv ice ro r effectiv e p r epa r a tto n for t h e unit 3 L-Bbor atory S kflls
Jnte cna l assessment and the unit 6 Laborator-y Skills internal assessmenl.
Each section fnch.t dcs u. number o f knowledge c h ecks, son'lo of w hich require you t o
write dow n the observatio n s that would be m ade a n d t h e n a n swe•· som e follow- up
quesuo.,s. or to h and le data rrom quarultauve measuremen ts Or" preparations. T h e
answer s to these ca n be found o n pngcs 7 0~75. Ench .,. tnrorms you of a scoring p o int.
• l"eQulres ts tha t you do a n"llnlmum of five or the Hsted experiments across the thl*ee
ureus or physica l, Inorgani c and orga nic chemis try a t 1\S and unot h er nve at F\2.
There Is n othlng y o u can do In preparatio n for these experi m e n ts t h at w 111 h elp you
..
to get a better g:rade fn the unit.
C Quantitative measurement:
This Is rnat·ked out of 14.
AS
There are two tttrattons and two enthalpy c hange expertments . As with Activity B.
you may do rnote than o n e - only the best wfll cour\l.
The practical work must be co tnp leted fn a I hour session, but you n'lay be allowed
t o do t h e calculation at a l ater time. 1rthls Is so. maKe su re that you know how to do
thts type or ca l c u tauon before the second session.
Tltrattons
over half of t h e marks a r e :lwarded for choosing two tl t res t h at are concordant and
for g-etti nQ the correct m ea n titre.
The utrauon will either be acid/base or todtne/thtosutn.ue. I n both you shoul d expect
to weigh out a solid. d i ssolve I t In water. transfer It to a volumetric flask nnd make the
solution 1.1p to 250cm 3 ,
The mujo rHy of t he m:.rks are for the accuracy o f measuring the temper~tures and for
dolnQ the O H,.••c u cm ca l culatton .
A2
The ro ur experiments at thl:S level are two utrauons and two klneuc expertments.
As wtth the AS Activity c exper i ments. the practtc.o l work n'lust be completed in a 1
hour session. but you may be allowed to do t he calcu tauon at a l ater ttme. If this Is
so. make s ure then you know h ow to do thts type or ca lc u lation before the second
session.
Tltratlons
The two experiment s ate:
( I ) AUtrallon Jnvo/vln[/ potassium manganate(vu)
As wllh tho AS lltrntlons . a soiJd has to be weighed out. dissolved, trans ferred nnd
made up to 250cm3. The potassfu rn manganate(vn) solution wi ll be i n t he butette
and no lndtcator Is needed becau se no n1.oce Is added when the sotutton turns pale
pink. over half of the marks will be for accuracy.
Kinetic experiments
one o f these will Involve f o llowing a r eaction , such as the Iodination of propanone.
T h e oth e r Is t o m easu r e t h e r a t e o f r eactio n at diffe r e nt t e n1pe ratur es, a nd so be ab le
E x~ m i n e ...- c:-ip
to ca lc ulate the acttvatlon energy.
You w ill no~ be allovved
-to ta.kc -this c:u- ;;u,y book
D Pre paration (o"ther 1:han a data booklet)
Thts 1s marked o ut o r 12. Betng abl e to cal c u l a t e the percentage yield gains 3 n 1arks, or you r- notes i n~o the
with 1 0 1· 2 marks a vailable f o r obtaining a good yiel d In the exp e rime nt. labor:~:tc:11-y when you
are beina assessed. You
AS ar-e nO'l allowed t.o take
ovt :an y work f..-on-1 tha
T h ere ace three expertments - one Is a n o r ganic p tepacation and the oth er two
laborat:ory. even if the
I nvolve the preparauon o f anorgani C sa i ls .
asse:s:Sr'T'Ient is not rinished.
Your """''r"k will be aiven
A2 back to you when you
The r e are three e xpe rime n ts - two are o rganic p 1·epa rot1 o n s and the other I s the continue t:hc ::t.:ssessrnen-t ::tt
preparatio n of a so11d complex transition m eta l con1pou nd . a later -t-ime.
• ..
Content Guidance
Unit: 3
Activity B: Qualitative observation
There are four exper l n'lents th.a.t you could be asked to carry out.
<•> An observation exerctse on three tnorganic vnknowns.
(2) 1\n observation exercise on another three lnOI'Q:antc unknowns.
(3) An observation cxorc l.so on three organic compounds. probably lltnltod to nlkcnc-s
and a l cohol s .
(4) An obsetvauon exercise on two organic co1npounds, 01le probably being: a
halogeno:tlknnc.
If yo~,.a do more than o n e. each wtll be marked and you wil l score the one with t h e
highest tnal'kS. Each expertn'lent has a 1naxrrnurn or 14 tnarks.
Most of the ma•·ks a r e awarded for n,.aking the correct observatio n s, so make sure
• that you:
•
•
•
m1x the ··eas;cents ptoperly before recordtnQ: colour chanQ:es
stale if there Is u precipi tate and record lls col our
n,ake sure, tfyou are asked to add a substance until tn excess, that you observe any
c hanges after· adding: a Jtttle as well as those after addln" excess
• state the col our before and aflet tf there t s a col o ur cha n g e - t f there ts no colour
chango. say so (rather t h a n say that there I s no renctlon)
If you ;ou ·et :~o:ook.a;td to idQn ti(y • ln organic chemistry, If two layers forn1. say so
a substan ce. a Ne either
it.~ n'"'rne or i-t.s for n"' u ltt. If Inorganic substances
you aive b oth t h e n bO'th
Most of the tnarks ate rot observations. You Wil l normally be expected to Identify each
mus t b e correct. N a m es
solid and you may be t'eq utred to wrne an equauon, e.g. ror u thertna l decomposruot'\,
a.-a e:~.sio •- 'th n n forrnu ln o ,
a redox reactlon or a p t·ect pitatlon reaction. A typlca I ma r k distribution i.s :
where mistakes: s u t:h a s
NaCO, or M QN O] are Obco rvatlonc 9 o r 10 IT'Ia rks
c orTu"T"'o n . ~owcrvor; if you
l dont;lf"i c;atlo n of" oac h unk n own 3 rnar kc.
are asked -f'or the (on-nula .
1.he n..t.me w ill not sco r"e. Equation a n d/or comment I o r 2 m a. r k s
vou may assume that only the rou owlnQ: tons will be tested for.
C:at::IOr'l$ NH ....
Anion s
T escs on solids
Heating the solid
llydrogen c urbo natcs . .su c h a s sodturn hydro gcneilrbo nat e ( N uJoi CO~) , and s alts
co n ta ining w ater of c rys ta l li s atio n give o ff w a t e r v a p ou r , whic h will con den se in the
1.appe r p ar-t or t h e test t ube. For t h ese, t h e r e wnl b e a m a rk for o b se.-vt n g: t h e d r o p let s
o f w a t er nea r the mouth o r the test tube.
H eating the sol i d is a l so a test whi c h ind i cat es If the unkno wn I s a nitrate. a c arbo n a t e
or a tn m ontu rn c h toctd e .
Tho solid :sh o uld be hea t e d , gently at firs t and the n s tro ngly. L ook f o r s ublltno.tJo n
o r m e l t ing a n d wheth e r a gas Is e v o l v e d o r n ot. Y ou might b e tol d t o test the gas.
Possible observau o n s ma t'I<S a ..e s h own with a ~
•
nltrat.e. wacer/st:eam wtll also .a colourl o ss &:liS o r~
bo ob.corvod and w ill scor o n b 1"0Wn ~as •
mark
H eactna a ca.rbonate or
hydrogoneal~bonat;o -
• Orops of water condense on
upper part o f tho tubo ftll" n nd
• It I s a a:r-oup I
hyd rogo n ca rbonnto
test. any aas evol ved With a aas ts produeed whleh turns
l lrnowator llrnowotor milky ftll" (or cloudy
or gtves a whtce precipitate)
• (No W<ll~4r produc.ed but) "'
gas I s evolved whleh turns
• The solid Is 3 SI'"'OUP 2
carbonate or lithium
limewater milky ......- e arbonat:e
Ho;;;.clng .,.mrnonlufTI
eh l ortde
• Solid subllmos ftll" (o::u- solid
reforms In uppe,. pa,.t: of c,he
• It I a .;arnrnonlun-. chloride
test tube)
T h e eQuati o n for t h e t h e rma l deco m posi tio n or m aQn estu m n itr ate I S;
2Mg(N0,:,}2(S) - 2M&O(.s) .... 4 N02(8) .... ~(8)
Flame test
M a k e s-.are t h a t t h e wire Is c lea n by d tppl n s;r it i n to son1 e co n c e ntrated hYd r oc:h lortc
actd. a 1ld t hen p utting; I t rn to the h o t pa n or a Bu nsen n ame. R epeat u n ut the n ame I S
n o t col o ured .
Exan·une.- c:ip Now dlp the "vlre Into con c entrate d hydrochlo t·lc a c id and then Into the solid~ and
You n-.u ::.t b o .::lblo to immed iate ly p lace it In t h e h ot p 3 r t of the B unsen fla m e .
d•st-.~ ntzu i lih bet.............e n tho
1:hr ee r ed names in this Colour I on r esponsl ble
t able :r;o as to be ll.blo to C r t rn 5on Lt*
tdent.tfy the ton, but t o Y o llow (not o r a.ngo ) N :l-
nd.me the a c::tua l colo u r you
Lilac K*
c::;an stata v.:arious s;h ados o f
Y e llow- r o d Cn2._
red - s u ch as ma ~ent.a for
lithiu m u.nd b riek-red ro,.. Red S r :l•
c:;alc::turn. Pale g ree n (or a p ple g ree n ) B a 2+
Concentrated sulfuric acid cesc for Inorganic halides E :xatvwi n eu- t:i p
T h is test is used to disti n guish betw ee n di f ref"e n t h a lides. T h e con c e n tf"ated acid I s l..ook fo r sto:;u 'T'I)" f"v rnes a n d
carefully add ed to the soltd. Thi s test m u st be don e Jn a r u me c upboard. a red-brown aas.
Tesc Obser"vac lons l nfer·enc:es
Add the acJd to a chloride
3nd ~et any g;uo evol ved:
• Bubbl es .....-; scearny (or • Hydroaen chloride
evolved
rT'IIsty) fumos: V ovol vod
• either wlt:h a g l ass rod
dipped l1"t concentrat:ed
(do not s ay white smoke • It Is a chloride
here)
•
ammoni a
• Whlt:e Sn'\Oke V
or with damp red and with
• Red lltn-u.•• scayc red .,.
T est:s o n so lut:io n s
Addition of acid/ned sliver nitrate solution: the halide test
1\ f e w dro p s o fd t luto nltl· t c acid u ro c:addc d t o tho unknow n solullo n, f o llo wed by n f e w
d r o p s of s live r nitra t e solutio n . The sol ub ility of t h e preci pitate f o nned i s the n tested Look fo r :1 w h i-to o r ci""'Clnrn
t n dilute and con centrated a m mon ia . o r yel k:lw preciprtate.
The Ionic equ a u on for the preclpltatlon of rnag n esi un'l hydroxide. for example. I s:
Mg2•(aQ)-+ 20H-(aQ) ~ MQ:(OH):a(S)
wnrrn
Teet. any aas evolved wlt.h a • I gni tes Wlt.h a s queaky
pop . ,
• lc 1s an acid
burning splint.
The Ionic eq uauon for the reactton or magnesium wllh the ucJd t s:
Kn o wledge> c h~ c k I
Assume;, t h at you h avta l;x;tc;,n a'vc;,n s.on-~o solid poU1ss:iurn hydi"'Qac;anC".O'•-bon a1;o.
W riut down t h ta obs.ci~tions: t h at yov would QX"ptac:t to n-~ak.e if you c:ar •;od out t h e
followina test-s.
(a) Carry out a name test o n some of t he sol id. Write down you r observations. (I)
(b) Put some o-f t h e solid in a. test t ube a nd heat it in a Bunsen f lame. T est the Qas
• (c)
evolved w it h l in-~ewAter. Wr-i-te d own you,-. observatio n s.
Make a solution w i th -the rerna.inder o f ·tt.,e solid and addS di"'Ops o f e.alc iurn
c hlondo solution. W r itct dc;tl..v n your observations.
(2)
(I)
..
(d) Usina )"'0'-'r obsorv.:.:t:ion s:, wnto t h o fo....,...ula o f 'tho unknown solid. (I)
Organic substances
T h e o nly types of com pounds exa n'lln ed I n the AS chemi stry course are:
• hych·ocarbons- such as hexane and cyclohexene
• alcohols - lncludt ns primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
• h aloge n oal k a n e s - rn clud lng c h to r o-. b r o n'lo- and todoalkanes
N ote that tr you cto an orQ:antc assessment bt:;fore you have s tudied ha logenoa tkanes,
then t he unknowns arc ll n'lltcd to hydroca rbo n s nnd alcohol s.
A l ways: road -tho q~curti on
A typica l mark distribution is: care ful ly. It m iaht stat e
-the nun-~be •- of ca.rbon
O b serva1:1on s 9 or 10 mart«: ;nom s in n-~ o l ocul os: o f
tncer- pre1::1na mass or I R s:pec1:r a I or 2 marks the unknown s . o r t h a t
tnc erprecl ng obse-r-vat:lons I o r 2 marks -t"'"-'C o f 'tho c ornpo '-'nds
Comb u sti on
The unknown Is piD.ccd on a cruc ibl e lid <:and Ignited wlth n lighted s plint.
When n-uxinQ an onza.n•c Observation s I nferences
li ~uid with an aqueous
It burns with a clear non ..smoky fhune ~ L ow C;lrbon-to-hydrogon ratio could bo
soluti on, look to sao an alcohol
whet:he•- one or two l ay ers
lt. burns wlt.ha smoky f lame V High ea.-bon-co-hydrogen rati O - - probably
~u-e formed.
1<11 c;ycllc ~lkano o r cyclic ~ l kone
•
-co the -COH Qroup, e .Q.
propan- I -of:
Add some bromine wac;,e•• co t.he
unknown- sc:.oppor tho cost c:.ubo
and shake caf"efully
Brown bromine wat:er aoes
c-ol ourless V and two layers
are formed V
C - C aroup present
..
i I 'i'
H--c--c--c--OH ..
Add dilute s ulfuric acid then Purple solution goes C•C group pre•ent
pocas:slum manaanace(vu) solut:lon colourless V and cwo layers
,!, ,!, ,!, - - •h;:.ko tho eost tubo or warm
In a beaker of hoc wacer
a.ro formod V
A s.ec:ondary a lcohol
has 1:Wo ca1--bo1"1 atoms T ests for an OH group
~tt4chod -to -tho COl I Yest Observations Infere nces
Qn:>UP. e iZ· ~u-opa.n-2-o l :
Add a small piece of sodium ~ t.he • Bubblos ovolvod ~ • It concalnS: an O H
•
H-~-b-f-H
unknown In an cv:.por:.tlng basin Sodium diS-appears or• a group
whlt.o colld foriT'Is V
•
bH H H
Add colld phosphorus(v) chlor·l do
and test any gas evolved:
• elt.hor wlt.h a slass: rod dipped In
•
•
Steamy furnos ovolvod .,.,
•
hydroXIde In ethanol - f1t t:.he test:
tubo wt'th 9 delivery t:ubo 9nd w;arrn
gently. pas.s1ng any gas evol ved
through a little bromine W3ter
colourl ess .,..... for1n1ng an alkene
R-X + H 20 _. RO H
H ... -... X tl'\en
x- + Aa• -.. AaX
..
The ldontJl y of lhc halogen In lhc precipitate forn,cd wllh s li ver nltrnte cn n be
confirmed by adding ammonia solullon .
Obsorvatione l n-f"oroncoe
Precipitate dissol ves. In dlfUtO I UTII"nOnlo::t ....... AgCI <he unknown lc A c:hloroalkano
Procfpltate fneolublo In dilute but colubfo In AgBr tho unknown l c ::\ bro,..o:.lkano
cone.enuoated ammonia .,.....
Precipitate Insoluble In concentrated AgO the unknown ts an todoalka1'\e
ammonia .,.....
M ass speccra
Look rot the rou owtng.
Peaks I nferences
At m/e - 29 or at (molecular lon C 2 Hs gi"''up tn the mol ecule (at A2. this peak
value- 29)* could also be caused by C J-10 In the molecule)
A strona peak ac (M I}* Caused by loss of H from an alcohol
Molecular ton doublet of equal lnt;ent:ltles M olecule contain• one bromine atom
:.t two 1T1/o units apart
Mofacul.ar lon doublat fn ••:atlo 3: I at two Molocuto cont.-..tns ono chtorlno :ato,..
mle untts apart
•Fo•· cx:l.l"nplo w ith prop:an• l • o l (Mr - 60), ;:a pc::tk a-t rn/c - (60 - 29) - 3 t c..ausod by the
CH-,OH,.. ion and a pe;~k at:. (60 - I ) = 59 caused by t:.h e C 2 H 5 CH 2 0 ... ion.
You muy be asked t o work out the number of carbon atoms. and hence the rnolccular
forn'lula, from the value of rn/e for t h e n'lolecular ion. For exampl e, an alcohol that IS
noc oxtdlsed by acidified potassh.•m d lchromate(vl) has a m o lecu lar i on peak or nl/e =
74. lhe O H contributes t 7, t eavt•'S ~7. ThiS ts made up or 4 carbon atoms (4 x 12 = 48)
and 9 h ydrogen u.toms, so the unknown Is:
IH,
t-t,c--y--ct-t,
OH
Infrared spectra
vou wtll be allowed to use the .edexce/ data boo.k.Jec to look u p the rcequenctes a t
which bonds nbsorb, so you do n ot neod to learn these values. At AS, this will bo
limtted to the v~lues lfsted In the fol lowtnQ tabl e .
100
i
J 50
~oJ~o~o-.~~.-~-.-.,~
o~~~-.-.~.-~2~000
,--,~-.--.---~~-soo
.--,--~--.--,--~-o.--.--~--.
oo
w a.venurnber/crn-t
Full details of all the experiments assesstng this activitY will be given to you Just
before sulr u ng the assessment. n rs es.senual t ha t you read the det ails carefully
before starting any practica l work.
T here are four experln'lerns t hat you cou l d be asked to cai"ry o ut:
( I ) an ucld / ba.sc titration
(2) an lodlne/sod lun, thiosul fa te titration
(3) an expert n'lent to find the enthalpy c.hanQe or a sfnQle reaction
(4) an expertment t o nnd tl\e ent halpy chanQe ror two reacuons, and u se the results
und Hess's l aw t o ca1culato the enth a lpy change for a third reaction
rfyou do •no•·e than o ne experfn1ent, each wtl l be marked a n d you will score the one
wnh t he highest marks. Each experfl'neru has a n1ax1mum or 14 matk.s.
Titrations
ove1· h alf of the marks are awarded for choosi n g two tit r es that are con cor dant (n o
n1ore than 0 . 2cm~between the la r g:est and the smal l est) a n d for g:ettl n s;c the correct
n1ean l llte. Thl.s rneans that the most lmpottant sk ill s are:
Erro r s t o a v o id in a t i tratio n
• General. Make sure thnt you read the ins truction s car e fully before starti ng the titration .
For a cid / base tttratlons. son1e Indicator fs added to the conical nask. In Iodine/
thtosuU'ate ttlratton.s. actd 1s added InHralty and the starch Indicator must not be added
until the iodine colour has faded t o a pale yello'\V (straw) colour.
• Pipette. This must be washed out with a little of one solutt on and
then 2~.ocm.;, ptpet ted tnto a contcal flask. Make sure tl"'at thel'e 22
nrc no air bubbles In t he s t em of the pipette whon you a1·c doing
this and that you use the correct solution .
• Burette. ThiS •nus t be washed oul wfth lhe other solution. I t Is then
filled to jus t above the zero mark, and liquid l:s run out until there 1:s 23
no air In the stonl. The funnel n1.ust then be removed from t h o t op
of the burette berore titrating. The inttfal volume fs then r ecorded .
• Recording. You must read the volume by ustng the l evel or the
bottom of t h o meniscus as shown.
Make sure U'lat you rec01'd the nnal and l nltJa l readings In the correct rows 1n the
table. The tnltlal reacUnQ 1nay be o.oocm 3 , but never .oo.oocn1 3 •
The tltre Is the diffe r ence between the Onal and the initial volumes.
• All volttme readltlSlS and lhe Utre muse be recorded co o .oscn1.;,. Thus the readfng In
the dta.gram above t.s 2~. 70 C m 3 , not 2;:!,.7 cm 3 and ceruunly not 24.~Cm 3 •
• consistency. You mus t do repeat tttratfons unt il you get at least two that are concorda n t.
This m ean s that the difference between them m1.1St be 0 .20cm 3 or l ess. In the table
below. tltrauon nu•nbers 2 and 3 are the concordant tlll'es. and these are the ones that
m u st be averaged to give the average tJtrc thnt you will u se In the calcu lation.
Tlt:rat:lon numbe r
Buro t:-t::o roadlns (flnal)/cm 3
I
2 ... 15
2
2 S . OS 27. 10
3 ..
2 S . SS
(;xami n car t-i p
Rememb e r 'tO record a ll
Buro t:-t::o roadlns lnlt:l a l /c m 3 0 1.2 0 3 . 1S '2.00
you r 'VOlu mes to 0 .05 em' .
ff yov h a.d w ritwn t h e
Tlt:ro/crn3 '2.-4. IS 2 3.9 5 '2 ~.95 2.3 . 5S mean tit re as 23.9 cm3 o r
u se tlttatlons 2 and .3 to ca l culate the mean: the fina l readin & in -titr-atio n
3 as 27. 1 c m l. you '-""'uld
menn (average) titre 23.8~-+- 23.9~ - 23.90cnt3 have lost a mar k.
2
M arki n g
• Weighing. There fs 1 n1ark for r ecof'dlnQ a ll the masses to 0 .01 g .
• Accu~ttcy. There are 4 marks for Qet ttnQ an accurate mean u tre. If your value Js Exauune r t.i p
z0.30cnt 3 of your teacher's value, you will scor e 4 marks. I f you •· value I s between If t h e re is n o weia h in a
.:~o: O . ~O a nd ,.,_Q ,40cm 3 away fron1 your teacher's vaa~..e. Y0\.1 wfll sco r e 3 rna d (.S, rfyou in 'I.IOived, you w ill need to
are mote than 0.7ocm 3 from that val ue. you will score o for accuracy. aet within ± 0 .2 0eml oft.he
• Range oftJtrcs. There arc up to.,:, marks for h o w concordant t he tltrc.s arc t h a t you u.scd totlc h ar' s tft.rc, t o score 4
to ca lcu l ate the 1n ea n . I f they were 0 .20cm3 apart or less, you will scot'e the 3 n 1arks. t f m ark s.
the tttres In expetln1ents 2 ana~ In the table above were used to calculate the n1ean.
•
the runge n1ark wou ld be 3. I f tltrotlon 4 had a l so b een u sed, the dlffet·ence between
tho larges t (23.95) and t he smallest (23.55) I s 0.40 en'\~ and only 1 rnnsc mark would
have been scored . If titration 1 h ad also been Incl uded. the difference or 0 .90cm 3
..
would have resu l t ed In .,o l"ange matks betng awarded. This lllusttat es that care must
bo taken t o c hoose two o r more tttrcs with orange of no rno rc than 0.20cn'l~.
K nowl edR e c:h ec: k 4
Commen't on 'the errors in the following:
T lt:r at:l o n
Burc t:to r c adlns fln al/c,-, 3
I
2 3 .1 5
2
2 3 .5 0 1 5 .85
3 ..
22.2.5
l<.u owl e d ge c.h ec.k 6
Cale ula.te t:he pen:entaSte
Buro t:to r o adlns ( l n l tla l ) /c m 3 50 1. 20 23. 50 0 CITC)r in "t:rtr.:t-tion 3 ::lnd,
T lt:r o/cm 3 2 6 .S S 22. 3 2.2. 35 22.2 5 by compar·insr it wi"t.h the
96 e,-~,. in weiQhina in
Mean uue
. = (2""2=..::3c_:+_,2~2~.~33=5=+==2=2~2=5~)....::.::::.·:~~:~~--- Kno"""ed&et c:hac-k 3 o n
paae I 8. cornmen't on 'the
main ~ouree o r eri""'r.
A c id/b ase t:i t:rat:i o n s
T h ere nrc two like ly types of calculatton that you may be required to cun·y out, but
both sta 1·t Jn t h e sn.n'le way because both h ave a s Jmiln r experln'lentul m eth o d .
Remembe r:
Calculation to (lnd the molar rnass of the solid
The n 'leth od Is to weigh out the solid, A, a nd use th i s to m ake up 250cm~ of solutio n .
rn ~s.s
•
1
""' 0 $ $= m olar m ass This Is then Utrsted ag:al nst a standard soluti on o f B .
• n-.o los = concc;antr->'t ion The c a lcu lau on t s best broken down Into step s.
in rno ldm-3 >t volu me ( t ) <=n l cu lato the a rnou nt (n'loles) o f substance in t h e mean titre:
in ern3f1 0 00
number o r 1noles or a = c onc entration of' R x: mea n titre
1000
(2) u s c tho stolchlo tnctry t o calcu l u t o tho omount (n'lolc.s) o f tho solfd dissolved In u
2S. Ocm ;:, sa mple. a n d h ence t h e amount I n 250cm;:,:
Cak:ulate the n u n"\ber number o r motes or A = l \un'\ber or 1\ Ln equatton x moles of a
1\ u mber or a tn equation
of rnolos of solu-to
1n 2.3.45 c m 3 of a Henc e . the nu1nber or m o tes or the solid tn 2~o cm 3 = 10 x above value.
0. 123 l"'nnI dm-J sofu'lion. (3) u sc your answer to (2) and tho m uss o f solid u sed to calcu l ate the molar n 'lass of
the solid:
n 'la:ss of A u sed
molar 1nas s o r A = answer to <2 >
26.54 cm3 of a solution
contAined 0.00147 rnol. Kn o w l e d ge <.h ec:.lc. 9
Calcu la'te its concen'tration . I.S3a of a diba.sic: aeid, H2X. was weiahed o ut. dissolved i n water and t.he .solu t ion 1"'1"'\ade up to
250cm'l w ith d is-tillo d w:.'tctr.
2S.Ocn-.l p o rtions o f this solu-tion woro -tiu-~tod ;:la:t i n~t 0. 111 n-.ol dm-J sodiu n-. hydi"'OXtdct
•
solution usinsz phenolphthalein indicator. T h e mean tit:re was 2 1.90cm3 .
T h e equation for the reac:-t:ion is:
H :z.X(aq) +- 2Na0H(aq) _. N a,2 X(aq) +- 2 H 2 0 ( 1)
\.IVha't •s the molar ma.ss of the~a~c;::;
;d::..;H
-"'~X7
...;;_____________ (3)
The equation for the oxidation of Iodide Ions and that for the reaction between the KnowledRe c:hec:k II
It berated Iodine ~nd thiosulfate Ions wtll be g:fven .
The concentration of a
The reacuon between the oxidisi ng agent. OA, .and excess IOdide I ons I S: solution or dichrorna'te(VI)
ion s;, cl"'2o?- c;o:~n bo found
yoA(aq) -+- 2zl-(aq) - z ·l 2 (aq ) • by addina excess po'tassium
0.85 iZ o( a szroup I rTletal iodate(V). MIO,, was """'9i,ah ed ou"t. dissofved in water and made up
to 250 eml.
25.0crTI' portions wer-e p ipet. ted into a conical nask and excess potassium iodide and d ilut:e
sulfu ,.;c :acid :addoc:l.
Tho libon:rtod iodin e w:.s 'titrnu.d .apins't 0 . 1 I I n-~ol d., -l sodium thiosulfato solution.
Tho ~n t it i"CC wAs 21.50c.,...l.
Tho equations fo r- tho reactions :trc:
1 0,-(~q) + S l -(~q) + t.J-l•(oq) -> 3 1,(oq) + 31-1,0(1)
J,_(a.q) + 252 0]2-(aq) -i> 2 1 -(~q) + S 4 o 62-(::..q)
CoJcul ~:tc :
(a) t h e nurnber o f rnolcs o f sod iurn t h iosu l fat.e in the m ea.n 'litre ( I)
(b) t h e number o f rnole-.s o f iodine lib er-a-t ed, and hence t h e number o f moles of
M IO, in 2SOc~. u5in.a your answer-to (a) (3)
(c;) 'th e molar n-tass of M I ~ u5ina your a n swer t.o (b) a n d the rna " of Ml~ u5ed ( I)
S e t your wot·k o u t dearly. (d) ic:kan ti(y the a le m ant M in M IO:l U$in a your an 5~r to (c;) ( I)
~o tha t t.he exd.mine,. ean
(e) 1-fow .......,guld tho -tit.ret h:av-et been a lta rod i f t h e buratta h ad beon wash ed out w i t h
u n der"'5tan d w h at. you are water and not with t h e sodium thiosu l fate solution? ( I)
calculati n~ at each s t e p -
d o not ju st .......nt e: down a An .:l lte t· n n trve experln'le nt p r ovides y ou with a soluUon of a n o x idi si n g agent a n d you
JUITib le o f n urnbet-s. are asked to ffnd I ts con cen tratio n .
•
(a) "'th e nurnber o( moles of sodium t hiosulfat.e in the m ean t itre ( I)
(b) the nurnber o( moles of iod ine. and h enc:e the num ber o( m o les o( h ydroae n
peroxide, in 2 5 .0 e.,....., (2)
(c) the eoneent.ra:tion o f the hyd~n per'OXide solution in mo l dm-~ usin~: your ansvve,. to (b) ( I)
(d) the volu me o f oxyaen 12as libet""at ed wher"'' I .O Odm~ o f this solution deeomposes: ( I)
2H,O,(aq) -+ 2H20(I) _,. 0,(11)
I mol of a ,aas occupies 24 d rn:l under "these cond ition s of temperature and p ressure.
(2) Esti matio n of 6.// for t wo t·cnctlon.:s and the usc of t l oss•.s law to calcu lnt e 6 .11 of u
thi r d .-eacuon . The m a r k al l oca tio n fo.- the two e x per i m e nts I s:
Errors In technique
•
•
•
•
Not u si n g the bottotn of tho n'lonl.scu.s to read vol utncs.
Failing to sur the tnl xture t h orough ly, and so not observi n g the
cor.-ect teJnpecatul"e.
Falling to road the tompcruturo to .sufOclc nL accuracy. You urc
..
advi sed to r ead all ten'lperat ures to an accun:.cy o f .a:O. l °C, so you
must be prepared to estimate It between g r aduations If you ace
s u pplied wtth a Lhermotnetefcallbrated. to o.z• c. ·rhe temperatu re
In the diagram I s 3,-:'L 3°C.
• ca r eless addition of solid . If a gas IS e volved, as In the reac tion
between a carbonate and. an actd. c al"e must be taKen t o add the
solid In .stnu ll porllon5 to prevent any .soluuon frothing up out o f
t h e plastic cup.
Errors In recording
• PatllnQ: to record all masses t o 0.0 1 Q. For example. a mass of 1 2.~Q rnust not be
recorded as t2. 3g.
• Failtng to r ecot·d ten1perature t o I decimal place. Y ou mus t r ecord a ll temperatures
to O.I°C,
• YOu must record t tme.s to un accuracy or a t Jeust 1 minute.
• Make sure that two best.. fit straight Hnes are drawn usrns a ruler. Do not join up t h e
points.
• extrapolate both lines backwards, so as t o be able to measu re a maxhnun"l a.T o r
the volun"lc required for ncut ralt.sauon - sec Knowledge checks 17 nnd l S .
Calc ulation
• The fir st step is to ca l cul~te the heat chan"e;
A s sume that tho c:le n s;zy heat cha nse (ln JOules) = mass o r soluu on x spectnc heat capacity x a.r
of aJI aqueous solut.ions i s heat cha nge I n kJ = heal change In )/1000
I acrn-3. This rno~n s th ~t The specific heat capacity wHI a l ways be given. A comn"lon error is t o use the m ass
the mass •s n u m e rically of a r-eagent and not the n"lass or sol ution tn your cal cu l ation - see Knowledge
equal to the volu me. check 15.
• The second step i s to ca l culate the number of rnoles reacted . For' a soltd this iS;
m ass
mo lar mass
For a solution It ts:
If you a r e asked l O Slive
con centration • volume In drn3
your 011nsvva•· -to 1::!..1-1 -to 2
siaruficant fiaures, make
• The thtr'd step ts to calculate b .H:
s ure th4t. you d o so and do
not aivcr it -to 3 o r rnoro. heat c hange tn KJ
6 14 - · -----c----~---C=-----~-----
numbcr o f n,olcs rcncttng
• t:J../<1 will be negative I f the r eaction I s exothcrtntc (the tempcruture rl.scs) und post li ve
f f the reaction Is e n doth er mic ( the ten"lper~ture f a lls) .
It IS a comn1on er't·or to tgnore tile stg.n or b..H or to g:et ll wt'ons;c.
Comment on accuracy
appropriat e numbe r You rnny be asked Lo com 1ncn t about whlch Is t he l east accurate piece o r cq urpn,cnt
of sian ific ant. fiauroes is tha t. - th is '\Vtll usually be t h e t h e rmo n"leter. For a the rmo m eter r eadi n g to O . l°C for each
of t h e number o f ~anifi c~ n t reading, t h e ert'or for each readtns;r Is *o. 1•c. As two .-eadlflt~C:S were taken to measure
fiaures •n the v a lu e of 6 T.
If lhi:!~> i~ l e ~~ than I 0 ° . ro,.. t:!t.T. tho porcontnge error Is ( 2 1,P
1 ) • 10096.
example a tcrm pefdtuna
lncreasln" the voh.1me of soluti on con tal n l n " a reactant wil l inc r ease the heat
c h anae of 7 .6°C. Sli ve your
ptoduced. but wUI proporuonately tncrease the mass ofsoluuon that ts heated up. :so
answer -to 2 s.f. If i-t is over
I t will have n o effect on e..r and h ence on t .h c accuracy. Inc r easing the concen t r ation
I 00. f o r example a chanae
of a sol ution o r t h e m ass or a solid will i n c rease the value of AT a nd h ence tncrease
of 23:1" C. you sh o u ld aive
your ans wer t o 3 s.r. the accu racy.
Knowledge c h eck JS an example o f a r apid roc.1ctlon u s ing the technique that Invo lves
meast.u-ing the tnltfal a nd fi n a l ten"lperatu r es .
•
K nowl edge c.h ec k 17
2S.OcrnlofO. S00Moldrn-'l eopper(t) :!lulf::a:te solution wa.s poured in-to a polystyrene e up and
iu temper.orture I'T"'tQ~red every rninuta for 3 rnin uws.
..
At the fourth rninu'te. 1.3 a (an excess) of zinc was added and the temperature measured for a
fu rther 6 m inutes:
Zn(s) + CuSO-.(aq) -Jo ZnSC>.,.(aq) + C u (s)
The l~oSUits a.rc shown below.
T i m e/min 0 2 3 s 6 7 8 9 10
T o rn pcr at: urc/°C 22.0 22.0 '2.2. 0 '2.2.0 2.9. 3 30.7 30.2 29.8 29. ... '2.9.0
(:t.) Dr:tw a a,. ph of tornpar=ttul-o on t h o y - axis na:linsrt tirna o n -tho x.o;u.cis. (I)
(b) Dr:tw ~ lin a o f bast fit from zoro to tho third rninuto. nnd .::.n othar from 'th e
s ixth t o t h e ten"t.h minute. Extrapolate the lines to the fourth minu"te and
c:al c u hrte the ertima:ted tel"'"'pera'lure r i se. (max. S)
(c) Calculate the heat. cha n£e, as!!:u m ina that the solution has a specific heat
capacity o f 4 . 18Jk,C 1 °C 1 and a de~ n si ty c f I szcrn-3. (I)
(d) l-len co c;o;llc:ulatCI t h o an-t.h.alpy c;;~naa to 2 s isz_nifican-t fiauras for tho I""O...ction,
szi vin~ a siszn and units with your answer. (3)
(e) What observation shOVIIs that. the z inc was in exeess? (I)
(f) Would doublina a ll quant.it.ies increase t.:he accuracy of your result? JustifY
you r ans.......ef": (2)
Volume o f' s IS ~0
~·
0 10 20 25 30 35
N aO H / cms
Temperacure/ °C 18 .0 19 .8 2.1.S 23.5 25. 0 2.6. 8 27. 2 2.7.0 2.6.7 2.6. 5
•
'-"'iume of N a 0H/crn11
(a) Use t:he w-aph to calculate C:t.T (or "the reaction and the volume of' sodiu m hydroxide
thAt ex.:let:ly neut:•-afi.ses the n i t.rie aeid. (7)
(b) Use you .- answe .- to (a) to calc u late the volu me in -the poly.styr"ene cup wken -the
nitnc acicl h ad jus't. boon n out.r~ l isoc:l. ( I)
(c) C.:::.lcul.::ata tho ho.::a't. chanao fo r tho nout.-.::alis:.rtio n o f tM n it rtc a.cid. ( I)
(d) Uso t h o volume c:.lcuL:ttod in (n) -to c::alcu ln-to t ho nurnbo.- o f moles o f sodiu,-,
hydroxide reQui red t.o neu"tralise the n itric acid. and hence the nufT'Iber of moles
\/'v~>e ,nyou have pl ~t.ed
of the aeid. ( I)
tho poi nts, you rnu !;t.
draw two rtra.iaht hnes. (e) Use you r- answer"'S to (c) and (d) t.O ealeu lat.e the enthal p y of neu t..-ali:sat.ion of
The hiRhest t emj:>er'a\.u l"'e n itnc: ac:id . ( I)
ro;achq:d is whorct they (f) Is this .:::..s ac:c:ur-ato a ,-,Qtho d for find ina tho c:on c:ontr-a't.ion of ;;r,n .ac:.id c;ornparod
tntersect. with a standard acid/base u~··~ra ;.:;t
~;~
o ~n ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
c;:, ( I)
Activity D: Preparation
rn al l prepa r ation s you w i ll be asked to wor k out th e per centage y i eld . T h is will scor e
2 or,:) or the 12 •nai"I<S In the assessment.
T h o O"lCth od I.S:
( I) work out the n 'lola r n 'lass of the rea<;ta n t th:;tt you measured out a n d of t he p r oduct . Rem e m ber t hat t he
( 2 ) use the expr ession moles tnass to ca lc~,..tate the nu n "lber of moles of react.a n t . pei""Cenu~e yield is not
molar mass m a..ss of produ ct o~
( 3 ) I f t h e reactant and p t·oduct are 1n a 1 : 1 r a.tlo In t ho eq u ation. the t h eor e tical m ass of reactan 't )( 1 .....~.
n 'loles o f product - tno l es of reac t ant.
( 4 ) T'h e ore ttc.a l mass of product = t l1eoret1ca1 motes,... molar nlass.
(
& )
96
ield _ actual mass o f product )(
10096
y t h eoretica l n 'lass of p r oduct
• Inorganic preparations
You w ill a l w.2ys b e ·told
..
You will be t·equir ed to p 1·epare ei ther a sin'lple sa l t such as copper(u) sulfat e or n ickel (n)
-th e f o rmu la of t h e salt.
sulf'ate. or a doubl e sa l t such as a1nmontu1n lron(u) sui tate. vou will be given detailed
ineludina the n u mber or
1nstru c tlons. A n y sal t you prepare wi ll cont a i n water of cryst n l lts.atton.
m olcc::u los o f water of
c:rystallls.abon .
P reparation of a simp le sa l t
T h e solid reacta n t Js added a lit tle at a tJ n 'te t o a know n volume o f ilCid , w h ich h as
been gently heated.
W h en t here t.s a s light excess of solid. the soiLtllon t.s Oltered I n t o an cvaporal lng bttsln
a n d t h e fl ltrate evaporated unti l about. ha l f of i t s Initia l volume r e m .a Jns.
The solution ts cooled overnight and the c ryst als de'ted by press11,Q: betwee11 sheets of
fil t er papet·. ·r he crystals nre then wclgh ed.
A typica l mark scheme i s:
Errors In technique
• Not havtng the acfd so luuon hot enough for the reactton with Iron.
• Adding the solid too qu ick l y so thn t It fro ths up <=tnd overflows.
• Not sttrrtnQ" the aCid soh.a tton when addfnQ an1mo-nta.
• Evaporallng the .soluuon coo tar. so that some anhydrou s salt Is formed.
Errors In recording
• All the n "'asses mus t be given to 2 decimal p laces.
To sc:.on;t full rn ~rks fo,..
• The description or the crysta l s must tnc lucte their colo\.ar and thei r shape, for yield ~nake sure t.hat. for
Inst ance g:reen and need le shaped or d iamond shaped.
~ s inale s~ lt, you rn.a.ka a-t
Kuowl e d ge ~ h ~~ k 21 least 1.7Sa ofprodvc;-t
• 25 c:.m3 of dilute sul furic: acid was placed in a beakel"' and heated -to just. below boili nsr. 2.75 a o f
i ron w::ts .::added i n sn-1nll portion s, .::and .::a.ftc,.. anct, .2ddition a p lua of cotton wool W:t.S p l ~cad in
the n eck of the flask. F='inally an extra 3 c:_m3 o( add was added and the solu-tion fil'tel"'ed.
25 c:~ of dilvte sutfuric:. acid was added to a beaker and 30cm3 of ammonia solu'tion added and
ar-arn o f narti nll mat,er;al
and f o ,.. t h o double sal t n t
least 3.S a per araiT"' ofu-on.
sti,.red. Ful""thel"' Sc~ pol""tions o f ammonia wer-e then added until a dr"Op o f t:he solution (...emoved
vvrth A &l._ss I""'d) -tv,....,....od I"'Qc;lli trnvs b l vo. Tho solution w~s boilod 1:1:> •-ornO'VCII etxcetSS aiTIITIO n ~.
Tho two solutions .........,gt"'CJ l"nixetd .:and -thon boilod unt il t h o vo l un-~o h .:ad b<oon l"'ctduc:od by hal f.
l't was left to cool and the cr-ys'tals tha't (o,..med wel"'e filtel"'ed off. dr1ed and weiahed. They
weianed I 5.2a,.
(a) Why mun ·the ir"'n not be added all al onc:.e? (I)
(b) Why wa.5 a plu ,2 o f c:ot.-ton wool placed in the neck of the Oa5k? (I)
(c:) tn the proepar"&t.ion of the second solu t ion, was the ammonia solution in excess?
Justi fy )"QUI- ::lnswor;
(d) Describe t h o .::appo:u-.:..nco o f the::. cryst:tls. (2)
(o) CAlculate the thoorctic.:..l y ield of AITI,oniuiTI iron(u) :su l f.::atc,
(NI-t4 n_so.... J:os0 4.6~2o (ITiol nr IT"'nss = 392.0a,ol-')•
.::assu~T~ina th~t I mol o f iron p1-oducas I mol o f 'tho hydr::rtad dou ble s~ lt. (2)
Yov: IT"'Vr t do5Crib9 t;ho
(f) C.alculo.t.c the por-c:cntA&C y ield of product. (I) colour and s h ape of t:he
(a) Why i s the y ield lcs:s t h .::a.n ~
I0
=-:
09Q
..:..:.:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (2) crys-tl:lfs.
Organic preparations
Ful l details of the proceoure wil l be gtven and they should be followed carefu lly .
Tec hnique
• You must know how to set up apparatus for distillation while addJng reagent, and
for dtstfltatton .
• Make s ute that the water" nows Into the condenset at the bottom and o ut at the t op.
• check that all the Joints are sound and that they will not leak.
• Check that a thermometer, if fitted, is opposite the entrance of the condenser.
Water out
•
Sulfu nc 2cld
I
W:l.tor ln
rnus t b e p r e p a r ed
t.o draw di ~ral'ns of
leo 2nd
app:u-;~:tu s , such .:1s th is ono , Wllter
in "the U n 1t 2. pap e r.
The alcohol and potassium dlch i"Otnate(va) solution is then added fron-. the tnp funnel
a few drops at a tln"'e.
J'\ prrmary alcohol Is oxldtsed 10 an aldehyde, whtch dlsuts over as l l Is formed anc::t 1.s
collected In a flask s urrounded by Iced woter:
C H 3CH :,aOH + 101 ~ CH3CHO + H:aO
When heated under reflux with the oxidising agent a secon da r y alcohol Js oxldlsed to
a ketone. The apparatus Is then chanQed to dlsti l lat1on and the l<etone is dtstt l le<l off
and collec ted In a l'lask:
0
T h e acid and the alcohol are m 1xed and the cycloalkene Is distilled off.
-+- H,O
Wator ln
must be prepared
t.o dr""aw d id.2r"al"r"'S of
app;ar~tus, S~.~c;:h .;as thi$ o n e ,
tn the Un1t I paper. The proelucl can then be tested wtlh br•omlne wat er.
•
bun-1pina Qranules are placed in a flask which is then attach ed t.o dist:illation apparatus •
T h e Oask is ~rrned and a mixt.ure of wat.e•· and cyclohexene distils off a.nd is collec-ted.
The rnixt.u l"'e is poured in"tO a separa:ti na funnel and the lo........er aqueous layer d iscarded. -,...e
upper laya•- is r u n into a flask a n d lumps o f c~ l ciuiTI c h londo added. Aftcar a fow rninutos, 'tho
cydohexene is p oured off and distilled.
(a) VVha"t is obse~ when some of t.h e cycloh exene is sha.ken wit.h bromine water? W r it.e
the equ ation for the reacotion. (3)
(b) Why is the c:yelohe.xene in t.he u pper"laye•• in the separ""at.ina funnel? ( I)
(c:) What is the funet:ion o f the c:alc:iu m c:hlor""ide? ( I)
(d) Why mus1: the ther"mome"ter" bulb be p lac:ed opposite the mouth of the condenser'? ( I)
• Make su r"e that you r yield Is > 50516. • Make sure tha-t there are no leaks in Quickflt
;~.ppoar;nus.
• When crystallis ing a salt. from a solution do not
evaporate to d ryn ess. • R.Qcon:::l t h G colour b QTor G :Oillnd : rftg,r in a tQSt To r an
R.GtmG~ombG~orto r ocord ;;:all maSSQS t o 0.0 I g. o~nlc pr"''duct.
• Record the sh:tpe ;).n d colo ur ofth 4il salt: produ ct.
Unit 6
Activity B: Qualitative observation
Organic subst:ances
ln t:roduct:lo n
rt I s lmpo t·tant to read the student brief carefully. H i nts mny be given such as:
• each orga nic compound conta ins o n ly o n e fu n ctio na l group
• u'e nu 1nbet or carbon atoms that •no tecu les or each cor.npound contains and
w h et h er It t s a br<lnch cd or a s trulght- chafn corn.pound
• t h e fact that one unknown m ay b e oxidlsed, reduc.ed or hydrolysed t o anothe r of
the unknown or unknowns
You wHI always be g i ven tho quantities o f both tho unknown nnd t h o tes t reagent and
full det a tls o f h ow t o car-ry out the test, so you do n o t n eed to l earn these. Exa.tniner t.•p
Maka sur-o th.::.t you c::an
Althoug.h t h e matn part or the task wiH be about s ubstances met In unit 4, quesuons 1nterpre1; mass. inf"rared
will b e asked ubout ulkoncs, aJcohol .s or possibly halogonoal kancs, so these mus t and NMR.speet.r"a befor'e
also be r evised before the prac tical assessl'ne nt. )"'0\.1 d o t ho aSSQSSIT\Ont.
•
M ake sul'e that you know tt1e difference between dis pl ayed rormu lae (a ll the a t oms
and bonds n"l.us t be s hown) , str u ctura l forn"lulac (un unan"lblguous fonnula s h o wing
each group sepa r ately) a nd s ke1et:a1 forn"lu l ae.
..
.... .... ....
H- t- jT- t- t-1-< CH ~g CH.,CH~
~ 8 ~ ~
Dtspfayod Stru ctur:.J Skelot:al
M a k e sure th4lt your deduct ions are loQical . T h e deduction from a postttve Iodofo rm
t est ts not tha t the unknown ts one o r ethanal . a methyl k e t one or an a lcoh ol wtth a
CJo1.3CJoi (O I~t ) s•·oup If y ou have already shown that an unknown I s a kot o no.
P ossi ble t es t s
Combustion
T est: Obscrvat:lons ln'fcrc nccs
Burn n fow drops. on • • I t burns with n cfe<'llr n o n -s.moky
name V'
• l-ow c;.rbon-to-hydrogon
ratiO
eruelbl e lid
• I t burns with a smoky flame V' • •-ugh car bon-to-hydrogen
ratiO
The tdenuly or lhe halogen In lhe prectpllate formed with s liver nttrate can be
connrmed by adding arnmonta solution .
potassi u m manganate (vu) • O f" solu clon stays p u1• p l e V' • t c. I s a ketone*
s-ol ution and w arm
•This i nfe...enee ean o n l y be made i f the s u bsta.nc:e has already been shown t.o be a c:arbo nyl
c o m pound .
Ex-a m i n o r t:ip
Tollens· reat;(enl 1.s made by adding: aqueous sodturn hydroxide drop by drop to Remem ber that primary
aqueous s liver n itrate unti l a grey prec tpltato J:s formed. Tho clea r liquid above the alcoh ols c:an be oxidised 1.0
precipitate (t h e s upe r n ata n t liqu i d) is pour ed o ff and the precipitate dissolv e d In the aldohyclos and soc:on d;ary
1n 1n1mun1 ofdll ule a •n•nonta . alcoh ols to ketones,
· ~~<he
~
Add solid pho•phorus(v)
chlorldo nnd tost nny gns
• St.enrny f\.1rnoe evolved .., • l t. cont.atns an O H a:ro'-•P
nnd so 15 nn alcohol or n
obs.erv.!t-tion is bubbles
evolved: e l t:her wtt.h a a•ass
rod dlppod In con contratod • Whlto crnoko forrnod
..,. carboxylic: ac:td
unknown
Add sofTie echanol (or other
alcohol) and a few drops of
c:oncencrac.ed sulfuric ac:ld co t:he
unknown a.nd wa.•·m
Then pour tnt.o a beaker conca1n1na • 1=-1 :z:.z1 n a .., • l t.. h a carbo xyli c ac:ld (and
somo sodium carboni:lt·O solution
and c:aut..l ously smell t.he product.
• Smolls of gfuo/frul ty
smell V
nn ost.ae· I s for!Tlod)
....T h is i nfer ence can o n l y be made i f it. h as been shown t.hat. t.he u n k n ovvn cont.ains a n OH aroup.
0 1-1 &ro up, fo ,-.f'T'tS a.n e.ste.-
wit h e thanoic; acid bvt
d o es n o t cha n ae t he colour
o -f :u: idifiod pota ssium
dlchrornate(vl), mus~ be a
Thi s Is because a l dehydes a l so tur n acidi fied dichr"'mate(\1'1) ~ ~. 'tertia"Y a lcoh o l.
--
l ese: Observat:lons
A dd the u nknown t:o some water I n a t.est tube St:ea.my fumes .,...
Then a.dd dllu t.e nitric a c id and a queous sliver nlt.rat:e W hlt:e p r ecl plt:9 t:e V
Add t:he u n kn o wn $ O m e et:hano l a n d t:.hen po~o1r l n t:o
~ Ft· utty/gl u o *"' • II V
a bea.ker containi ng aqu eou s sodlutTl carbonllte
C arefully smell t.he beaker'$ concenu:
• Spec era
Mass spectra
..
vou may be Q tven a mass spectru m to help tdent U'Y t he unknow n. T'he nve values to
l ook for nrc:
• t h e la r g:est value ts due t o t h e m olecular ron. M•. .ttn d correspon ds to the relative
molecula•· mass or the compou n d
• n peak at ( M - 15) or tl t 15 due t o t h e p resen ce of a C I-t~ group In t h e m ole c ule
• a p eak at ( M - 29) or at 29 due t o enh e r a C~ l-1 0 o r a C H O g r oup i n t h e m olecule
• a peal< at ( M - 4 !lo) or at 43 due t o a C.:,H 7 gz-oup In t h e mol e c u l e
• a peak at (M - 4~) oz- a t 4~ d u e to a COOH s_z-ou p tn t he O'lOtecu le
Infrared spectra
Y ou w i l l be allowed to use t h e Edexce/ dat a booklet during the assessm e nt. b ut n ote
that It states that t h e C = O absor ption I n k eto n es I s I n the rang:e 1680- 700cm-•. T h t s
Js w r ong becau se on ly aron,au c k etones fall Jn th i S z-a n ge. AHphallc ketones a r e tn the
t·a n go 17 10..- 1720cn 'l- ' and a liph a tic ald e h ydes I n the range J720.- 1730c rn - •.
Look out for absor p tto n s i n t he ra n ge: E x •miino r- t:ip
• 17 10-1730cm- ' c aused by t h e C=O Q:rou p t n aldehydes, k etOI'\es and c a r boxylic T h e h)"droa en- bonded
actds 0-H a b soq :."tion i s very
• 173S- 17SO c m - 1 caused by t h e c - o g r oup in ester s broad nnd it is difficul-t:
• 3000-3400cm - • caused by (hydroQen -bonded) 0 -H ln a tcol'lol s to asSian a def'in1te
• 2B00- .3200c m - ' duo to ( h yd t·ogcn - b ond cd) o - Jool I n carb oxylic u.ctd s w a v enu m ber.
NMR spectra
You will be .allowed to use tho Edexcel data booklet du ring the assessment.
The POints tO lOOk (Or" ar·e:
• The nurnbcr of peaKs - thls g i ves the nun,ber o f dlff e t·cnt envlrontncnts o f the
h yd r ogen atoms. For e x .amplc. propa n - 2 - ol, CH~C II (O II )C J b, will have three peaks
becat.ase the h ydrog:en atotns fn both CH3 "roups are fn the sa m e environme n t .
The peak due t o O H is Propan-1-01. CH.,C H ~CH~OH, will have four peaks.
not .spli t. n or" doe:. i t.. eau :se • The splltUng pattern - If a peak I s not split, eith er t h o grou p has no hydrogen a t e rns
s,plrtt•na. on adjacent cat'bo n atoms (as In propanon e) o r it is an 0 - H QI'"Ol.I P:
tr tt ts split Int o 2 there Is one hydrog:en a t om on the adjacent carbon atom
- l f tl l.:s split Into 3 then thea·e ttre two hydrogen atoms o n adjacent c-arbon ntoan:s
- I f lt Is split i nto 4 the n the r e are three hydrogen atoms on adjacent C:irbon a t on, s
• The chemical shtrc., 8ppm (see the Ede.xcel data booklet for 6va l ues .):
the t-1 of t he o -H In a l cohols has a cJbetween 2 and 4 pp1n
the 1•1 of the 0 - 1•1 I n ca rbo xylic nclds between I I nnd 12 pp tn
the f.l In Cf.l~ . C f.l 2 o r C l-i between 0 .5 and 3 .5 ppm
Kn o w l e d ge <.. h ec:.lc. 27
Comj:)Ounds A and B both have moleeu les eontain in2 3 ea.-bon atoms and I oxyaen atom.
Assu me t.hat. A is pi"''panone and thal B is pi"'pan-2-ol. Wr"i t.e down t:he observat.ions tha~l
would ba n-~.:~. d o in "tho foll~i na tests.
• (a) Some 2 ,4..dinit..-cphany(hydr.:tZinc was nddod to o::.ch. W r i t.c down you r ob~o,.....,.ati ons
wi'th A and w i t h B.
(b) Some phosphorus(V) chloride was added to each. Writ.e down your obse..-vations
w i th A and w ith B.
(2)
(2)
(c) Eaeh was warmed wit.h acidified potassium d ichromate(Vi) solut.ion. Wr"ite down
you r obso,.....,~io ns w i t h A ~nd with B. (2)
(d) 1-tow n-1.any poaks would thoi'"'O bo in tho NMR 5poc-trum of compound A, n nd
how would they be split.? (2)
r so
0 ~~~~~~-r~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~--~~~~~~~-
4 000 ISOO 1000
wavenu mber/em - •
What does this indicate about the natul'e of eompou •-.d Q? (2)
(f) Q was warmed w it h some acidified pO'tassium dichr'Omate(vl) solution. Wri't:e
dow n your ob~c.-v~"ti ons. (I)
(&) Use yo ur unswe1-s "to (c),{f) a.nd the inforrTU•tion in the stem of 'the ques-tion -to identify
compound Q. (I)
(h) Som e R. was added "to aqueous sodium <:.arbonate a nd -the a as tested with limewater:
• (i)
Write down your observations.
2cm:. of P and 2crn3 of R were mixed and 4 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid vvere
c:lr-cfull y .:added . The rni >rt.uro W;tS wa.r..,.,od in :. bc;1kc r of hot Wi:l-tor fo r 5 m inutes .
(2)
..
The mixture was then poured into a beaker cont.ain in.a aqueous sodivm carbon ate
and cau"tio u s ly smelled. Wri"te down you r observations. (I)
G) Name the type of oraanic compound formed by the reaction of compound P with
compound R. (I)
( k) Usc you.- ~nswc 1--s 'to {h), ( i) ;:)nd t ho i nfcwrnn'tio n in 1:ho sto~ o f-th o qu os~i on t o
identify t:Ompound R.. (I)
In o r gani c s ub s t a n ces
M Os t o r the marKs are f or observations. v o u wll1 nonnally be expecte<J t o tdenufy
each unknown. and you may ;::l)So b e r e quired to write an equation - e.g. for a ligand
exch anQe r eaction. a redox reaction or for a prectpltatfon reac tion .
A t ypical mark dl.s trlbutlo n t.s:
Obser-vations 9 or 10 rnar"ks
l dcnt:lrfcat:.lon o,. each unknown 2 or 3 '"a.rks
Equation and/or comment I O l" 2 '"arks
V0\.1 wtll be Qtven two or three <1-bl ock. compou n ds as solids o r as their sol utions.
Cations
The c utlons will be limited to cr3 ... Mn, ~. Fe<h, Fc-3•, co-2 ~. Nl 2 ~. cu 2 ~ und Zn2 •; and
possibly K•·. Na • and Nf-1 4 +.
U nrt 3 and 6: Chemistry Labor"atory S kills 39
Content Guidance
Anions
The an ions wl11 be limited to so4 ot-, Cl- , Br-, 1- , NO;,- and co;:)::t-; plus cro 4 :a:-, cr2 o,.a-
a n d Mn04 - .
• Colourless
G,-.een
B lue
Pink
Zn2•, Mn2•
Fe2 •
Cu2 •
co:t•
, Cro3•. N t2 •
oranae Cr20,.:2-
Yellow cro .. :a-
Purple Mno4 -
B:al·"(~q) + S0 42-(aq) l> •Son-1crt.irnos th o b;::triur-n chlo..-ido i s .:toddad first., foiiO'Io'Vad by t.h a hydr-ochlo•·i c: ac:id. Tha
BaSO.(s) observations t.h en are whlt.e pr-eclpitat.e ..,... which st.ays on addft..ion of hydrochlor-Ic acid v:'
limewater
•
Tes:t:
Add Oevarda's alloy (or aluminium
powder) and dtluto codh..un
Observations
• .,
Bubbles (effervesc ence)
Inferences:
..
hydroxide and w a r m - cest t'U'IY
p c ovolvod: old.,or with a glace rod
dipped 1n concent.ra~d hydrochlori c • White smoke V • I t tc a n i trate
ac:td: or wi th damp red llt:mus • Ut:mus aoe• blue -"'
I on O b servati ons
[ Cu(t-12 o).:r :t• Solut:.l on aoo11 grocn V
(Co( ~.,_O) oJ -1• Solu t:;l on goe s blu e V
Redox tests
Addrtion of potassium iodide
Aqueou s potassium Iod i de 1s added l oa solution conlalnlng the u nknown tons , which
oxidise the Iodide Ions to i odi ne. Starch solution Is t h en added,
,...-
Io n
Cu2 •
Ob ~ -e r vat:lo n s
Assume that. you have been 2 iven :some solid nyd.-ated c:oppef"(ll) n i t.ra•t e.
Write down -the ob:serv~bons that you would expect. ·t o ma.k.e. The answers a~ on p. 72.
(a) N ote the appear"'anc:e o "ftto\e solid. ( I)
(b) Heat: a small sample o f the solid. Wr-i te down you ,. obset"Vations. (3)
(c:) Dissolve some o f t:he solid in water- and then add aqueou s ammonia. w ith sl'\akinsz.
un-til in excess. V\lritc down your obsorva~i ons. (2)
(d) Dis:sotvc tho rcrn;,indo•· of the solid in w~-tcr ~ nd add pot::l.s:$iu.,., iodid e solution.
• Then add 5 drops of starch sol u~ion . W rit.e dovvn your observations.
(e) W rite an ionic equation . with state symbols. for the r eact:ion 1:h at 1:ook place when
potassiul"r"'' iodide was adde:d::;.·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(2)
( I)
(c) T o .::lnc:rthc.- portion , .:1-d d Aquco1..1s arT·u-noni::. unt il in c:~oCCc.ss . Write d own your
observations. (2)
(d) To d -t.h ird portion, add dilvu. nit r-ic: acid followed by aqveovs s i tvar n itTa~.
Write down your obser"Vations. ( I)
(e) To a fourth po1-tion. add aqueous chlorine. VVrit:e down you r observations. ( I)
Redox t:it:rat:ions
You will bo required t o tltn:::atc a sol ution of potassium manganato(vu), wh ich Is I n
a burette, with 2s.ocm :) of a sol ution of a reducfng a"ent to whtc h acid h as been
added. NO l ndlcat:or I S needed because t he Ut rauon IS s t opped whe1\ you see the
nrs t pc t· n,a ncnt pink col o ur. This I s due to n s light oxcc.ss of tho I ntensely coloured
You m u sl stop wl•·u~:n Mno.q- I o n s.
ono d..-op of pot.assi1.1rn
rnanaana~e(Vu) t:ums the The reducing aQent will be supplied as a solid and lt must be welfthed and made u p
solution p~ l o p ink. t o 2SOcn'l;, In u v o l umetric nask.
P ossi b le erro r s
• Not r ecordtns;r a ll m asses to 2 dec imal p l aces.
• Not rtnslnQ: a ll ll'le reduclnQ agent solution rrom the beaker Into the volumetric
nusk.
• Not s h aking the volun'letri c n ask suffi c i e n tly.
• Not t'tnst n Q o ut the butette with the potassium •nang:anate(vu) solution and the
You must record aJI pJpette with the reductng agent sotuuon.
voluM~ t.o 0.05 ern:i. Thu s • Not n'laklng s ure that the p a rt b e l ow the tap o f the burette Is fill e d b efore doing t h e
a '-"'CC I Un"''Cl .-ocordoc:l ::as first ttt r atton .
23.6cm3 would lose a mark • NOt obt afnJnQ: two o r more concordant tllres - th e difference between the t arse~n
- i t s.l-lould be recor"ded and the s mallest tit r es you use to calculate the rncan titre must n o t bo greater than
as 23.6-0cn-~ 3 . 0 . 2cm .:..
Ca lc ula clo n s
Knowl c:>d gc c h eck 3 4
You w i ll be g i ven tho equation . The two tnost li kel y r eact ions arc:
Man a:..n:..tc(VII) ions cocidise
• Wfth rron(u) compounds as the l'e<lu c~ ng: aQ:ents Sn:!• ions -to Sn 4 '*" ions ;:and
5Fe2 -"(aq) .... Mno .. - (uq) .,. a t~l -"(aq) - 5Fe""·caq)-+ M n.2"-(aq) .... 4 1-hO(l)
are reduced to Mn2 .,. ions.
What i:s the ratio o f Sn:l•
where the number of moles of Fe2·= 5 x the •notes M no .. - to Mno.. -1
• w ith C lhaned lo lc uctd.- I-12C204, or ll:s salts as t·cduCing agents
6C 2 0 4 2- (aq) + 2M n 0 4 -(aQ) + 1 6H•(aQ)--. I OC02 (g) + 2Mn2 ... (aQ) + 814 2 0(1)
•
CorTUT'Ioent:s I or 2 ma.l"ks
..
9.51 sz of an iron (n) t:On'\POUn d, Z. wa.s waiszhad out, dis:solvad i n watar 4lnd ""ado up "to
250cm3 . 25.0crY'I 3 portions were pipet'ted i nto a conical flask and sorY'Ie d ilute sul furic acid
added. This solu-tion wa..s then t itrated w i t h 0 .0202 rT'Iol dn'\-l pcrtnssiun'\ n-oa.naan:tta(Vl!}:
Sl=e2+-(a.q) + Mn04 -(.::..q) + a .....• (a.q) _.. SFe.l• (aq) + Mn2•(a.q) + 41-4~(1)
and the •nean t i tre w:..s 2 ....0Sc:n-ol.
(a) Calcu late the mass of Fe2• in 250 c:rnl of solvtion. (3)
(b) Calcu late the pen:en'la,ae of i•"'n in the solid Z . (I)
(e) What would be "the effec-t on t:he mean tit:re and the % of ii"''n if some: of ·the
c;on'\pound Z h ad not beten WO!IIst-.ca.d intt:;. t h a '-"' i umo'tri ~: ft;~~sk7 Justify your •nswar. (2)
I. 59 a of a ar-ovp I etha.nedioattt salt.. M 2 C 2 0 ... was waiahed ou't. di&Solved in water a.nd n'\a.de
u p to 250c:~. 2S.Ocm3 alic::juots vvere acidi fied and heated to 60°C. The I'\O·t solution was
-t:itrntad with 0 .0202IT"tCCI drn-3 potns=:;;iu rn rnnnaan n'to(VII) ~ l ution. T h e .-neon ti-tro w::.s 23.6Scrnl:
SC2 0 4 2-(:tq) + 2 M nO... -(a.q) + tb......r+-(a.q) - > I OC~(a) + 2Mn2•(a.q) + 8._.20(1)
(:a.) CAic:ulntc the number of n-oolcs of crthancdiontc ion s in 250c:n'\3 of t h e sol ution. (3)
(b) Usc your a.nswe•· 'to (a.) to ~ l c: u la:te the molar n·u•:ss o f M 2C:!04 , a.nd h e n ce the identity
o( t h e IZI"''UP I metal M , (2)
[R.elative awmic masse~ L..i = ~.9: Na = 23.0: K = 39. 1. Rb = 85.5]
(Q StatQ a n d explain the effac't on tho fit"S't. titre if the bu •~ette ha.d been wa't w i t h water.
and not. rinsed out with some potaSsium rT'Ianaanat.e(VIt) solution. (I)
pH t:it:rat:ions
You will be ask e d t o rn easure out. using: a pipet t e, 2S . Oc m~ of a solution of a weak
acid and measu r'e tts P H u sing a P t'Obe and pH meter'.
A s tro ng alkali , s u c h a s sodium hydro x i d e, of kno wn concen tration I s the n add e d ,
Initia lly 1n s n1a 11 a m ou nts of between 1 a nd 2 c m 3 to Qet a r ouQh idea oft h e equ ivalen ce
potnt. Thl.s IS t hen repeated but addi ng the a l kalt In larQ:er' amount s un\11 c lose to
tho cqulvulcnco p o int. when lt I s then o:tdded In o.s o r I .Ocm .:t portio n s. Anor each
addition , the p f.l o f the soluti o n t s m easured . T h e a dditio n i s conti n ued until an e x cess
or a t katt has been ad.d.ed.
You will bo requ i red t o plot a gro.ph o f pN nga l n st volunlo o r ulknll, and then perfo nn
som e calcu l ation s and n1ake comme nts about accuracy.
Error s in t echniqu e
• As with all utrauons. make s u re tha t you rtn.se o u t the pipet t e a n d bur'ette wtth the
appro priate solullo n s .
• Make su r e t h a t the part o f the bu r ette below the tap rs fill ed bef o r e s tarting the pH
titration .
sur e t h a-t you record • Mnkc s u re t hat you add the a l ka ll In s n 1u ll .un'lounls to s t c:l l"t with and close t o the
.sll .....olu n'\es to 0 .0 5 C.I'T"'J e n d pornt. I n betwee n these it ca n be added in 5 o r l Ocm.;) portio n s .
a n d a ll pH valu e s to I o r 2 • Make su r e that you sur t h e solution thoro1.aQ hly with t h e pH probe after each
'--'\e<:onoal places. ad.dltton o f alkali. Fatlure t o do thfs proper'ly ts a common error.
Graph p lotti n g
• Make s ure that y ou u se at l east h alf the g r aph pape r - d o n o t draw a tiny g r aph a t
t h e bottotn left of the g: t·aph paper.
• Make s ure tha t you label they-axts <P H ) and the x-axts (volume of alkal1/em 3 ) .
• The p i t value before any a l ka li I s added s h ou l d b e about pit - 3. It should n so
s h a r p ly over the n ext 2 to .3c m ~ <il nd the n nat ten o ff. slowl y rnc r east n g befor e ri s ing:
ahnost venrcally as the equ i va lence point IS reaChed (when the acid and the a lka lt
a re In a 1 : 1 ratio by m o l es). ll then nntte n s o ff again artcr abou t scm.:t o r e x cess
a lkali has b een :adde d .
To see what t h is l ooks like. look at the g: r aph or the a n swer to Knowleelg:e check .37
on page 73.
The buffer r eg fon runs fro m a fter th e Initia l rise I n pJ.I (after about Sc m ~ ::.lkall h ns
been added) to about scm ;) befor e t h e a l m ost vertica l pan. Thts fs when t h e r atio
or [weak acldl: ISa l t J varies rrom about~: 1 t o 1 :0.
A typica l n1ark sch e n1e I s :
(a) Plot a 1Va.Ph of pH o n -t.h e y-axi5 a.aainsot '-'Qh,. lrrua of sodiun"' hyclroxide o n the x-axis. (~)
(b) Use your araph to find t:he voh.Jrne o f a l t.Qii needed to reac:t with t h e 2S.Oc:m l o -f t h e
acid. HX (3) and the pH a"t the equivalence point ( 1).
(c) Use your answer to (b) and the concen'tration of the sodium hydroxide solution aiven
to cnlcuiAtc the con ccn 'trution o f the ucid. I-IX. (2)
(d) MeASUI""C the p~ ~t the point. w hen h o~d r the acid h ~ been neut.rA-Iised, And hence
calc:ulato t ho value of pi<.,. Q f tho ac:id I--IX. (2)
• (et) Usa you r ;ansvvc. •~ to (d) to c;alculortet 'tho v""luo o r K.. of tho acid .
(f) Ovo•-wh .=at p l-1 r;r, n ao would t ho solutio n in the. pl-l tl't,ra:tion bet able to act =as .=a buffetri
(I)
(I)
..
(a) Cornrnc.nt o n tho .:lC:C:Urucy of 'this !T"'c:rt.hod few fin dina the. CC:WICOn'tr.:atio n o r thet Acid
compared w ith a normal acid/base titra1:ion. ( I)
Kne>wl c dgc c:_h cc.lc. 30 This n'let.hod can b e u sed to find the order o f the r eactron between propanone and
Why rnu:s.-t the Iodine in the p r esence or an acid cata lyst :
<:on <:Qn l.ration r; of Cl-t~COCH,:,(I) -T 12 (aq) H- cat a lyst 0) CH~COCH 2 1(aq) + H1(3Ct)
p..-op.ai"\\ne and ac:id be
much I~ •"'Wcr th~n t h .:.t of
The iodine t n t h e sa mples removed is tttrated against sodium th iost.alfate solution .
the iod1ne solution?
A t ypica l n'lurk :schcn'le IS:
• and a dock started. After 5 m i nutes, IOc:.m:. of the reaction mixture was rernoyed and r"un
into the sod ium hydroac n c.;:u·bon:lto -to quench tho rc.:~.cti on. Thi :~ w:...s -th en irnmcdiotoly
tit~d ~th t h e sodiu""' thiosul fate solution .
Another I 0 c.~ portion was "th e n removed. quenched and titrated. until five portions 1-\a.d
been r-emo.....ed. The r-esutts af"e sho.......n belovv.
T fm e / ml n IS I 10 I IS 20 2S I
T lcre / c n 'l , I 18 .0 I 14.4 I 10 .8 "7.6 4 .0 I
(a) Plot a i!'raph of t itre on t h e y-axis aaainst time on the x - axis. (6)
(b) Calc:ula'te the s lope (~radien't) of this araph. ( I)
(c) VVha't does the slope of t h e i;Zraph measur e? ( I)
(d) Use you r answer 'to (c) to find t he order of the reaction ""''th respec:t to iodine.
J ustify you ,.. a n s-"C:~ (3)
(e) In this experi ment., -the concent.ra'tion of propanone was rn ud"' l ar-Eer than that.
of tho iodin e . Why isc this n oc:ossa•-,.1' ( I)
(f) \Aihy is i t not n ecessary to use a pipcrtte 'tO rno;u;ure tho volu m e of propanone.
sul furic: acid and iodine soll.ltions? ( I)
(a) Why is i"t necessary to add the reaction mix-tur e t.o aqueous sodiu""'
1-.ydroaenc:a,.bonate? (3)
( h) Wha.t would bo produced jf ~d i u rn h ydroxid e ~ nd not :sod ium hyd roa cnc:u- b onat.c
h ad been used~ quen c h "the reac:tion ? (I)
(i) t-low wovld you m odi fy t h e proCQdut'"Q ~ e n able t.he o r der wrth re~pec:'t ~
p.-opanone be found? (2)
where R ts the gas constant and T as the t empera t ur"e tn kel vin.
-~
A g r a ph of log 10 k ugul n .st TI wl1 1 s1vo a straigh t line o f slop o 2':3R'·
H owever. t he r ate constant I s dttTIC\.tlt to measu r e and a g-raph or
lot;r(ra t e), o r the
t og o r anyth ing: pt"oporuona l to t he ra t e such as 1/C, wtll a l so g i ve a stratght l tne
o f slope - €.., .
2.3R I I - C,.
, - IS plotted aQal n st -::;=-• the S l ope IS
I ( a Qrap h Of IOR1o - . ~R ,
2
(See t h e unsw c t· t o K n owledge c h eck 40 o n page 74.)
• A typtc.a l m a r k schem e i S;
..
Table o f r e a din gs + cal cula.~fon o f l og + a n d ..:- S or 6 ma.rks
Plot:t:"lng graph a n d lnc:erpret:acl o n 3 o r 4 markS
C aJ c:ul a cJo n a nd a ccurac y o r a cclvac.l o n e n e r g y 4 marks
Cornrn e ncs I or 2 marks
Read and record: • only use con cordant titres (±0. 2c~ when
• a ll m assGts 'to 0 .0 I g calculat ing t hG m a:tn t itrQ
• :..II volurnas in th:r ations t o 0.05 crnl • don't IQaVQ thQ tunn Q I in thQ top ofthQ bunOl'ttQ
• a ll p l-l v.:aluas t o :1t loast one d acirn:tl p l;lc:G • re;~.d t hQ quGst.ion c;;~:no.fu lly bGtf o r a sbrti n g .- kin etic
Oos and don'"ts.: exper iment. to make su re t h at you knOW what to do
e IT\ak.e su re that you stir the solution with the p H
pro b e b GI'for a taking a t·Q;ading
• sh .ai<Gt thGt fl~sk t h orou ghly w h Qn m~ki ng up ;a
solution
Activity D : Preparation
an all preparauon.s. you wall be asked to work out the petcent age yteld. , .hiS will score
3 o f the 12 mnrks I n the assessment.
T h e method Is:
( I ) work out t he molar masses or bOth the reac tant that you measured out and the
product.
(2) use the expr ession nun1ber of moles = mass to Cillcu l ate the number or
moles or reactant. molar mass
(3) I f the roactuntnnd product aro I n a 1 : 1 j'Otto I n the balanced equa tion f or the roilcUon, E xautine t• d
the theoretical number of moles of product - the n umber of m oles of reactant. The pci""Ccnta.ao y ield is not
(4) The theoretical mass or the PI'Oduct = moles x molar n'lass . mass of product x 100.
(S) 96 y teld =ac tual mass of produc t x 10096
rna.s:s of r-eactant.
theoreuca l mass or proauct
Organic preparations
You will be asked to p t·cparc un organic compound and then purify lt. F inally tts
rne l tlng or bo iling point will be n1 easu r ed.
Pull details or the procedure wil l be Qtven and you should rollow t11em catefully.
T e c h nique
• • You must know how t o set up apparatus for s lmplo distillation (see p. 32) and f o 1·
heating under rent.ax, as shown bel ow.
..
Condenser
W::ltef' l n -
E x a ruine r t:i
• Make sure that the water flows into the condenser at the botton1 and out at t h e top. All masses m u st. be
• Check that all the JOints ate rtrm and that they wtll not leak. rec:on:led to 2 dec:uTial
• W h en carrying out dlstlllo:ttlon, c h ock that tho thcrmon1ctor Is opposite the entrance places and volun'les to
of the conden ser . I cml. Mcltina and boilina
• You must know how to recrystalllse a solid. tempera-tures should be
• vou must know now to measure the m.elunQ point or a solid. r-eeol"'ded to I qc.
-
f-.
.........
H eat
vvt.lter or- 0
Solid under wst:
11
/1 1\
The water or oll IS heated until the sotrd beg: rns to rnett. NOte this temperatul:'e.
• Now r e m o ve the t ube f r o m t he beaker and allow it to cool whfle sttrrrnr.c t h e m o lten
solfd with the thel'mometer. Note the tempecature at whrch soltd nrst begins to
ronn. The melting tcn'lperat urc l:s the mean of thes e two val u es.
(2) Thi s n 'lethod should be u sed when sn'lall an'lounts of solid are available. Take a
capii Ja.-y tube that has been sea led at one end ana nu It to a depth or o .scm with
your purified solid.
Attach It, us i ng a n .•bbe r band, to a thermometer and rnsen the thel'"m o m eter In a
water or an on bath.
T hermotnecer - - - - -H
l l eat the bath qu ick ly unti l Its tempera ture r each es about 20°C below the exp ected
m e l ti n g poi n t . Then gradu ally I n crease the temperauu·e u n til the solid melts. N ote
th is approxt1nate •nei UnQ: t enlperature.
Let the o il o r water bath cool s llshtly, and r e p eat w ith another sa mple o f the
solid tn anot h er' capi llary tube. H eat gently u p to close to the app roxtn1ate n"leltlnQ: Make sure that you stir
t e tnperature or t h e soltd, as fOund earH er. Record the t emperature a t whiCh -thorouahly all "the time that
I t I'TlC)ts. you h c~t -the liquid.
M a r k ing
T h e mark. sch eme for organic p r-eparation s wil l be sfmtla J" to the fol lowi n g :
• (sa l icyl ic acid) and ethanotc an h ydride In the presenc e or p 11osphor1c aciCl ca t a lyst:
..
+ C H ~COOH
some 2 · hydro xybon z.olc a cid I s w eigh e d out and put in a dis tillatio n fla sk t ogether
w i th excess ethano rc an h ydride. Then s drops of' phosphoric act d a r-e added and a
tenux condenser &s nued. The tnlxtu re IS heated on a botltng water bath ror 6 minutes
und then some water Is car e fully a dded d ow n t he refl u x condenser . This hydro lyses
the excess e tha noic anhydr-Ide.
T h e mtxt ure IS pou red Int o a beaker or cold water and s t ood tn an tee bath. The Exa m i n or- t:i
Your mass of p urified
rn l xturc I s Oltcrcd u s i ng suctron filtratio n . a nd t h o solid o bta i ned I s rccrystalllsod
aspirin $t\ou ld be
u si n g hot water.
sin""' il;~.r "to tho rna$s of
T h e pure. dry asptrtn ts w e tghed, and nnally t he mel ttnQ temperature o r the aspirin l.s 2-hydroxybenzoic acid
1noasurod. T h is s h o uld be bet ween 13 4 and 135° C . or-ia in a lly taken .
HNO~
•
Make sure that you use
t.h e m inim u m ..t~o u nt
A known volume of m e thyl be n zoa t e is carefully m ixed with so m e con centrated
su l furic acid tn a nask. A nitrating mixture or cooled concentrated sulfuric and nitric
acid t s the n added tn s mall potuons and the temperature maintained between 5 a nd
ts<>c. The fl ask Is allowed to warm up to r oom t e mperature und l eft to s t and for 15
of h ot crt.hocan o l w h o n minutes . The con ten ts are then poured o n to some Ice a nd sun·ed . The m ixture Is
recryst.aJiis•niZ t h e product. filtered u s ing s u c tton. and the solJd was hed. wtth a llule tee-col d ethanol.
The solid Is the n recrystaJiised u si ng eth anol as the sol vent and I s allowed to dry.
When dry. I t I s welghea and Its rne l tlng potnt I s determined fn t h e usual way. 'Th e
metuns. potnt should be between 78 and ao• c.
Inorganic preparation
You wfl l be given ful l Instruction s which m ust be followed c&r-e fully.
vou will be r equtred l o prepare a soHd contatntng a COJnpl e x transtuon m e tal 1on,
s u c h as ( Cu(NI--1,:,) 4]2 •S0 4 2 - or c hro mlul'n( u ) e thanoate, [Cr:r.(CI-I.;,C00) 4 ( 1-1 2 0)2} .
• E.rrors In t:echnlque
• Di ssolvi n g the solid In too tn.uch water.
..
• J....eavrng behind som e o f t h e solid prod ...i Ct before suction fl l t r a u o n .
• washtng; the l11terea solid. wt t h too 1nuch solvent.
E.rrors In recording
• N o t n 'lnkt ng s ure tho.t al l tnasscs aro recorded t o 2 d ecimal placos - a n ·u1s.s written
as 1 2 . 6 wtll l ose a m a rk.
• Not checktng, a ll subtr"acuons when wotklnQ out the rnass or solid t aken a nd the
mn .s:s o f product.
K nowl edge c.h ec. k 44
The fo llowina c:)uestions assu me ·t hat [C u ( N H3) 4 ]S0 4 has been prepared.
(a) What would you obse........e as t he ammonia solution was added to -tke copper(•)
culf".atct s:olution 7 (2)
(b) Det5Cribo t:h o ;:a ppca::ror.a n ~ o f ycn.u- produc:t. (2)
( c) Assun"'i na'th.:rtyou took 6 .00gof solid hydr.::atod coppor-(10 sulf ::.t:a, CuSO .... SI-J20,
calculate t h e t:heore1:kal yield of 'th e complex salt (Cu(N H~) ..]SO... (2)
(d) Assun"'inathat you made 4 .68 a of product, what. is your y ield? (I)
(e) Nam e t h e type of reac:tion betvv<een hydrated c:oppe..-(11) io n s and exc:ess am ~ni a, (I)
(f) S uaszest a reason w h y t he y ield •s less than 100% . (I)
(a) What was the purpose of addin.a e'th a n ol 'tO -the r eaction m ixture? (I)
(h) \1\/hy was the produc;t wash ed ........tth eth a n ol aft:er suc:tio n fil "t,r ation 7 (I)
Bolflngtubo
The dlc htomate(v•) tons al'e rtr'St teduced t o Q1'een Cf"3 .. tons. and then t o blue ctz.. tons.
When t h e solution Is blue. screw t h e cap s hut. Tho solutio n of c.-2 ... Io n s Is f o r ced out
Into the sod h .am eth anoate solutio n by the p r essu r e of the hydrogen bei n g: produced.
1'\ rea preclplt.al e or the neuLral chrom tum(u) complex JCr2(CH .:,C00> 4 <HaO>:aJ IS formed.
Filter thi s precipitate unde r suctio n . \.Vash it with a trace of Ice- cold propanone and
weig h it .
Test questions
AS questions
Ask your teacher tr you can do these exper tn'lents. The ide n tity of the unknowns and
the concentrations or solullons are Qlven tn the answers. whiCh follow each <:~uesuon.
YOu must ask your teacher to carry out a riSk asscsstncnt before doing these experiments.
• ..
Tesc quescion
Carry out: t:he following cescs on che cwo solid inorgani c sales. A and B . and a solucion of a111 ino r-gan ic sale. C.
(a) Cal"'ry out: a name c.e:n : on solid s A and B . W ri t:e down your o b servac:ions with A and wid'\ B . (2 markS)
(b) M a k e a solu don o f son"'e o f A in 3: crnl. o f wa.cer and add 4 drop~ of dilu~e hydrochloric add.
f o llowod by S: drops barium chl o rido solution . Writ:o d own your o b sorvat,ions. (I mark)
(c;) U sing your obsorv:ations i n ('!') and (b). i d CIIntify A by writing its formula. (I mark)
(d) Write the ionic equacion for t:he react ion observed in (b). (I mark)
(e) Heat: some of solid B in a c:est: tube and pass t:he aas evolved i nt:o lin11ewa.cer. W rh:.e down your
o bservatlo•'los. (2 markS)
(f) H eat: 3 crnl. of wat:er" in a cese c u b e - ahnosc co b oiling. Add some solid B and c:e.sc: any gas
evolved wit:h lirncwat:er. Writ:e down your o b ser-vat:.ions. (2 marks)
(a) U sins your obsorvat:ions i n (a). (o) and ( f) . writo tho formula o f B . (I mark)
To l; c;rnl of tho solution of C, add 4 drop:~~~ o-f diluto nitric 9c;id, followed by $ drops o f aqueou:~~~
silver nitrate. "rhen add aqueous anunonia unci I c h ere is no f"urth er change. W rite down your
ob,ervat::lons. ..
(l) To a second 2 cml portion o f aqu eous C, add I 0 drops o f dilu te sodium hydroxide s .olution.
Writo down your obsorvatiQn$. (I marS<)
( j) U sing yQur observatiQns in (h) and (i), writ4 t h e f"o rrnola of C. (I mark)
Toea I! I 4 marks
T est q u estion 2
Carry out: t:he f ollowing: cest:s on chr-ee Ot"8anic compounds. P . Q and R.
(a) M ix I crnl aqueous pocassiut-n dichr-on'l!ate(vl) and d iluce sulf ur-ic acid in a c est: cu b e~ and add
S drops of P . Plac:.e t:he t:est: cube in a beaker of warm wat::er for a few minut:es. Wrh:e down
your obsorvat:ions. ( I m nrk)
(b) Working in a fun"le cupboard. put: I c•n:J of P in a dry test: cube. Thet"l carefully add half a spat:ula
of pho.sphorus(v) chlor ide. T ost: t:ho gas evol ved wit:h damp blue l itm u s paper. Write down
yovr obso r vat:ions.
f
• j ..
By considering your answer's co (a) and (b) along w ich t:he 1nle val ue of t:he molecular ion
and the f ragment: ion at: ~~n/e - 3 I i n the •-nass spec::-t:rum. w r ice che f ortnul a of P. ( I rn&.rk)
(d) Pour 3 c~"l o f aqueous s ilver n i t:ratc into a t:ost t:ubo and add 4 drops of Q. Then add aqueous
a~n"'on i a until there i s no f'urt:her change. Write down your observations. (2 m a riu)
(e) The mass spectrum of' Q has two molecular ion peaks of' equal intensity a.t rn/e values of'
136 and 138. U sing chis and your answer co (d). a .'ld t:he f act: chat Q has a branched ehain.
w rit:.e a formula of Q. ( I m.:..rk)
(f) Put: a fow drops of R on a cruciblo lid and ignit:o it:. Writ:o down your observations.
(s) Pour 2 en"lo:l o f bromine wacer in co a c:e~c c:ube and add 4 drop$ o f R . Gendy $h ake che C4'!!$C t:ube.
Writ:o down your obsorvations. (2 markc}
(h) U :fing your an$Wetrs to (f) and (g). sta~e e;h e fu n c::t:ional group in R and $UQSCt$t: another f4;u~~ot:ure
of t:h e mole cule. (2 marks)
(I) The inf rared 5pec.t:run'll below i5 c:hac of P , Q or R . Exan"line the spectrum and, using you,.. daca
b ookl ety ident.ify t::he compound which ha.s t:h b spe.et:rum. Just:ify your choice. (2 mar~)
100
1
..J so
• ~~ooo~~~~.-~-.~,ooo~~~~~~.-~,~o~oo:=~--.--.--~~,~s~oo~~--.--.--~~,~ooo~~--~--.
wavenurnber/ cm-•
..
Total: 14 marks
( It l s branched (the question says so). The two peaks of equal intensity of the
rnotec:.utar ton s h ow that t:here ~re two Isotopes with equa l abunda n ce. This must
be BI' ana conrtrms me tnrerence rrom u 'e ct'eam colour tn <CI>. 136- 79 (or 1!)8- 81)
lcuvos 57 whJch Is made up of 4 cc:a.rbon atoms (48) and 9 hydrogen atoms, so Q t.s
2-bro n'l o~- met hylpropane or 1- bromo- 2 - m eth ylpropane .)
(f) Burns with a smoky flame ......
(g) Red-brown bromrne goes colourless v (Qoes clear would NOT score); t wo layer'S .....
forn'l
(h) C=C (a l kene) arol.I P V'; a hiQh car'bon-to-hYdrog:en ratio v
(i) :Specuum ts or P ..,...; b J"'ad. peak a t 3.:>~cm- • due to a h,Ydrogen-bonded 0-H grou p ..,...
• ..
Tesc quescion 3
You are supplied wid":
• a saw. p i e of a solid lron(11 1) co.,...pound labelled Z
• aquoous 0.100 n-.ol drn-1 sodium thiosulfn.tc
• aqueous O. Srnoldn-.- 3 pot:assium iodide
• dilute sulfuric acid
• sta r ch solution.
lron(lll) ions reacll!' wit:h iodide ions acc ording co the equat:ion:
Tho liberated iodine can bo titrated with aqueou s sodi un--. thiosulfatot
h(aq) + 2S20l 1 -(aq) ~ 2 1-(aq) + s .. o.l-(aq)
( I) Weigh the weiahina bot:de cont:.a.inina z. Copy Table I below and record t:he mass of t:he bottle wit:h 2..
TAblet
M ass or weighing boc:c:l e wlll!'h Z /g
M ass of e~ptl ed welghh'lg boccle/g
M ass ofZ/g
Tip the solid Z into a I SO cmJ: beaker and reweigh the bott:lo. R ecord tho mass of tho empty bott-le in
t-ho t:ablo. Thon dissolv.;, Z in wator. t:ransfCIIr t-hea. solut-ion into a 2SO c m 3 volurnotric flask nnd n-.akQ it up
to the mark with dist:illed water. Shake the fla.sk c h orough ly.
..
(3) Rinse out: and t:hen fill a burec:t:e wich t:he sodium t:hiosulfat:e soluc:ion.
(S) U sc measuring cylinders to pour 10 cml of dilute sulfur ic acid Qnd 10 cml of potassj;um iodide solution
int:o t::hq, cc:tnic..--.1 flask.
(6) Tit:rat:e the solut:ion in the conical flask wit:h t:he sodium 't:hiosul-fat:e solu-d on unt:il the col our has faded
c:o pale yellow. Then add I 0 drops of search indicacor and concinue co add che sodium t:hiosulfat:e drop
by drop until the blue- black colour has disappeared. R ecord your burette readings and t:he t:itres in a
tablo (scto Tablet 2).
Tlt:raclon number I 2 3 4
Burecce readln$1 (flnal )/c:rnll
Buren:e reading (lnft:Jal)/cn...ll
Tlcre/ern'
T ot:al: 1• marks
scoring
• Table 1: all masses to at least 2 aeci m al places and subtr-action correct ..,...
• Table 2: all volumes recotded to o.oGcm3 and a ll subtracu ons correct ..,...
• Mean titre: correct ly calculated ..,...
I D ifference
M arks scored
I0 .2
3
I~.3 I~.s I~o.s I
(a) Amount orsodtum lhJosu lfate = o.toomolctm- , x mean tnre dm,..,...
1 000
( b ) Atnount of J2 - Y.a )( n"loles of sod ium thiosulfate
Amount of Fe 3 ._ tn 25cm:') =
2 x m oles of 12
Amount or Fe 3 ~ 11, 2.50cm 3 = 10 x moles of Fe 3 + an 2~cm 3 .,...
(c) MU.SS of I r o n In 250cm3 - 55.8 M O"lOICS of Fe:>• In 250C.n"l3 .....
(d) 96 iro n In Z ... mass of iron rn 250cm3 x 10096 ..,...
mass ofZ
A2 questions
Ask your t eac h er ff you can do these experltnents. The idenUty of the unknown s and
t h e con centr-ations of soh,ttion s are g tven tn the a n swers, whrc h follow each Q1.1estion .
YOu must ask your teacher to carry out a risk asscssrncnt before doing these cxporlrncnts.
• ..
Test question 4
You arc;t supplied wic:h c:hree cu··aanic: c.ompounds X , V and z . each containina four ca,.bon atoms. Non e of
che con'llpounds has a branched carbon chain.
(a) Look ac the spect::ru"" of X below and cotYU't"'lenc on che inforn-1oacion chac chis provides. ( 2 m a rkS)
so
0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~
4000 lOOO "l(X)() 1500 I 000
Wavenumber/ em-•
• (b) Make up a solut:ion of equal parts of aqueous pot:assiurn dichrornat:e(vl) and dilut:e sul-ful"'·i c acid •
Divide chis lin co t:hr"ee in chree separac:e c::esc: cubes. Add 4 drops of X to one,. 4 drops of Y co an ocher
and 411 drops of Z to t:ha third. Warm each in a beaker of hot watc,. for 3 minutes. Write down your
..
obse t"'Vadons wit:h X. Y and z. (3 m af"'kSS)
(c) Add S drops of 2.4-dinit:rophenylhydr"a:z.ine solut:ion in t:urn to X. to V and c:o z . Wrice down your
ob-servatiions with X . Y and z . (3 marks)
(d) Make up a. solution by ad dins aqueous iodine to about IOcrnl of dtlute sodium hydroxide unt:il t:here is
A faint brown colour. Pour equal arnovnts int.o three te5t tube•· Add 4 drop• of CH11c;.h of X . of V 3nd of
Z to che separace cesc c:ubes and allow c:o s-=.and for" 3 rninut:es. Wrice down your observations wich X. V
and Z. ( 3 ma•'i<.S)
Tot:al: 14 marks
T esc quescio n 4 a n s w e r s
X I S butan-2-0l. C t-1 3 C J-t(OH)Ct-1 2 CH,:,; Y f..S buta1'1a l , C H ~CJ-I 2 CJ-t 2 CHO; Z I S butanon.e,
C:IJ~C:C>CII2C:I I ~
[If thct·o Is any troub le gcttl ns hold of these substances, the p•·opan ... equivalents ca n
be used .)
(a) Has a n 0-H aroup V'; but no C=O Q:roup .,.... (This means t h at u Is a n a lcohol )
(b) W i th acldlCie d d f ch t·omntc.(vt):
X - or::a nge solutton goes green V' (Thts m ea n s that X I s o prtn'l.:lry or secondat·y
alcohol- see (a))
Y - oranse sotuuon s_oes Qreen V" (~rhts means that v Ls a primary or secondary
alcoh ol or an aldehyde)
z - soh.tt1on stays ora ng:e ..... (Z rs pt·obably a tertiary alcoh ol o r a Keton e)
( c) With 2.4-dlnl tr'Ophenyl llyCII'aztne solutton:
X - no proctpllato . , ( I t Is n ot a cnrbonyl compound)
v - yellow (o r orange) preclp lt;::~te I s fo rmed . , (It I s a n aldehyde - see (b ))
z - yellow <o,. o ..anae> p.-ectpltate I s formed .,. ( It rs a ketone- see (b))
(d) 1n the Iodoform l est:
X - pa lo yel low p t·eclplt a t e . , ( It contain s CI-I ~CI-1 (01-1) group and so Is butan ..2 - ol)
v - n o precipitate ...,... ( I t Is butanal: It ca n not b e rne thylpropanal because that h as a
b.ranc11ed chain -see sten1 or questtot1)
z - pule yc11ow p t·cclplto.to V" ( It contains a C J I ;,CO group, so l5 butanono)
(b) To a pordon of solut:ion A. add a•n•nonia solution until in excess. Wrilce down your
observations.
(c) To a soc;ond po,..tion of solution X. add I c:rnl o<f diluto hydrochloric acid followod by
I crnl: of barium chlo.-ide solut:ion. Wrice down your" obser"vat:ions. ( t mark )
~ Record 1.he colou r oft:he pree ipitate and not. ·the solution a_bo,.;e i t..
(o) To separate portions of solutions B and C~ add aqueous sodium hyd..-oxido until in cxc:oss.
Write down your obse rvat:ions wit:h B and with C . (3 markf:)
(f) To a seGOnd po,.t:ion of B . add 5 df"'ops of pot:assiurn iodide 5-0i ucion followed by 5 drops
of st:arch 5-0iue:ion. Wric:e down your observacions. ( 2 maM<.s)
• \ J Rooe:on::l 1:h o colour :afto.- :addinsz pot:;;assiu i'T'\ ioclid o a n d :.fuw addina st;;an::h.
(a) Identify the cation$ pna$e nt in 8 and C by wricina their f"ormula.e . (2 m arlu)
..
Toca.l: 14 m a rk$
Tesc quescion 6
( I ) Use a mea~uring cylinder t::o measure 30em~ of I . Omol dm - :J sulfur i c acid and pour it: int:o a beaker.
(2) C lean some masnesiun"'l ribbon wiith sandpaper and c ue: ic: inco 4 e qual l e n.gt:hs bec:ween I a nd 2ern.
(li) Measure c:ho t:cn,pcrature o f t:hc a c id . The n add one l e ngth of magnesium ribbon and st:art: a c loc k.
(8) R ecord all your lflea.su re.....,ent:s h 'll a cable (see T a ble 1). (2 markS)
•
(a) Draw a g raph o f log1o(..!..) on t:h c y-a..xis agains t:
< T
(b) Ca.lcula:t:e t:h e slope of t:h e graph. S h o w o n the araph how you did chis.
(c) Calculat:e t:he ac.t:ivat:i o n energy f or t:hi.s react::ion. Give a sign and unit:s wit::h your answer.
(4 marks)
(I mart()
(2 markS)
..
(d) Suggest: one rna in ~o ur ce o f in accurac y in t::his exp e rime nt:. (I ma••k)
Tabl e 1
Volun, lliil of a.cidlcrn3 Lenat:h of n,aa:nesfum/cm
Tabl o '2
- 1-ls- 1
• l os,cr-L
• T e m p e r a.t:\..lre. T/ K +/K-t
• ..
Knowled e c h eck answe•-s Tho rno/os ofhydrochloNc Odd oro rnutupf1od by ~ to gcK tho
tnOklt$ o($Or;IA,Jm <;arbonote be~covs:o thoro ts I Na;zCO~ to
(a) Lil.2c: fbrno V' 2 HCttn Che equouon. rn:us
(b) Drops of water condense in upper part of "ten. tube ...-": t.he (~) Mol011r- IT\0\S$ of~h• l"lyd r~ted sodi~,~r-n c.011rbon aw = rnoiiS
lirnew.:n_e,.. a oes m ilky V' 4 .1 1 a r-no
(c) The solUtion suys dear and colourless .,.... - 0.0144 m ol
(d) KHC~ V' - 2S5 g: rnot- 1 V"
2 (411) Forms t."'-"0 la.ye•-s .,....: the univer~.l indicator ~oe s areen V' (d) N...-nber of l"nOiecules of waur of crys~alltsa~ion i n
(b) Steamy fumes produ ced ....-: litr'i"'Us paper aoe5 r"ed V' N.:."2C~.xH10.
(c) The so'-rtion 'tlY$ or.anao ...,... mass of xH,O = 295 - (mass of Na-,.CO~
(d) The peak at P iS caused by t:he 0 - H bond V' and the peak - 2 8 5 - [{23.0 :.< 2) ... 12.0 ... {3" 16.0))
at 0 by a c-1-4
bond V' = 17'9.0
x = 179.0sz
(e)~ ., =9.9
I S .Oa
g iven ~o 2 docim:~~l placaso, "th.:lt is 22.30 not 2 .2.3. It is accopt.ablo = 0.004397rnol V"
for an lnll;ial readfna of zero t.o be wrh:ten as 0 rather "than 0.00. (b) Nu-nber of n"'Oi es or Iodine liberated = ¥.& x 0.002387
6 E rror is~ 0.05 perro.:..d i ~ so±- 0.10 in tit.re =0.001193 .....
moles o( H 7 X because there IS I H,X to 2 NoOH m the equoUOI"t. (e) Tl"le ~lution in the buret~• 'WOUld h;lve been m ona di l u~e.
Henee. tl"le .srnou nt: of H:z.X i n 250cm~ or so'-stion so mo•-e 'W'Oukl have had to be ••un In .-'
= 10x0.00121Smoi = 0 .0 121SrTioiV" 13 (a) N...-nber- of l"nO i es of sodi un"' ~l"li osu lf;tte in V"le ~T~ean 'ti~-e
The mol ar rn:!l.Ss or tl"le a.eid H 2 X - mas~ of H 2X usedlan~r = concentrat.ton "'volume In dm,
1 53 _ _ 26AS
&
to (2)- O.O I •2 15mol - 126a m o l - 1 V" - O.II I moldm 3 x dm-3
1000
I 0 ( a) Amount o f I'Tydn:>chloric acid i n 'the mean ti1:re = 0.002936mol V"
0.123rnoldrn-l x 23 .45 dm3
= (b) Nu-nber" or mol es of iOdine. 12 - Y.t "' 0 .002936
1000 = 0.001469 .,..
= 0.002894rnol V" Hence l:t'le amou i"Yt or h)'droszen pef'O>ode in 2S.Oernll
(b) Amour"'t.Ofsodiumearbon.rte in 2S.Oc:r"'Y - }'!rx 0.0028&4mol
= 0.0014421T10f .....
Hence. 'the amoum In 2SOanll = 10 x 0.001442m01
(C) ~~~~::'n°~;"
0.0014691"nol
me hydr'Oa en peroxide solutiOn - ~::,s.
- 0.014o421"n01..,. 0.
0250
d,.,J = 0.05872 mo l dm~ ..,...
{d) Amount ofo)o()'a:on produced=~ :oc 0 .05872rnol ( b ) T .......o rtra.iaht l ines drawn And ~ra.po l.s.ted .....; from ara.ph:
= 0 .02936mol oT = 9. 6·c ~
Volurno o f CO<)"Ven produc.ed = 24drn.lrno l- 1 :roo 0 .029361'"1"\01 accuracy vAlue zo.s•c .,.....,....~ :Lo •c .,.....,...: ::1:2.o•c .,....
= 0 .70Sdm:. or 70S em:. .,..... (C) Heat ct'lanae = mass of solution x spedTec heat. capaci'ty x o r
14 Polystyr"'eno is a muc.h ........orso c:ondu ct.or o f h o.:..t than &~as:, and - 2s.o 2 • .... ISJsz-'•c- ' JOt 9.6•c
so less heat will be los't 'to me surround~s and the expe riment Make sc.v-e you use
the moss ofsoJuuon not the moss of 'Che
will bo moro ac:c:ur.:..u:.. %Inc when eolculoung the h~t c hange.
IS (a) enef1ZYtransf'en-ed = mass ofsol ut.lon x 4,1SJrr '•c-• x 6T = 1003)
'"'"'2S.Oa :oc <4.1 8Jg-'oc-• x 7 .7°C - 1.0031<,1 ......
= 90S J = 0 .80SkJ .,..... (d) Amount of copper(li) sutfat.e = O.SOO~n04 dm -s x 0 .02Sdm -s
Moka suro that )'OU uso tho t ncus oftho solutiOn (25B) and - O.O I25 mol.,....
not dle mass of potassium cort>onote soild token (2.58g)'" 6H = 1.0031<.1
this co/culatlon. mass 0.0 125mol
(b) Amo unt of K2CO, = mol;:uo mass = - 90.'2 4 k;Jmo l - 1
_:2".5~8~"!!....~
-138 Because t.he t ernperoture I'Ose. t::V-1 rs negouve.
_ ..., _, = O.OI87mol . , = - SOkjmol -1 .,.... for vah,.ui to 2 s.f,; . , for s ian and v n it
22 01
(e) Tl'\e soh..nion woul d become c:otour'less ....:-
al-/ 1 - - 0 .805kJ =- 43 kj m o i' V" (f) No, bec;cuo~s9 t l"l9 aiT'IOUnt o f h 9n wovl d doubl 9 , bvt so
0.0157rnol
-
.......ou ld U'le mass or solution to be neated up ~
The vafue or.OT 1s on¥ CD 2 SfgnlfkOnt f72ures and so the Tt-.vs ATvvoutd n ot 0111t9r 01nd ~the •c:c:uracywou'd
answer to 4H must also Oe to 2 s.f, The 51Qn of4 1-/ls neBQttve also not a l t.er v.
bec:ouse the c~mpe110 c.u;e rOSe. 18 ( 3) Fro m the arapn: AT = 27.4 - 19 .0
16 = 9.4•c .,....
/>.11 Votum9 o f N .. O H = 2.6.Scm 3 .,....
2Kl i CO,(•) (+211CI) K;.CO,(S) + COJo(g) + ll:,tO(I) ( + 2UCI) Accuracy o rt:J.T. : o.s•c .,.....,....~ :r1 .o•c .,.....,....: :r2.o•c .,....
~ Ac;<:uracy of ~ ho~rne: :t;O. Sc:.n3 .,....,....; :t; I.Qc;.rn3 . ,
• 2 X
.2KCI(s) + 2CO.,(S)
________-;;;,,
+ 2 11;,0<,1)
(b) To"tal volu m e = socm2o + 26.Sc.m2
(C)
= 76.5 c rn3 .,....
H eat cnana e = 76.5~ x 4.1 8J2""'•c-• x !J.4•c-•
..
Labelled diag ram ..... .,..... = 3006)
6 H - (2 w 6 MiJ -a.~-~, = 3 .0061<J
......
1
= 2 x ( + 29 k;Jmo l-') - ( - 43 k,Jmol- ) = + 101 k;Jmol- 1 .,...
(d) Amount of ~Ol-t = 2.0 r-no l d rn-3 x 0.02.65 diT'I-:l
Mok.e SUf'e thot the dtnt:cUons o(" arrows agree wtth the lobeUJng.. = 0.053 mot
For tnstonce the "'wer t1Slht-hond arro..v OtXJk:l have been drawn = n vrnberof m oSQsof HNOJI .,....
pomung up right,. but then the Iobei must be - 4flH1. - 3 .006 1<.1
17 (a) t...abe lled a.><es wi'U"'l set"Sib6e Kate and points P'otted c.on-ec:tty . , (o) d l-4 - O.OS3mol
- - 57 kjmol - • .,....
(f) No. bec.ause the volume c.annot be estimated t o better
than :ro.s c.m, .,....
' 2.24£
19 Motes of N 10 -74.7 gmo l-l - 0 .0300 r-nol - thoorotic.al moles
of n ickel sulfauo
Mohtr ~~~of N iSC>4 .6 .... 2.0- 262.8a rnol - 1
T heoretk al mass o f nickel sulfate = 0.0300mol x 262.8szmot-•
- 7.ee a
~yield -
actual n'\a.SS
tfle o ret.•c •i rT'Ias.s x -
IOO
. 2 w I
;·:a a
OO
Thoonrtic.al rn.ass ofCuS04 .51-f'10 =moles • rnof.ar rn;u;s ( d ) Above or bel ow 'thi s poi nt. t.ho 'temper.:..t ur-o <oNOuld nat bo
= 0.025 mol • 249.6szmot-• the bolllna temperature oftt"le distillate .,....
• 6 .2.-. R V' 24
. :..ctu.:.l 1'1"'1<1SS of produc-t
(f) ~ Y•eld t.heore"Ucal mass o f product • I OOSJC:
=
s.oa a
6.242 X I
o~~
V7'0
• 8~ ..,...: + ..,....,..... fo •~ ~so~ o~ined
25
<a> Some of the satura"ted solution d id no't crystallise ..,...: or if
no solution w:s.s left 3.(-t.er cool i n a the :.ns........er woul d be that
some anhydrous s.al't was formed V
21 (a) Beeaus.e U"le acid would fi"'''tt'' up and overll ow . ,
( b) To preven't acid spray f rom esc;~~pina . ;
( C) Yes. because the Utrnu s rumed b l ue V"
(d) Poal e a..-.en V" and d i om"'Qnd shaped V"
. 2.7sa
( o) Amount Of U"''n = SS,SQ mol- 1 26 Prop.at"'-1-ol. as i'l has neithel" a C H 3 c -o no.- a CH 3C H ( C>H)
- 0.0493 mol V' IZI'*OUP
Theoretical mass of product = 0.04 93mol x 392.0amot'""' 27 (a ) Aa;vesal'\ Or'an:lle ~cipitate .....-: wl'th B the~ is no ehan2f'! . ,
- t9.33 a.,; ( b ) With A thQr 9 is no c l-lanQ:o . ,; B producos sto4ln"y fUITI9S V'
. 15.2Q (c) With A the soluti on S'tays ora~e V': B "ti.A"ns the ol"anae
(f) "y• eld-~ • I~ sQh.rtion W""Qen V'
- 79% V' ( d ) As A i5 a c::al"bonyl c::oMpound (test 1), but is not an
( a) Some of "tho ~.atu rated solution did n o't c:rystalliso .,....: or if a ldoh yclo ( n ot oxid ised in (C)) -nd l-Ias 3 c-r bon ;tt.orns
no solutbn was leh after cooling: tne ans~r woul d be tha:t (ai'ven), it is p.-opanone.. tt will have I peak . , only (b~
sorno 011nhydrous salt ~s formed ..... CH:J a roups in tl"l" s.arne onviron monQ and VIis; will not.
( a) A yellow . , (or oran;Re) preclpkaw . ,
(b) Boc:~us.e 1ho ho-:.1: pi"''duc:od woul d v.:..poi""Ko t ho w.:..tor .:..nc::l
add steam would be produced . ,
( c) The orana o solution . , turned a:reen .....:
be spli't V' ( because there a.-e no hydr"'a en atoms 01"1 the
.adj;u::.ont c_.,l"'bon)
28 (a) FIZ%es V' and whi te solid fol"n"'edlsodium d isappeaN .,....
(b) O n nao ~olution a oos. v oen V'
..
(d) tt i s a coburtess IIQUtd .....: (c) Pal e yellow prec::ipl urte .,....
( c) T o prevent~ build·up of pressure .....: ( d ) P is bvtan-2-ol (CH 3C H (C>H)CH :zCH:J) V'
(f) The reaction is exo1hermic and so would become t oo ( e ) Q has a c -o 2rou p . , (a.bso.-pt;on at 17 Jacm- ') but no
v iaor"ou s . , and 'INOul d froth up intt> 'the condenser ......: 0 -1-1 aroup ..,... (no peak above 3000crn-•)
( R) The apparatus ""'-<M.Jid be arransred for hea'tii"''Q under refluK ...-:- ( f ) The solution nays or"an.a e V'
The e-thanoic add ........ould then be di ~Ue-d o u t or the (s) 0 is buUn one (CH:JCOCH :zCH:J) V'
mi:xtui"'Ct ......: (h) With R. the solution fizzes V' and l trnewa~e.- 'tl...rns doud)" V'
(i) Frui't)"/aluey smell .,.,.
23 (~ The bromine water tum$. from 01. red-brown c:otourto
(j) E Stel" V'
col our1ess .,.... and t'NO lay er"5 fol"'t'r"'o ......:
( k ) It i s C H .,CH 2-CC>C>H, pr-op;anoic: acid .,.,.
29 Elt.her"(CI"'(H 2 C>)&J:3• T 3oH - --+ {CI"(H 2 0 )3(C>H)3J T 3H 2 o
0 ..... ...,a,.
1hen (Cr(l-l :zO):J(OH )1J ~ 3C>t-t--+ (Cr (C>H)6l3- +- 31-1~0
C>r [C'r(H2C>)4] 3 • +- 30H - --+ Cr(OH )3 T 6H20
then C r (OI-Ih -+ 301-1-- (Cr(C>H)6l3-
3 0 Elther(c:u( H20)4),... +- 2NH3--+ (Cu(H20)•(0H )2.] - 2NH . ..
then (Cu(H20 )41 (C>H):z] +- -4NH 3 -+ (Cu (Nt-ti)~(J-1,0)2]2• +-
Note chat the equation below INOukJ also be oiiCY~Nect 2 H l:0
C>r[Cu(H 2 0).J2- +- 2NH :. -+ Ou(C>t-1) 2 +- 2NH ~- + -41-1:~.0
then C u (C>H)2 + 4 N H J + 2 H 20-+ (Cu(NH3)~(H 20)l),. +-
(b)
0 + er,
{ d) Brown col our ..... (-'t:n proc.ipiu-te) ; on addi'tion o f sun:n a Relattv. Morni c macs of M = J,o'i x 45 22.5 =
col our v
bfue~lack So M must. b e sodium (atomk mass 23.0) .,....
(o) 2Cu2-(aq) + ...1-(o:tq} - 2Cul(s) + 12 (s) ..... (allow l,_(: aq)) (c) T n. p~:oi un-t rnana a n :lte(vll) ~oJution would h:lve been
32 (a) tt is green . , n"IOre dil ute. so t.he t.itre ""-'-Uid have been larg:er .,-
( b) C 1"'0on p i"'8C:ipita-to V which -turn~ b r own ..... on 'tho s idos of 37 ( a)
m e test tube on stanch~
(c) White procipita'to V =&.
( d ) Brown precipitate .,....
33 ( a) The solu-tio n is co lourless . ,
(b) White precipitat-e .,....: whiCh forms a colourless solution .,....
w i th OXCOS:fi
(C) Whi'te pred pft.a:te .....-: w h ich forms a colourl ess sol ution .,....
w i th oxcos.s
(d) C ream precipitate .,....
(o) Sot...ltion aoos rod-b~n .....
3 4 The oxida-uon number ofrnangoanese Chan'll@S by Sand that of tin
by 2. T n orofor o thoro rnurt bo SSnl:.. ions W .very 2Mnool- io n ,
so 'that bott"l Chansze by I 0 . (The ra:tlo ofSnh to MnO,..- is 5:2.)
35 ( a) Amount of Mno.- in n-.oo:~~n 'ti'tre - concontr.a.t:ion
volume i n dms
24 05
- 0 .0202rnol dn-1-il >e ~ drnl
= 0 .0004858mol
Amount of F o 2+ i n 2S.Ocrn3 o f solu-tion
= S >< 0 .00048SSmot .,....
- 0 .002.o;t29 n"IOI
Amoun't of Fe, .... in 250cm ,_ = I 0 x 0 .002429 mo4 Tl'\e scol"'insz ror table and this al"'aPh ""-'-utd be:
• - 0 .02.<429rT~o l .,-
M ass of~· in 2SOc.m' SOlution = mol es of Fe:l+ x A..(Fe)
- 0.024129r-nol x SS.9 ;:n-.ol -•
•
•
small :rodditions. o f a l k a l i a 1: stan. a n d ciOTdt 1:o equ i va l en~
poin't ..,... and lat"Jl~!l'' addlt.ions at other S"taaes ..,...
all volurT~ os nacon:lod to ±0.05 cm3 :~ n d :~II p l-l V<11~ to
..
= t.3SS sz .,- a't least 1 decimal placl! ..,...
9\li: ron _ mass or Fe~ In 250cm~ solut.ion • pH ~lw<11ys, risin.a as a l kali a dded .,-
{ b) ... 1 00~ • sensible scate and axes labelled with poim..s propef'ly
IT'Iass of 2
plotted V'
=~
L 3ss a
x 100 ~
• steep f'lse in pH over fi i"St rewcm:3. "then an s -st'\aped
= 1 -4 . 3~ .,. c u .....,. with a n ~ IITiort verti c;tl rise ne:~ r 20 crnl followed
(C) The concenvation of Fe,... Ions VY'Oul d have been IOY'Io"f!r. by nauenlna orr towards pH- 12.7 ..,...
nasul1:ina i n a ~rna llor 1:i1:r o V. ( b ) 20.0cm._ (v:tl uo f i'"OI'TI 19 to 2 1 .,...,...: from I 9 1:o 19, or
This wouKI mean tha:t the amoun't ofF~ ... as cak:ulated 201021.......,
would h:lvo boon l o~s a n d ~o U"le ~would nave boen l ess .....: pt-1 - 8.7 (~luo fron-t 9.2 to 9.3) ..,...
36 (a) Amount of Mno._- in mean titre = concerrtratlon x (These are the vol ume and pl-l at. hatt\ovay ~ the a lmost
volun"lo i n drn3 ven.ic.a.l p~rt) 2.0 0
= Q,0202molctrn- :3 X23
1000
65
- - ' - dm> (C) Amount o f alkal• = 0. 1 2Smo l dm-~ x
1 0
dm1 ocJ
- 0 .0004777 m o l V' - 0.002SOmol
Amount of C 2 o.
2 - in 2S.O cm:3 of solution which equals the number of moles of I-IX ..,...
- SJ2 x 0 .0004777mol
Conc:en'tr :ro1:ion of I-IX = mole~ of HX
= 0 .001194 mol ..,... volum e
Nurnbor ofrT~o l os ofC,_o.:t- i n 250c, l of sol ution - O. I OOrnol dm-3 V'
= 10 x 0.00119 4 mol (d) pH a'l 10cm:3 added= 4 .8 .....:- hence PK.. = 4 .8 .,....
- 0 .0119-4 ...... Thts Is bocouso whon half of tho acid has boon noutro/tsod tho
( b ) Mola r mass = ~~=5 concencrouon orme octd Js r.he some os the concencrouon or
1.59 @ the salt. But K.o - [H"")/fiol(} and [salt} - 1. so
[00<1) [o<Jd)
0.01194 fnOI
= 133 a:mol- •v
I<.. = (~]. and pK.., =pH.
(e) K..- 10-..~- 1o-•a
Rebtive ~:tor-nic m~u of M :x 2 - 133 - (2 x 12.0) - = 1.6 X I 0-~ (mol drn-3:) ......
(4 x I 60) = 4 S.O
,<•>
:19
-.,!:
Jt
!
S e n sible sca.le ~ points p'otted c:or ..-e-c:tly ~ bes.~frt S'tr.aiaht
l1ne dra-wn .,....
(b) Bec:a'-'$oe 1/ti me ' ' p.-cpyni on01l t:o tho r au, 'tho lo a o f 'the
rate Is p roportional to T .....
1.86 (: 1.40)
(c) SlOpe
(0.00330 0.00310)K"" 1
Th--n efmln - OA 6
0 .0002K"" 1
Thaorotiell ~~s o f pi"''duct = 0 .00725 n-.ol X I 90.0 a rnor-• Theore'tic~l .:arnoun't. o f [Cu(NH i).)S04 = 0.02.40 mol
1.30g Theore tical mass of [Cu(NH a).JSO.. = moles x InOla •· mass
"yield - ~:~~ )( 100 - 73.1"
= 0.02.4-0rnol x 227.6 a rnol-•
= S A 7 sz., A llow 5.46
4 3 (a) tt Is a white solid ...-: 4 .6a a
{ b) M~ss o f .-ne'thyl be nzo~:t.e = volume ~ density (d) n yletc~ = _ a )( •009€ = ~ .,
5 47
= s.oocm;, x 1.09 szcm- :a (e) Liaand exc:hang:e .,.....
= S.4S a.., (f) Some of the product st.:..yed d issolved i n 'the .:.queous
A ITIOUrrt of n-terthyl ben -z:o;rte ""'''
mol ar IY\3.SS
(g)
solution V'
To d i ssolVe the wat.el" cau sinsz the c:omplex to pl"ec:lpita:te V'
_ S .4Ssz
- 136.0a .-nol-i (h) To remove dissolved impurities V"
= 0 .0401 .-nol .,.... 45 ( a) Amount of sodium dk:hr'On'\.llt.e(VI) - mas'5/I'T\Oiar IT'I&Ss
Theoretical number of moles of methyl 3 ..n rtrobenzoa-tc - _ 2.22a
0.0401 ITIOI - 262.0arnor 1
Theoretical ITI.:ts~ o f i'Tlet.hyl 3 ·nn:roben.zo::~~te- moles x = O.OOS47mol
mol ar mass Theol"'e'tic:al amount of c:hi"''f'T''i u m(•i) e 'tl"\anoate
- 0.0-401 mol ... IS LO a rnol-• = 0.0084 7 m oi V"
= 7,25 g V" AIIOON 7.26 T l'\eor'etic:al mass orthe c:tv-omium(•l) e-tna.noate
= tnOies x l'l"'ttI.ar m ass
(c) ~yield = ~:~~: x 1009' - 0.00847mol • 376.o szmol- 1
= 70~ ...-": pi~ .,.... f or >SO~ = 3. 19 a V" Allow 3.18
(d) If a iiO"Ned to r ise, a second nitro a:I"'' up
subsVtuted into "the rina V"
~uld b~
( b ) 9-' yia kl =~X 100~
•· · ~ a
(e) The nlti"'t''iu m i on. N o 2• V' - 60~ ......
(f) To 1"9~ 01.ny solu'tion that will c;.ont01.in 50luble iiTipuritMu V" (C) Either some solution of tt'le C~ Ions remained In the
44 (a) The bl u~ soll.ltion '<N'Ould ro ..m a pal e blu~ pl"'ec:l pltate ....-: rou nd· botto.......-d fl ~sk; or soma c.h .-omium(u) ~h~no:~~t:a
• w hic:h dissotvti to
ammonia
~ .a dar k blue solution V" with ex.c;ess
G
B Qraph p lotung 46--47
barium ch l ottde 12. 4 0
acuvauon enerQy 49. .50
c errors In 23-24
ca l cu lations
acuvauon energy 49-.50
H
halide tes t s
entha lpy c h a nge 24-26
concentrated s u l rurtc actd tes t 11
m o lar n1ass 20
u s tnQ: actdtneo sliver nlttate tl- 12. 4 0-41
percentage yie ld 27, 5 1
halog:enoalkanes, tests for 15, 34-35
redox tttratlons 45
h eattng of solids 9
tltratto n .s 19 - 20
hydrated copper(n) I o n s 42
water o f crysta lllsau o n 20
hydrogenc arbonate tests 9, 10
carbonate t ests 9. 10. 41 hydro xide solubility tes t 12- 13
carboxylic actd t est s ~6-.:37
cau ons a. :)9
C=C (alkene) Qroup, tests for 14, 34 Infrare d spcctn:t 16- 17, 37
Chlorine water. addition or 12, 42 tnorganlc naLtdes , tes t rot' 11
I norganic preparations 27
0
chromlun'l(u) ctha n oatc con'lpl ex 56 observation see qua l itative observation
doubl e suit preparation 28- 29 OH s;crot..•P. tests ror 14, 34. 36, 37
Simple salt pn!parauon 27- 28
o r de 1· of r eaction experiment 47- 48
tetraammtnecopper(u) s u trate !S!S o r ganic preparations 29-.30, 51
Inorganic s ubstances s. 39--40 aspi rin 53- 54
tests on 9 - 13, 40-43 dehydration of an alcohol 3 1- 32
todlne/ thfos t.alfate tltratfons 21 -22 murk sch eme 53
Iodoform test .36 measuren,ent or metttng temperatures 52-5.3
methyl 3-nllrobenzoate .54
K
ketones. tests for 3 1. 35 oxidation of prtmal'y/seconaary alcohol 30-31
ktncuc expcrtn,cnts 7. 47- 50 oraantc substances 1~. 33-34
spectra 15-17, 37- 39
L tests for identifying 14 - 16, 3~7
H gand exchanse 42 oxldatton
to differentiate between tentary and other
M a lcohols 14
n,agnes1un1 ana aCid reacuon, acuvauon
energy 13. so. 68-69 primary or secondary alcoh o l 30-31
p
•
n ·u:. rk scheJ'n.es.
Q:l"'aph PIOtttng: 4 6
lnorgantc preparations 55
percentage yteld
pH tests 14, 3 4
27, ~~ ..
klnett c expert ments 48. 49 pH tttrauons 7 , 46-47
observation s 8. 34, 39 potassium Iodide 21. 42
organic preparations 31, 53 potassium manganate(vn) tlt•·atlon 6. 44- 46
salt pl"'epar.::.tton 27, 29 preparations 7 , 27
Utrnuons 19. 45 lnorgo.n l c 27- 29, ss- s6
rna:ss 27.51 organic 29- 32, 5 1- 54
rnass spectra 15 - 16, 37 prln'lary alcohols 14, 30, 37
measu.-e1nent see quanutauve measurement
rnetUng temperatures. methods or Q
quallUHive observau on 5-6. B
rnea.su ring 52- 53
n,elhyl .3-nuroDenzoate preparau on 54
t r'lorgantc substa11ces 8-1~. !>9-44
org:an.l c substances 1!>-17. 33-39
molar mass ca tc uJauons 20
Quantitative measu r e ment 6-7, 17
moles 27. :5 1
e ntha l py cha nge experiments 22-26
N kinetic experhnents 47- 50
nitrate tests 9. 12. 41 titrauons 17-.22. 44 - 47
NMR spectra 38 quostrons and answers 57- 69
n"'ark schen"'e 19
R
redox tests 42--43 weigh i ng 18
redox tttrations 44-45 T o llens· rea~eru 36
s u
sa l t p r eparation 27- 29 U11tt ~ preparation 27
sccondnry alcohols 14 , 30- 31, 37 lnorQ"anlc 27-29
s i mpl e sa l t prcpun:tUon 27- 28 organ rc .29-32
skeletal forn"'Lilae 33 Un i [ 3 qualitative obser vation 8
!SOdtun'\ hydroxide, addition/excess I n organ ic substances 8 - 13
sodlum thiosulfate and acid reacuon organlc substances 13 - 17
SOl idS Uni t 3 quantitative rneasu rernenl 17
appearance of 40 entha l py c ha1'Q,e experiments 22-26
tests on 9-11 tltratto ns 17-22
solution s Unit 6 preparation s a
nppear~nce of 40 I n organ ic SS-56
tests on 11 - 13 organ ic S l - 54
spcct t·a 15 - 17• .37- 39 Uni t 6 qualitative obscrvuuon
structu ral f ormu l ae 33 tnorgantc s ub~tun ce.s 39-44
•
i'>' 11fate test 12. 40 orsanrc .substances ~3-.:)9
U11lt 6 Quanutauve tneasu1'e1neru 44
..
kinetic experiments 47-50
tertl.;a r y alcohol s 14
pl-l tltratfon s 46- 47
tetraa mm inecopper(u) su lfate preparation 66
redox tttrat i ons 44- 45
tttrauons for A2 6-7
uni versa l I nd icator (UI)
p l ..f ttt ratlons 46- 47
tests 14 , 34, 36
redox titrauons 4 4 - 45
tt t ratlons for AS 6. 17- 18 vv
.acid/base 19- 20 wa t er of ct·yst a l llsatlon calculnt ton 20
errors t o avoid 18-19 water sol ublllty tes ts 14, .34
todrne/Lhlosulfate 21-22 weighing- 18
"'~ P~1oo
1
~
H
4.0
P.'
()
h)'d«Jg!f'l
1 .....
He
"'"'3"
2
-
6.9 9.0 The periodic table 10.8 12.0 14 0 16-0 19.0 20.2
~·
I»
8'
2 Ll
'"""
3
Be
ber,llh1m
4 Key: R~attve atomic mass
B
'""' """"
5 6
c N
7
0
..,.., ....,
8
F
9
.. Ne
......
10
:a.o Atomic symbol
!!!: 3 Na
so:llllln
24.3
...,...,....,
Mg ""' number
Atomic (proton)
27.0
AI
:.h.n'f!Un
28.1
....,.
Si
31.0
p
ph:Jsphorus
32.1
s
......
355
Cl
chlom~t
39.9
Ar
.....
II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
"'
4
39.1
K
..........
19
855
40.1
Ca
a klwn
20
87.6
45.0
Sc
tcillndtum
21
88.9
47.9
Ti
tltllnl.lm
22
9 1.2
50.9
v
..........
23
92.9
Sl.O
Cr
t'-"llm
24
95.9
549
-..-
Mn
25
(98]
55.8
Fe
·~
26
101.1
58.9
Co
""""
27 '"'"
102.9
28
58.7
Ni
106A
635
Cu
~-
29
107.9
6SA
Zn
""'
30
112A
Ga
.. -
69.7
31
114.8
72.6
Ge
~IWiillllll ..
32
l lt\.7
749
As
·-·33
121.8
79.0
.......
Se
34
127.6
-
79.9
Br
35
126.9
83.8
Kr
.,,.~
36
131.3 L-
• 5
N-Rb
37
132.9
Sr
wontklm
38
1373
y
,.....,
39
138.9
Zr
'"""'""
40
178.5
Nb
niobium
41
18o.9
Mo
--~
42
183.8
Tc
43
186.2
Ru
tedln!tll.lm ruthenium
4d
190.2
Rh
1hochu,.
45
192.2
Pd
P"'_.lllm
46
195.1
Ag
··-
47
197.0
Cd
ad.....,
20M
48 ·-In
49
2044
Sn
207.2
Sb Te
•so• .........,
51 52
209.0
~klfklm
(209]
""~
53
I
(210]
Xe
-·
54
(222]
II
r-
Cs Ta w Re lr Pt Hg n Bi Po Rn
6
"""m
55
...Ba... La,
S6
....M ~
Hf
..........
72
WUII.Im
73
tung~n
74 '""'""
75
Os
(11;1!1111111
76
• •clt.m
77
.........
78
Au
gdd
79
~W'1
80
thlll• m
81
....Pb
82
bhn•ttl
83
pobnll~
84
At
t i. .. .
85 """'
86
(223] (226] (227] (261] (262] (266] (264] (277] (268] (271] (272]
Fr Ra Ac Sg Bh Elements with atomic numbers 112-116 have been
Db
......Hs. Mt Ds Rg
"-
Rf
7
-·~
87 88
actinium
89
rthlbiAI•
104
...,..
105 -~""
106 """''""
107 108
..en-lum <bn.d!ll
109 110 ·- ·
111
reported but not fully authenticated
-
140.1 140.9 144.2 144.9 ISOA 152.0 157.2 158.9 162.5 1649 1673 168.9 173.0 175.0
Dy
Ce
""'m
58
Pr
59
....Nd,...
60
~
Pm
J:lOmethlu
61
Sm
D -ot.m
61
Eu
«Jtopillm
63
...,.Gd...... .....
64
Tb
65
. Ho
Y'Ff'"IUm holmlllm
66 67
-~~
Er
68
..Tm
. . ...
69
Yb
"'""~
70
lu
II.Cetllm
71
232
Th
........
90
(23 1]
Pa
"'"""''
91
238. 1
...,u...
92
Np
(237]
ft!l'(unliM
93
(242]
94
Pu
~··"'
(243]
Am
3olll!fi( 1Utn
95
f247]
Cm
(UIIIJM
96
(245]
Bk
belk.fflllr'l
97
[251]
Cf
(254]
Es
CellfotiiiUrl tii'IStf:taii,M
98 99
1253]
Fm
""'""
100
(256]
Md .,_,.,
101
No lr
(254]
.........,
102
.(257]
103
;2J