4/1/2011 Example A Small Signal Analysis of a BJT Amp 1/10

Example: A Small-Signal
Analysis of a BJT
Amplifier
15.0 V
Consider the following BJT
amplifier:

RC =5 K

vO (t ) = VO + vo (t )

RB =5 K
β = 100

vi (t )
+
_

+ RE =5 K COUS
5.8 V
−

Let’s determine its small-signal, open-circuit voltage gain:

vo (t )
Avo =
vi (t )
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To do this, we must follow each of our five small-signal analysis

steps!

Step 1: Complete a D.C. Analysis

15.0 V
The DC circuit that we must analyze is:

IC
RC =5 K

VO

RB =5 K
β = 100

IB

IE
+ RE =5 K
5.8 V
−

Note what we have done to the original circuit:

1) We turned off the small-signal voltage source

(vi (t ) = 0 ), thus replacing it with a short circuit.

2) We replaced the capacitor with an open circuit—its DC

impedance.
4/1/2011 Example A Small Signal Analysis of a BJT Amp 15.0
3/10 V

Now we proceed with the DC analysis.

IC
We ASSUME that the BJT is in active
RC =5 K
mode, and thus ENFORCE the equalities
VO
VBE = 0.7 V and IC = β IB .
RB =5 K
β = 100
We now begin to +
ANALYZE the circuit by IB
5.8 V
writing the Base-
−
Emitter Leg KVL:
IE
RE =5 K
5.8 − 5IB − 0.7 − 5(β + 1)IB = 0

Therefore:
5.1
IB = = 0.01 mA
5 + 5(101)

and thus:
IC = βIB = 1.0 mA

IE = IB + IC = 1.01 mA

Q: Since we know the DC bias currents, we have all the

information we need to determine the small-signal parameters.

Why don’t we proceed directly to step 2?

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A: Because we still need to CHECK our assumption! To do this,

we must determine either VCE or VCB .

Note that the Collector voltage is: 15.0 V

VC = 15 − IC RC
= 15 − (1.0)5 IC
RC =5 K
= 10.0 V
VO
And the Emitter voltage is:
RB =5 K
VE = IE RE β = 100
= (1.01)5 +
IB
= 5.05 V 5.8 V
−
Therefore, VCE is: IE
RE =5 K
VCE = VC −VE
= 10.0 − 5.05
= 4.95 V

We now can complete our CHECK:

IC = 1.0 mA > 0

VCE = 4.95 V > 0.7

Time to move on to step 2!

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Step 2: Calculate the small-signal circuit parameters for

each BJT.

If we use the Hybrid-Π model, we need to determine gm and rπ :

IC 1.0 mA mA
gm = = = 40
VT 0.025V V

VT 0.025 V
rπ = = = 2.5 K
IB 0.01 mA

If we were to use the T-model we would likewise need to

determine the emitter resistance:

VT 0.025 V
re = = = 24.7 Ω
IB 1.01 mA

The Early voltage VA of this BJT is unknown, so we will neglect

the Early effect in our analysis.

As such, we assume that the output resistance is infinite

( ro = ∞ ).
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Step 3: Carefully replace all BJTs with their small-signal

circuit model. 15.0 V

RC =5 K

RB =5 K B
vO (t ) =
+ C VO + vo (t )
2.5 K
+
vi (t) vbe
_ 40 vbe

+
5.8 V
E
−

RE =5 K COUS
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Step 4: Set all D.C. sources to zero.

RC =5 K
vo (t )
RB =5 K B

+ C
2.5 K
+
vi (t) vbe
_ 40 vbe

RE =5 K

We likewise notice that the large capacitor (COUS) is an

approximate AC short, and thus we can further simplify the
schematic by replacing it with a short circuit.
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RC =5 K
vo (t )
RB =5 K B
C
ib + ic
2.5 K
+
vi (t) vbe
_ 40 vbe

ie E

We notice that one terminal of the small-signal voltage source,

the emitter terminal, and one terminal of the collector resistor
RC are all connected to ground—thus they are all collected to
each other!

We can use this fact to simplify the small-signal schematic.

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RB =5 K B ib ic C vo (t )
+
rπ =
+
vi (t) vbe 2.5 K RC =5 K
40 vbe
_

ie E

The schematic above is the small-signal circuit of this

amplifier. We are ready to continue to step 5!

Step 5: Analyze small-signal circuit.

This is just a simple EECS 211 problem! The left side of the
circuit provides the voltage divider equation:

rπ
vbe = vi
RB + rπ
2.5
= vi
5.0 + 2.5
vi
=
3

a result that relates the input signal to the base-emitter

voltage.
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RB =5 K B C vo (t )
+
rπ =
+
vi (t) vbe 2.5 K RC =5 K
40 vbe
_

The right side of the schematic allows us to determine the

output voltage in terms of the base-emitter voltage:

vo = −ic RC
= −(gmvbe ) RC
= −40(5)vbe
= −200vbe

Combining these two equations, we find:

vo = −200vbe
vi
= −200
3
= −66.7 vi

The open-circuit, small-signal voltage gain of this amplifier gain

is therefore:

vo
Avo = = −66.7
vi