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CLASS XII
Physics
Sample Question Paper 2018-19
Time allowed: 3 hrs Max Marks: 70
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory. There are 27 questions in all.
2. This question paper has four sections: Section A, Section B, Section C and Sec-
tion D.
3. Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains seven
questions of two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks
each, and Section D contains three questions of five marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, internal choices have been provided in two
questions of one mark, two questions of two marks, four questions of three marks
and three questions of five marks weightage. You have to attempt only one of
the choices in such questions.
5. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary.
c = 3 × 108 m/s
h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js
e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
μo = 4π × 10–7 T m A–1
ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2 N-1 m-2
1
= 9 × 109 N m2 C–2
4 o
me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
mass of neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg
mass of proton = 1.673 × 10–27 kg
Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1

SECTION – A
(Question numbers 1 to 5 carries 1 mark each)

1. State the SI unit of the electric polarization vector P.

2. Define temperature coefficient of resistivity.

3. Name the electromagnetic waves that are widely used as a diagnostic tool in
medicine.
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 OR
Name the current which can flow even in the absence of electric charge.

4. A ray of light is incident on a medium with the angle of incidence ‘i’ and is
refracted into a second medium with the angle of refraction ‘r’. The graph of
sin i versus sin r is as shown. Find the ratio of the velocity of light in the first
medium to the velocity of light in the second medium.

5. Two particles have equal momenta. What is the ratio of their de-Broglie wave-
lengths?
OR
Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0 × 1014 Hz is produced by a laser. What
is the energy of a photon in the light beam?

SECTION – B
(Question numbers 6 to 12 carries 2 marks each)

6. A network of resistors is connected to a 16 V battery with an internal resistance

of 1 Ω as shown in the following figure. Compute the equivalent resistance of
the network.

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 OR
A 9 V battery is connected in series with a resistor. The terminal voltage is
found to be 8 V. Current through the circuit is measured as 5 A. What is the
internal resistance of the battery?

7. The diagram below shows a potentiometer set up. On touching the jockey near
to the end X of the potentiometer wire, the galvanometer pointer deflects to
left. On touching the jockey near to end Y of the potentiometer, the galvanom-
eter pointer again deflects to left but now by a larger amount. Identify the fault
in the circuit and explain, using appropriate equations or otherwise, how it
leads to such a one-sided deflection.

OR
Following circuit was set up in a meter bridge experiment to determine the
value X of unknown resistance.

(a) Write the formula to be used for finding X from the observations.
(b) If the resistance R is increased, what will happen to balancing length?

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8. The figure shows two sinusoidal curves representing oscillating supply voltage
and current in an AC circuit.

Draw a phasor diagram to represent the current and supply voltage appropri-
ately as phasors. State the phase difference between the two quantities.

9. Compare the following

(i) Wavelengths of the incident solar radiation absorbed by the earth’s surface
and the radiation re-radiated by the earth.
(ii) Tanning effect produced on the skin by UV radiation incident directly on the
skin and that coming through the glass window.

10. A narrow slit is illuminated by a parallel beam of monochromatic light of wave-

length λ equals to 6000 Å and the angular width of the central maxima in the
resulting diffraction pattern is measured. When the slit is next illuminated by
the light of wavelength λ’, the angular width decreases by 30%. Calculate the
value of the wavelength λ’.

11. What are the universal gates? How can AND gate be realized using an appro-
priate combination of NOR gates?

12. A TV transmission tower antenna is at the height of 20 m. How much range

can it cover if the receiving antenna is at the height of 25 m?

SECTION – C
(Question numbers 13 to 24 carries 3 marks each)

13. A particle, having a charge +5 μC, is initially at rest at the point

x = 30 cm on the x-axis. The particle begins to move due to the presence of a
charge Q that is kept fixed at the origin. Find the kinetic energy of the particle
at the instant it has moved 15 cm from its initial position if (a) Q =+15μC and
(b) Q = -15μC.
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14. (a) An electric dipole is kept first to the left and then to the right of a negatively
charged infinite plane sheet having a uniform surface charge density. The ar-
rows P1 and P2 show the directions of its electric dipole moment in the two
cases.

Identify for each case, whether the dipole is in stable or unstable equilibrium.
Justify each answer.
(b) Next, the dipole is kept in a similar way (as shown), near an infinitely long
straight wire having uniform negative linear charge density.

Will the dipole be in equilibrium at these two positions? Justify your answer.

15. Two material bars A and B of equal area of cross-section, are connected in
series to a DC supply. A is made of usual resistance wire and B of an n-type
semiconductor.
(a) In which bar is drift speed of free electrons greater?
(b) If the same constant current continues to flow for a long time, how will the
voltage drop across A and B be affected?
Justify each answer.

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16. Derive an expression for the velocity vC of positive ions passing undeflected
through a region where crossed and uniform electric field E, and magnetic field
B are simultaneously present.
Draw and justify the trajectory of identical positive ions whose velocity has a
magnitude less than vC.
OR
A particle of mass m and charge q is in motion at speed v parallel to a long
straight conductor carrying current I as shown below.

Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field required so that the par-
ticle goes undeflected.

17. A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 10 V is applied to a series LCR circuit in

which resistance, capacitance and inductance have values of 10 Ω, 1μF and 1H
respectively. Find (i) the peak voltage across the inductor at resonance (ii)
quality factor of the circuit.

18. (a) What is the principle of the transformer?

(b) Explain how laminating the core of a transformer helps to reduce eddy
current losses in it
(c) Why the primary and secondary coils of a transformer are preferably wound
on the same core
OR
Show that in the free oscillations of an LC circuit, the sum of energies stored
in the capacitor and the inductor is constant in time.

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19. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation in a refracting type
astronomical telescope in the normal adjustment position. Write two draw-
backs of refracting type telescopes.
OR
(a) Define resolving power of a telescope. Write the factors on which it de-
pends.
(b) A telescope resolves whereas a microscope magnifies. Justify the state-
ment.

20. A jar of height h is filled with a transparent liquid of refractive index μ. At the
centre of the jar on the bottom surface is a dot. Find the minimum diameter of
a disc, such that when it is placed on the top surface symmetrically about the
centre, the dot is invisible.

21. (a) In the photoelectric effect, do all the electrons that absorb a photon come
out as photoelectrons irrespective of their location? Explain.
(b) A source of light, of frequency greater than the threshold frequency, is
placed at a distance ‘d’ from the cathode of a photocell. The stopping potential
is found to be V. If the distance of the light source is reduced to d/n (where
n>1), explain the changes that are likely to be observed in the (i) photoelectric
current and (ii) stopping potential.

22. A monochromatic radiation of wavelength 975 Å excites the hydrogen atom

from its ground state to a higher state. How many different spectral lines are
possible in the resulting spectrum? Which transition corresponds to the longest
wavelength amongst them?
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23. Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number curve is as shown. AZ S, A1
Z1 W, A2
Z2 X,
and A3
Z3 Y are four nuclei indicated on the curve

Based on the graph:

(a) Arrange X, W and S in the increasing order of stability.
(b) Write the relation between the relevant A and Z values for the following
nuclear reaction.
S→X+W
(c) Explain why binding energy for heavy nuclei is low.
OR
How are protons, which are positively charged, held together inside a nucleus?
Explain the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of
their separation. State the significance of negative potential energy in this re-
gion?

24. A sinusoidal carrier wave of amplitude AC and angular frequency ωC is

modulated in accordance with a sinusoidal information signal of amplitude Am
and angular frequency ωm. Show that the amplitude modulated signal contains
three frequencies centred around ωC. Draw the frequency spectrum of the re-
sulting modulated signal.

SECTION – D
(Question numbers 25 to 27 carries 5 marks each)

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25. (a)Write the expression for the equivalent magnetic moment of a planer cur-
rent loop of area A, having N turns and carrying a current I. Use the expression
to find the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron.
(b) A circular loop of radius r, having N turns and carrying current I, is kept in
→
the XY plane. It is then subjected to a uniform magnetic field B = Bx^+
i By^+ k.
j Bz ^
Obtain expression for the magnetic potential energy of the coil-magnetic field
system.
OR
(a) A long solenoid with air core has n turns per unit length and carries a
current I. Using Ampere’s circuital law, derive an expression for the magnetic
field B at an interior point on its axis. Write an expression for magnetic intensity
H in the interior of the solenoid.
(b) A (small) bar of material, having magnetic susceptibility χ, is now put along
the axis and near the centre, of the solenoid which is carrying a d.c. current
through its coils. After some time, the bar is taken out and suspended freely
with an unspun thread. Will the bar orient itself in magnetic meridian if (i) χ <
0 (ii) χ ˃ 1000?
Justify your answer in each case.

26. (a) There are two sets of apparatus of Young’s double slit experiment. In set
A, the phase difference between the two waves emanating from the slits does
not change with time, whereas in set B, the phase difference between the two
waves from the slits changes rapidly with time. What difference will be
observed in the pattern obtained on the screen in the two set ups?
(b) Deduce the expression for the resultant intensity in both the above-
mentioned set ups (A and B), assuming that the waves emanating from the
two slits have the same amplitude A and same wavelength λ.
OR
(a) The two polaroids, in a given set up, are kept ‘crossed’ with respect to each
other. A third polaroid, now put in between these two polaroids, can be rotated.
Find an expression for the dependence of the intensity of light I, transmitted
by the system, on the angle between the pass axis of first and the third polar-
oid. Draw a graph showing the dependence of I on ϴ.
(b) When an unpolarized light is incident on a plane glass surface, find the
expression for the angle of incidence so that the reflected and refracted light
rays are perpendicular to each other. What is the state of polarization, of re-
flected and refracted light, under this condition?
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27. (a) Draw the circuit diagram to determine the characteristics of a p- n-p tran-
sistor in common emitter configuration.
b) Explain, using I-V characteristics, how the collector current changes with
the base current. How can (i) output resistance and (ii) current amplification
factor be determined from the I-V characteristics?
OR
(a) Why are photodiodes preferably operated under reverse bias when the cur-
rent in the forward bias is known to be more than that in reverse bias?
(b) The two optoelectronic devices: - Photodiode and solar cell, have the same
working principle but differ in terms of their process of operation. Explain the
difference between the two devices in terms of (i) biasing, (ii) junction area
and (iii) I-V characteristics.

***

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 SOLUTIONS

1. A Dielectric develops a net dipole moment in the presence of an external field

whether it is polar or non-polar. The dipole moment per unit volume is called
Polarization and is denoted by P. For
linear isotropic dielectrics,
P =XeE
where Xe is a constant characteristic of the dielectric and is known as the elec-
tric susceptibility of the dielectric medium, so the SI unit of the electric
polarization vector P is coulombs per square meter (Cm-2).

2. The resistivity of materials depends on the temperature at which they are

operated. Different materials exhibit different dependences on temperatures.
Over a limited range of small temperatures, the resistivity of a metallic con-
ductor is approximately given by,
RT = R0 [1 + α(T– T0)], where RT is the resistivity at a temperature T and R0 is
the same at a reference temperature T0, α is called the temperature co-efficient
of resistivity.

3. The electromagnetic waves that are widely used as a diagnostic tool in medi-
cine are X-Rays because it penetrates much into the muscle layers and is used
to obtain images of bones which are not much penetrated by these rays.
OR
The current which can flow even in the absence of electric charge is the Dis-
placement current because it flows in a region where there is a time-varying
electric field. It can be seen by the Ampere-Maxwell’s law which is,
→ → dϕE
∮ B. d l = μ0 iC + μ0 ϵ0
dt
Where,
dϕE
iD = ϵ0
dt
Is the displacement current.

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4. As we know that,

velocityoflightinmedium1 sini
= ,
velocityoflightinmedium2 sinr
Also, as per the graph given above, λ
sini
= tanθ
sinr
So,
v1
= tanθ
v2

5. Given: -
Two particles have equal momenta ‘p’
Formula: -
the de Broglie wavelength associated with a given particle is,
h
λ= ,
p
Where λ is the de-Broglie wavelength of the particle, h is the Planck’s constant
and p is the momentum.
So, we can write the ratio as
h
λ1 p1
= =1
λ2 h
p2
(∵p1 = p2 = p)
Conclusion: -
The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths is 1.
OR
Given: -
Frequency of Monochromatic light, v = 6.0x 1014 Hz
Formula: -
We know that the energy of a photon is given by the equation,
E=hv
Where, E is the energy of the photon,
h is the Planck’s constant and,
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 v is the frequency.
So, substituting the values we get,
E = 6.626 × 10-34 × 6 × 1014= 39.756 × 10-20 J.
Conclusion: -
The energy of the light is, E = 3.9756 × 10-19 J.

6.

4×4
The equivalent resistance between AB is = 2Ω,
4+4
12×6
between CD is = 4Ω,
12+6
So, the net resistance of the circuit is 2+1+4+1=8 Ω
OR
The equivalent resistance of the circuit is R + r Ω.
The current in the circuit as per ohm’s law is,

9
A
R+r
So, we can write,
9
= 5 … . (1)
R+r
Also, the terminal voltage across the resistor is 8 V, so,
R × 5 = 8,

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 8
R= Ω
5
Substituting the value of R in (1),
9
⇒ =5
8
+r
5
9 8
⇒ = +r
5 5
1
⇒r= Ω
5
1
So, the internal resistance of the cell is Ω.
5

7.

As the potentiometer wire has a uniform cross section throughout, the potential
difference between X and any point at a distance l from A till point Y is,
V (l)= k l
Where k is the potential drop per unit length, As the positive terminal of E1 is
connected to X and on touching the jockey near to the end X of the potenti-
ometer wire, the galvanometer pointer deflects to left and on touching the
jockey near to end Y of the potentiometer, the galvanometer pointer again
deflects to left but now by a larger amount, this indicates that the cell E1 is of
larger emf than E which indicates that the galvanometer will never show zero
deflection. For a galvanometer to show zero deflection somewhere on XY the
emf of E > E1
OR
a) Formula: -

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The meter bridge uses the concept of a balanced Wheatstone bridge to find the
value of the unknown resistor so that the formula can be written as,
R Resistancebox x
=
lAB 1 − lAB
Where,
X is the unknown resistance,
R is the resistance of the resistance box,
LAB is the length of wire where till the null point is found.
It is written as to fulfill the condition for the balanced bridge.

b) The above formula can be re-written as

R − lAB R = lAB x
R
lAB =
R+x
1
lAB = x
1+
R
The above expression indicates that if the value of R is increased, then the
value of lAB will increase.
Conclusions: -
The value of x can be found as,
1 − lAB
x=R×
lAB
The value of R increases then the value of lAB also increases.

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8. The figure clearly indicates that voltage is lagging the current by a phase dif-
ference say Φ so that we can write as,
V(t)=V0 sinωt
Moreover,,
I(t)=I0 sin(ωt+ϕ)
T
At t= , I=I0
8
ωT
I0 = I0 sin ( + ϕ),
8
T
Also, at t= , V=V0
4
ωT
⇒ V0 = V0 sin ( )
4
ωT
⇒ sin ( )=1
4
ωT π
⇒ =
4 2
2π
⇒ω=
T
Substituting the value of angular frequency in the current relation we get,
2π T
⇒ sin ( × + ϕ) = 1
T 8
π π
⇒ +ϕ=
4 2
π
⇒ϕ=
4
The corresponding phasors can be drawn as,

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9. i) Wavelengths of the incident solar radiation absorbed by the earth’s surface
are much smaller than that of the radiation re-radiated by the earth as the
energy received from the sun has a very broad spectrum containing the visible
rays, the UV rays, the infrared rays having higher frequencies and thus smaller
wavelengths.
ii) Tanning effect produced on the skin by UV radiation incident directly on the
skin is much more than when it is coming through glass window because when
the radiation is incident on the glass, some part it gets reflected and some gets
transmitted so the intensity of the UV radiation reduces.

10. Given: -
The wavelength of incident radiation 6000 Å
The decrease in the wavelength is of 30%
Formula: -
We know that,
d sin θ = λ (First diffraction)
where d is the slit width,
θ is the angle of incidence,
λ is the wavelength of the incident light.
In the case of the small angle, sinθ≈θ,
So, d θ =λ
Then we can say half angular width will be,
λ
θ=
d
Then, Full- angular width will be,
2λ
w = 2θ = … (1)
d
For the second wavelength,
′
2λ′
w = … (2)
d
So, by dividing the two equations, we get,
λ′ w ′
=
λ w
′
w
λ′ = ×λ
w
Substituting the values, we get,
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 λ'=0.7×6000=4200A0
Conclusion: -
The wavelength of light will be 4200 Å.

11. Universal Gates are called so because by using these gates other basic gates
like OR, AND and NOT are realized, and these gates are inexpensive to manu-
facture and simple to construct large circuits.

The AND gate can be realized by NOR gates as follows,

12. Given: -
The height of the transmitting antenna, 20 m.,
The height of the receiving antenna, 25 m.,
Formula: -
The maximum line-of-sight distance dM between the two antennas having
heights hT and hR above the earth is given by,
DM = (2 R hT)1/2 + (2 R hR)1/2
where hR is the height of receiving antenna, where hT is the height of the trans-
mitting antenna and R is the radius of the earth (6400 Km approx.).
So, substituting the values, we get,
DM = (2 × 6400000 × 20)1/2 + (2 × 6400000 × 25)1/2
≈33888 m
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 DM = 33.8 Km
Conclusion:
The Range of the Transmission is, DM = 33.8 Km.

13. Given
Charge Q=+15 μC
Charge q =+ 5 μC
The distance between resting position of charge q and Q=30 cm
Displacement of charge q due to charge Q= 15 cm
Formula used:
The kinetic energy= change in potential energy =UF-Ui
Uf is final potential energy, Ui is initial potential energy
k×Q×q
Potential energy U =
r2
Where,
K is the constant its value=9 × 109 Nm2/c2
Q, q are the charges
R is the distance between the charges
(a) Finding the initial potential energy when q is at res

Putting the values of Q=15 μC, q=5 μC and r =30 cm in the equation(2), we
get
9 × 109 × 5 × 10−6 C × 15C × 10−6
Ui = = 2.25J
(0.3m)
Putting the value of Q=15 μC, q=5 μC and r=45 cm in the equation(2), we get
final potential energy
9 × 109 × 15 × 10−6 C × 5 × 10−6 C
Uf = = 1.5J
(0.45m)
The kinetic energy = Ui - Uf = 2.25 – 1.5 =0.75 J
(b) Finding the initial potential energy when q is at res

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 Putting the values of Q=15 μ, q=5 μC and r=30 cm in the equation(2), we get
9 × 109 × 5 × 10−6 C × (−15) × 10−6 C
Ui = = −2.25J
(0.3m)
Putting the value of Q=15 μC, q=5 μC and r=45 cm in the equation (2), we
get final potential energy
9 × 109 × 15 × 10−6 C × (−15) × 10−6 C
Uf = = −4.5J
(0.15m)
The kinetic energy = Ui - Uf = -2.25 – (-4.5) =2.25 J
Conclusion:
The final kinetic energy of the charge q(5 μC) when Q is 15 μC is 0.75 J.
The final kinetic energy of the charge q(5 μC) when Q is -15 μC is 2.25 J

14. a) As for a negatively charged infinite plane sheet having a uniform surface
charge density the value of electric field is

σ
E=
ϵ0
Which is independent of the distance from the sheet, so the dipole will be in
stable equilibrium whether it is kept first to the left and then to the right.
b) The value of the electric field for an infinitely long straight wire having uni-
form negative linear charge density λ is given as,
λ
E=
2πϵ0 r
Where r is the distance from the line charge.
As the value of electric field near the vicinity of the wire depends upon r the
dipole will not be in stable equilibrium whether its direction is towards the wire
or away from it.

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 Note:
The electric field due an infinite line charge is derived using the Gauss’s law,
Flux through the Gaussian surfaces shown in the diagram aside
= flux through the curved cylindrical part of the surface
= E × 2 πrl
The surface includes charge equal to λ l. Gauss’s law then gives
λl
E × 2πrl =
ϵ0
λ
E=
2πϵ0 r

15. a) As we know that the drift velocity depends on the current as,
I
vd =
neA
Where n is the no. of charge carriers per unit volume, e is the charge of an
electron, I is the current flowing and A is the area of cross section of the re-
sistance.
As we know that,
nmetals>nsemiconductors
so, for the same value of the current and same area of cross-section, the drift
velocity of electrons in metal resistance is smaller than in the n-type semicon-
ductor.
b) If the same constant current continues to flow for a long time, the voltage
drop across A will increase as the resistance of metal increases with increase
in temperature but will decrease in B as the resistance of a semiconductor
decreases with increase in temperature.
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16. Formula: -
We know that a charge q moving with velocity v in the presence of both electric
and magnetic fields experiences a force (Lorentz’s Force) given by, i.e.,
→ → → →
F = q (E + v × B) … (1)
Where E is the Electric field
B is the magnetic field
V is the velocity of the charged particle and,
q is the charge on the particle.

Let us consider that the velocity of the particle is perpendicular to both electric
and magnetic fields and they are mutually perpendicular also, depicted in the
figure.
We have,
→
E = Ej^,
→
^, and,
B = Bk
→
v = vi^
Substituting the values in the equation (1), we get,
→
A = πr 2 F = q(E − vB)j^
Therefore,
→
F = q(E − vB)j^

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Thus, electric and magnetic forces are in opposite directions. The charge will
move in the fields undeflected only when the magnitudes of the two forces are
equal. Then, the total force on the charge is zero, and this happens when,
qE=qvB,
E
vC =
B
If the velocity v <vC, then,
v<vC
E
v<
B
E-vB<0
As
→
F = q(E − vB)j^
So, the force is in the positive y-direction so there will be an acceleration in
the positive y-direction.

Conclusions: -
The expression for the velocity vC of positive ions passing undeflected through
a region where crossed and uniform electric field E and magnetic field B are
simultaneously present is,
E
vC =
B
In the second part there will be an acceleration in the positive y direction
OR
Formula: -
When a charge q moves with a velocity v in the vicinity of both electric and
magnetic fields, it experiences a force which is called the Lorentz’s Force and
mathematically is,
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 → → → →
F = q (E + v × B)
the magnetic field due to the wire above the x-z plane is,

→ ˆ
B = Bk

So,
→
F B = qvB(i^× ^
k) = −qvBj^
In order to balance this force, we need a force due to electric field as,
→ →
FE + FB = 0
→
⇒ F E = −(−qvBj^) = qvBj^
Also, we know that,
→ →
F E = qE
So,
→ →
⇒ F E = qE = qvBj^
→
⇒ E = vBj^
μ0 I μ0 I
⇒E=v× × [∵ B = × ]
2π r 2π r
Conclusion: -
The magnitude of the electric field is,
vμ0 I
E=
2πr
Moreover, the direction is in the positive y-axis.

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17.

Given:
Voltage, V=10 v
Resistance, R= 10 Ω
Inductive impedance=1 H
Capacitor =1 uF
Fomula used:
1
1. Angular velocity, w0= … (1)
√LC
Where,
L is the inductive impedance
C is capacitor impedance.
Vpeak
2. Peak current,Ipeak = … (2)
R
Where,
Vpeak is the peak current
R is the resistance
3. Voltage across inductor, Vinductor=Ipeak × w0L … (3)
Where,
Ipeak is the peak currents
w0 is the angular frequency
L is the inductive impedance
4.The quality factor of the circuit is given as,
1 L
Q= × √ … (4)
R C
Where,
Q is the quality factor,
R is the resistance,
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 C is the capacitance, and L is the inductance.
Putting the value in equation 1, we get

1 1
ω0 = = = 103 rads −1
√LC √1 × 1 × 10−6

The net current in circuit only depends upon the resistance as the circuit is in
resonance,

Putting the value in equation 2

Vpeak 10
Ipeak = = = 1A
R 10
Now the rms voltage drop across the inductor is given as,

Putting the value in equation 3, we get

Vinductor = Ipeak × XL = Ipeak × ω0 L

V = 1 × 103 × 1 = 1000V.
Also, the quality factor Q (which is ratio of reactance to resistance) of the given
series LCR circuit given by equation 4 is as,
1 1
Q= √ −6
10 10
1
Q= −2
= 102
10
So, Q = 100.

Conclusion: -
The peak voltage across the inductor at resonance is 1000 V.
The quality factor of the circuit is, Q = 100.

18. a) Transformer using the principle of mutual induction. A transformer consists

of two sets of coils, insulated from each other. They are wound on a soft-iron
core, either one on top of the other as shown in the diagram 1 or on separate
27 | P a g e
limbs of the core as shown in the diagram 2. One of the coils called the primary
coil has NP turns. The other coil is called the secondary coil; it has NP turns.

b) Lamination is done to reduce the eddy current loss by increasing the re-
sistance of the core. The core is made up of thin sheets of steel, therby having
relatively high resistance, each lamination being insulated from others by a
thin layer of varnish. The planes of these sheets are placed perpendicular to
the direction of the current that would be set up by the induced emf. The planes
of these sheets are arranged parallel to the magnetic fields so that they can
cut across the eddy current paths. Thus, the laminated sheet will have an eddy
current that circulates within it but the sum of individual eddy currents of all
such laminations are very less compared to that of using single solid iron core.
c) The primary and secondary coils of a transformer are preferably wound on
the same core so as to reduce the flux losses and thereby increasing the effi-
ciency of the transformer.
OR
Formula: -
The total energy in the system can be written as,
L[i(t)]2 [q(t)]2
Etotal (t) = +
2 2C
Where L is value of inductance, C is the value of capacitance, i(t ) and q(t), are
the current and charge depending upon the time respectively.
Calculations: -
We can write,
L(i0 sinω0 t)2 (q0 cosω0 t)2
Etotal (t) = +
2 2C
2
L q0
Etotal (t) = i20 sin2 ω0 t + cos 2 ω0 t
2 2C
Also, we know that,
28 | P a g e
 i0=ω0 q0
And,
1
ω0 =
√LC
Which gives,
⇒ q0=i0 √(LC)
Using the above result, we can write,
Li20 2 2
Li20
(t)
Etotal = (sin ω0 t + cos ω0 t) =
2 2
So, the total energy is,
Li20
Etotal (t) =
2
Which is independent of time and so is a constant.
Conclusions: -
The total energy of the system at any given time is,
Li20
Etotal (t) =
2
which is a constant so the total energy remains constant all the time.

19. Ray diagram of the image formation in a refracting type astronomical telescope
in the normal adjustment position,

The two main drawbacks with an astronomical telescope are: -

29 | P a g e
 1. Refracting telescopes of practical applications are made of very large and
thick lenses, such big lenses are very heavy and therefore, difficult to make
and support by their edges.
2. Manufacturing such large sized lenses is difficult and expensive which form
images that are free from any kind of chromatic aberration and distortions.
OR
a) Resolving power of a telescope is defined as the ability of a telescope to
distinguish two close images as being separate. An example of resolving power
is how well a telescope can show two stars as being separate stars.
It depends upon the area of the objective and on the diameter of the objective.
b) A microscope produces magnified images of very small near objects. On the
other hand, a telescope produces image of far objects nearer to our eye. Ob-
jects which are not resolved at far distance, can be resolved by telescope.

20. Given: -
Height of the jar is h,
Transparent liquid of refractive index μ,
There is a dot at the center of bottom surface of the jar.
The problem involves the phenomenon of Total Internal Reflection,

Formula: -
From the required condition for TIR we know that,
Sin i≥μ,
30 | P a g e
 Where,
i is the incident angle,
μ is the refractive index of the medium
So, from geometry we can write as,
R
tan i =
h
Where, h is the height of the jar,
R is the radius of the disc,
i is the incident angle,
So,
R
sin i =
√R2 + h2
Using the above expressions, we can write,
R
≥μ
√R2 + h2
⇒R2≥μ2 R2+μ2 h2
⇒R2 (1-μ2 )≥μ2 h2
2
μ2 h 2
⇒R ≥
(1 − μ2 )
μh
⇒R≥
√1 − μ2
Conclusion: -
The minimum radius of the Disc is,
μh
R min =
√1 − μ2

21. a) It is not necessary that if the energy supplied to an electron is more than
the work function it will come out. It comes out of the metal atom only when
it absorbs a single photon with energy greater than or equal to the work func-
tion. The electron after receiving energy may loose its energy due collisions
with other metal atoms. So most of them get scattered into the metal. Only a
few electrons near the surface may come out of the surface of the metal for
whom the incident energy is greater than the minimum threshold energy to
loose an electron (work function) of the metal. So, it is not necessary that all

31 | P a g e
 the electrons that absorb a photon come out as photoelectrons irrespective of
their location.
b) When the light source is brought near the photocell, the intensity of the light
increases, which doesn’t effects the stopping potential but the photo-current
increases, the following diagram justifies the above statements,
In the plot, I denotes the intensity of the light.

22. Given: -
The wavelength of the monochromatic radiation, λ=975 A0
Ionization energy for the hydrogen atom= 13.6 eV
Formula used: -
The energy of monochromatic radiation of wavelength 975 A0 is given by the
formula,

hc
E=
λ
Where, E is the energy of the incident photon,
h is the Planck’s constant,
λ is the wavelength of the incident radiation and,
c is the speed of light.
So, after substituting the given values we get,

6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108

E= eV
975 × 10−10 × 1.6 × 10−9
32 | P a g e
 E = 12.75 eV
Also, by using the formula for energy of electron of hydrogen atom in nth shell,
we can write,
1 1
ΔE = 13.6 × Z [ 2 − 2 ] eV
nf ni
Where, nf is the final principal quantum number and ni is the initial quantum
number and Z is the atomic mass (for hydrogen Z=1),
1 1
12.75 = 13.6 [ 2 − 2 ]
1 n
1 12.75 1
= 1 − =
n2 13.6 16
2
n = 16 ⇒ n = 4
Thus, the number of lines possible in the resultant spectrum is 6

The transition from n=4 to n=3 corresponds to the emission of minimum en-
ergy thus has maximum wavelength.
Conclusion: -
The number of lines possible in the resultant spectrum is 6.
The transition from n=4 to n=3 corresponds to the emission of minimum en-
ergy thus has maximum wavelength.

23. a) The increasing order of stability is X > W > S.

b) S → X + W
the relation between the relevant A and Z values are,
A = A2 + A1
Z = Z2 + Z1 ,
c) Binding energy is the minimum energy required to separate every particle
from a system of particles. A nucleon inside a fairly large nucleus is under the
influence of only some of its neighbors, which come within the range of the
nuclear force as seen from the potential energy v/s separation diagram of two
nucleons.

33 | P a g e
When the distance between two nucleons increases more than few
femtometers, the nuclear force acting between them rapidly reduces to zero.
This small range of distance is the reason of saturation of forces in a medium
or a large-sized nucleus. The nuclear force will have no influence on the binding
energy of the nucleon under consideration and the coulomb forces will increase
the repulsion between the two.
If Atomic number increases by the addition of nucleons, they will not change
the binding energy of a nucleon inside, since most of the nucleons in a large
nucleus reside inside it and not on the surface, the change in binding energy
per nucleon would be small. Thus, the binding energy for heavy nuclei are
generally found to be low.
OR
Protons, which are positively charged, held together inside a nucleus by the
virtue of a special kind of force called the nuclear force which overcomes the
repulsive electric force between the positively charged particles. The nuclear
force is much stronger than the Coulomb force acting between charges or the
gravitational forces between masses. The nuclear binding force dominates over
the Coulomb repulsive force between protons inside the nucleus
The variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their
separation is as shown in the diagram.

When the distance between two nucleons increases more than 2 femtometers,
the nuclear force acting between them rapidly reduces to zero. This small range
of distance is the reason of saturation of forces in a medium or a large-sized
nucleus. This leads in steadiness in the binding energy per nucleon.
The potential energy is at its minimum at a distance of about 0.8 femtometers
between the nucleons which indicates that the force is attractive for distances
larger than 0.8 fm. Nuclear force becomes repulsive if the distance becomes
less than 0.8 fm. The nuclear force acting in neutron-neutron, proton-neutron
and proton-proton interaction is approximately the same as it does not depend
on the electric charge of the nucleon.
34 | P a g e
24. The carrier wave is,
c(t)=Ac sinωc t
The message signal is,
m(t)=Am sinωm t
So the modulated signal cm(t) can be written as,
cm (t)=(Ac+Am sinωm t)sinωc t
Am
cm (t) = Ac (1 + sinωm t) sinωc t
Ac
we can write,
cm (t)=Ac sinωc t+μAc sinωc tsinωm t
Here,
Am
μ=
Ac
Is called the modulation index, Using the trigonometric relation,
1
sinAsinB = (cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)),
2
we can write,
μAc μAc
cm (t) = Ac sinωc t + cos(ωc − ωm )t − cos(ωc + ωm )t
2 2
Here ωc-ωmand ωc+ωmare respectively called the lower side and upperside fre-
quencies. The modulated signal now consists of thecarrier waveof frequency
ωc plus two sinusoidal waves each with a frequency slightly different from,
known as side bands. The frequency spectrum of the amplitude modulated
signal is shown below,

25. a) The required expression is,

M = n I A,

35 | P a g e
Where m is the magnetic dipole moment, n is the no. of turns, I is the current
and A is the cross-section area of the loop.
the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron is found as,

The electron of charge (–e) (e = + 1.6 × 10-19 C) performs uniform circular

motion around a stationary heavy nucleus of charge +Ze. This constitutes a
current I, where
e
I=
T
and T is the time period of revolution. Let r be the orbitalradius of the electron,
and v the orbital speed. Then,
2πr
T=
v
Which gives,
ev
I=
2πr
So the magnetic dipole moment can be written as,
ev evr
μl = I × πr 2 = × πr 2 =
2πr 2
We can also write,
e(me vr)
μl =
2me
Where me is the mass of the electron and l is angular momentums so,
e
μl = l
2me
b) The magnetic dipole moment of the loop is given as,
→
m = ±N × πr 2 × Ik ^
(± is used the direction of current is not given whether it is clockwise or anti-
clockwise)
36 | P a g e
So, the magnetic potential energy is given as,
→ →
E = m. B
Substituting the values,
^. (Bx^+
E = ±Nπr 2 Ik j Bz ^
i By^+ k)
E=±Nπr2 IBz
Conclusion: -
The magnetic potential energy of the system is E = Nπr2IBz
OR
a) A long wire wound in a close-packed helical structure carrying a current ‘I’
is called a solenoid. For practical applications, the length of the solenoid is
taken much greater than its diameter. The magnetic field in the interior space
of the solenoid can be found as the vector summation of all vector fields pro-
duced by the different individual turns which constitute the overall structure of
the solenoid.

Magnetic field B is nearly uniform and parallel to the axis of the solenoid at
interior points near its center and external field near the center is very small.
To find the net magnetic field intensity, assume a rectangular Amperian loop
abcd. Along cd the field is zero. Alongside crosswise sections bc and ad, the
field component is zero. Thus, these two sections make no contribution. Let
the field along ab be B. Thus, the appropriate length of the Amperian loop is,
L = h.
Let n be the number of turns per unit length, then the total number of turns is
nh.
The enclosed current is, Ie = I (n h), where I is the current in the solenoid.
From Ampere’s circuital law,
BL = μ0Ie,
37 | P a g e
 B h = μ0(Inh) ,
B = μ0 n I
The direction of the field is given by the right-hand rule.
The magnetic intensity H, inside a solenoid with air inside is given as,
→
→ B →
H= −M
μ0
→ →
Where, M is the magnetization of the material and for air M is zero, so,
B
H=
μ0
μ0 nI
H=
μ0
H=nI
b) i)for χ<0, the material is diamagnetic.
The materials which are diamagnetic in nature show weak, negative sensitivity
towards magnetic fields. These materials are weakly repelled by magnetic
fields and does not preserve the magnetic properties when the external field is
removed. The bar will not orient itself in magnetic meridian.
ii) for χ>1000, the material is ferromagnetic.
The materials which are ferromagnetic in nature show huge, positive sensitivity
towards magnetic fields. These materials are strongly attracted by magnetic
fields and preserve the magnetic properties when the external field is removed.
Yes the bar will orient itself in magnetic meridian.

26. a) In Set A, as the phase difference between the two waves emanating from
the slits does not change with time so alternate bright and dark bands would
be seen on the screen as per Young’s double slit experiment as two slits are
acting as coherent sources whereas in Set B, the Phase difference changes
rapidly with time, the light waves coming out from two independent sources of
light will not have any fixed phase relationship and would be incoherent, when
this happens, the intensities on the screen will add up and only bright light will
be seen.
b) Given: -
The waves emanating from the two slits have the same amplitude A and same
wavelength λ

38 | P a g e
Derivation: -
Let the displacement produced by wave emanating from slit 1 be y1 and from
slit 2 be y2
So, we can write,
y1=Acosωt
And,
y2=Acos(ωt+ϕ)
Where ϕ is the phase difference between the two sources, and A is the ampli-
tude,
the resultant displacement will be given by,
y = y1 + y2
so, after substituting the values we get,
y = Acosωt + Acos(ωt + ϕ)using the trigonometric identity,
A+B A−B
cosA + cosB = 2cos cos
2 2
We get,
ϕ ϕ
y = A (2cos cos (ωt + ))
2 2
So, the amplitude of the resultant displacement is,
ϕ
A′ = 2Acos
2
As we know that the intensity is directly proportional to the square of the am-
plitude, so,
I0∝A2
And
I∝A'2
So, we can write,
I A′2
=
I0 A2
Which gives,
ϕ
I = 4I0 cos 2
2
Conclusions: -
The resultant intensity is given as,

39 | P a g e
 ϕ
I = 4I0 cos 2
2
For set A,
As ϕ is constant, the value of I remains constant for a particular band on the
screen, which leads to formation of alternate bright and dark bands.
For set B,
As ϕ is changing rapidly with time, the value of I changes rapidly with time on
the screen. The value of I changes so rapidly from 0 to 4I0 and again back to
zero so rapidly, so it seems to the human eye that the intensity is constant as
I = 4I0 and it seems that constructive inference is occurring.
OR
a) Given: -
The intensity of the incident light I0
Derivation: -
After passing the first polaroid (P1) the intensity be I1
We know that I1 reduces to half

After passing the third polaroid (P3) the intensity be I2

We can write by malus’ law as,
I0
I2 = cos 2 θ
2
Also the angle between the pass axis of P3 and P2 is 90 - ϴ,
So the intensity of light transmitted through P2 is,
I3 = I2 cos 2 90 − θ
I0
cos 2 θsin2 θ
2
I0 2
(2cos θsin θ)
8
I0
I3 = sin2 2θ
8

40 | P a g e
 a) When unpolarized light is incident on a plane glass surface, the reflected
light is polarized with its electric vector perpendicular to the plane of incidence
when the refracted and reflected rays make a right angle with each other.
Thus, when reflected wave is perpendicular to the refracted wave, the reflected
wave is a totally polarized wave. The angle of incidence in this case is called
Brewster’s angle and is denoted by iB. We can see that iB is related to the
refractive index of the denser medium.

Since we have,
π
iB + r =
2
from Snell’s law we get,
siniB siniB
μ= =
sinr sin (π − i )
2 B
siniB
μ= = taniB
cosiB
So, finally,
μ=taniB
The above expression is called the Brewster’s Law.
The state of the above light is partially polarized because When such light is
viewed through a rotating analyzer, one sees a maximum and a minimum of
intensity but not complete darkness.

27. a) The circuit diagram to determine the characteristics of a p-n-p transistor is

drawn below: -

41 | P a g e
b) The output I-V characteristics obtained by observing the variation of IC (col-
lector current) as VCE is varied keeping IB (base current) constant are shown
below. If VBE is raised by a small amount, the hole current from the emitter
region raises. Also, the electron current from the base region raises. This leads
to increase in both IB and IC proportionately.

If IB increases, IC also increases. The plot of IC versus VCE for different fixed
values of IB gives one output characteristic. So, there will be different output
characteristics corresponding to different values of IB as shown,

42 | P a g e
i) Determination of Output Resistance: -
Output resistance (r0) is defined as the ratio of change in
collector-emitter voltage (ΔVCE) to the change in collector current (ΔIC) at a
constant base current IB. So, it can be written as,
ΔVCE
r0 = ( )
ΔIC I
B

i) Determination of Current Amplification Factor: -

Current Amplification factor (β) is defined as the ratio of the change in collector
current (IC) to the change in base current (IB) at a constant collector-emitter
voltage (VCE) when the transistor is in active state. So, mathematically,
ΔIC
βAC = ( )
ΔIB V
CE

βAC also known as small signal current gain and its value is found generally
very large. The ratio of IC and IB gives the DC β of the transistor. Hence,
IC
βDC =
IB
Since IC increases with IB almost linearly and IC = 0 when IB = 0, the values of
both βDC and βAC are approximately equal.

OR
a) Photodiodes are preferably operated under reverse bias when the current in
the forward bias is known to be more than that in reverse bias because the
photodiode converts incident light to electric current efficiently in reverse bias
condition than in forward bias. This is due to the expansion of the depletion
43 | P a g e
region of the diode. Photons after absorption generate electron hole pairs. The
pairs generated in and around the region only contribute the electric current.
In the forward bias condition, there is a strong electric field there to separate
the two different charge carriers, so the pairs outside the region rapidly re-
combine and vanish also the width of depletion region decreases as there is an
increase in the applied voltage so the effective number of photons contributing
to the electric current decreases. But in reversed bias condition, the width of
depletion region increases as there is an increase in the applied voltage, so, a
large number of incident photons get converted into electric current, conse-
quently the efficiency increases.
b) i) On the basis of biasing
A photodiode converts incident light to electric current in reverse bias condition
whereas a solar cell is basically a diode which generates emf when solar radi-
ation falls on the p-n junction. It works on the same principle (photovoltaic
effect) as the photodiode, except that no external bias is applied.
ii) On the basis of junction area
photodiode is a simple p-n junction diode which is operated in reversed bias
condition whereas a solar cell is a p-n junction diode in which the junction area
is kept much larger for solar radiation to be incident and is not biased.
iii) On the basis of I-V characteristics
The I – V characteristics of a photodiode is drawn same as of a p-n junction
diode in reverse bias condition as shown below

44 | P a g e
The I – V characteristics of solar cell is drawn in the fourth quadrant of the
coordinate axes as shown in the diagram.
This is because a solar cell does not draw current but supplies the same to the
load.

×××

45 | P a g e
46 | P a g e