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A 3G/WLAN Integrated Network based Mechanism for Improving the Efficiency of Mobile
Number Portability Service.
OBJECTIVES
General objectives:
To Improve the Efficiency of Mobile Number Portability Service Utilizing 3G/WLAN Integrated
Networks
Specific objectives:
To investigate the NPBD traffic load, congestion and call setup delays during Conventional NP
calls.
To design a 3G/WLAN based system for distributing the routing information from the Database
to the UEs
To evaluate the alleviation of the heavy traffic load during NPDB queries and the reduction in
average response time for the NP call setup process after implementing the proposed mechanism.
JUSTIFICATION
The proposed mechanism will suppress the prolonged routing information processing time for a
large NPDB which is prevalent in the current system.
Performing the number translation process at the early stages (UE) of call setup process will
conserve the extra communicating resources and bandwidth that would have been consumed
during routing information query process.
The same 3G-WLAN network can be utilized to provide low cost voice communication services t
people in hotspot areas.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The operators will make profits from the saved extra communication resources (Bandwidth) that
would have been occupied during the NPDB query process.
The storage of the routing information at the users’ terminals will effectively alleviates traffic
congestion and heavy workload on NPDB.
It will save the call setup time for the users.
It is a cost effective mechanism to distribute the routing information to the UEs over WLANs.
Every user will easily access the RIS to update the routing information by making it accessible
via the internet.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The research has been conducted in the time frame of the academic year 2018/2019 between
January and May 2019.
The research is only limited to the evaluation of the proposed mechanism’s performance. It does
not give a detailed design and algorithm of the proposed mechanism.
The research focuses on service provider number portability (SPNP). Other forms of MNP like
location portability will not be covered in this research.
The research mainly focuses on voice call setup. Other services like SMS and data services have
not be considered.
The model is based on All Call Query (ACQ) call routing mechanism.
The research is limited to only wireless mobile communication services. It shall not consider fixed
or wireline communication services.
The simulations have been carried out using MATLAB and OMNET++ Network simulation
software.
Mobile Number Portability (MNP) service allows the mobile subscribers to retain their mobile
phone numbers when switching from one service provider (Operator) to another irrespective of
mobile technology or from one technology to another of the same or any other access service
provider, in a licensed service area..
Number Portability involves only the MSISDN number, and not the IMSI. A subscriber who
switches to another mobile network operator will be allocated a new IMSI (together with a new
SIM card) while retaining his MSISDN.
Originally, a telephone number is assigned to a mobile network. This network is called the number
range holder (NRH) network. The subscription network is the network with which a mobile
operator has contract to implement the services for a specific mobile phone number. The “moved”
number is referred to as a ported number.
5
3 4 7
GMSC 6
HLR
NPDB
Subscription Network
Routing Information DB
The figure illustrates a call from a mobile station MS1 to a ported mobile station MS2 with the
following steps:
Steps 1&2: MS1 dials the MSISDN of MS2. An ISUP IAM message is routed from the originating
BSC, across the MSC to the originating GMSC.
Step 3: The originating GMSC issues the MAP send routing information message to the SRF.
Step 4: By consulting the NPDB, the SRF obtains the subscription network information of MS2
and forwards the information to the originating GMSC. The SRF provides the routing number
(RN) to the originating GMSC. The RN consists of a RN prefix plus the MSISDN of the called
party. The RN prefix points to the subscription GMSC, which may also provide the HLR address
of the called party.
Step.5: The originating GMSC then routes the IAM message to the GMSC of MS2 in the
subscription network. After this point, the call is set up following the standard GSM/UMTS
procedure.
Steps 6 & 7: The subscription network queries the home location register(HLR) for the MSRN of
the called party to reach the termination network, and forwards the IAM message to the termination
mobile switching center (MSC)) to set up the call.
ii) Onward Routing method
The Onward Routing method implies that the Originating network has no knowledge whether the
dialed Number is ported or not and uses the traditional routing plans for routing the call to the
Initial donor network for further routing decisions. It is the Initial donor network that will
interrogate an NPDB, but only for its own numbers, and then route the call to the terminating
network. The NPDB will in this case contain information of only the initial donor operator´s own
ported-out numbers.
1. From an Originating GMSC, the call is routed to the Initial donor network;
2. When GMSC in the Initial donor network receives the ISUP IAM, it requests routing
information by submitting a MAP SRI to SRF.
3. When the SRF receives the message, it retrieves the RN from the database and then respond to
the GMSC by sending an SRI ack with a RN + MSISDN.
4. GMSC uses the RN + MSISDN to route the call to GMSC in the Recipient network.
WLAN
RIS
1 2
New Subscription Network
4 AP 3
DMS
I HLR
GMSC
GW II
GMSC
Customer
profile
Old Subscription Network
NPDB
For utilizing the user’s MS to perform the service of portable number translation, a mechanism to
distribute and renew the routing information of portable numbers from the NPDB to users’ MSs is
shown in the figure above.
Since most of the calls are set to the numbers called in the previous week. Keeping the routing
information of a user’s most frequently dialed numbers in the user’s UE can resolve the routing
addresses of most of the dialed numbers, which is a low-cost and effective solution to ease alleviate
the database queries.
The Figure presents the operation of retrieving and distributing routing information in the
3G/WLAN dual-mode communication environment.
When a number is ported out from one subscription network to another, both the old and new
subscription network issues an update message to the Database to update the new routing address
of the number in the NPDB as shown by the green doted lines.
Accordingly, in steps I & II , the RIS of the WLAN periodically retrieves altered routing
information for a portable number from the NPDB.
In steps 1 to 4, the DMs users interact with their subscription WLAN to update the routing
information on their MS. A WLAN subscriber can register a profile of his or her address book in
the RIS;
The routing information can be updated when the user in in the service region of the register
WLAN, or if they can access the WLAN by the Internet.
Since most of calls are set to numbers already stored in the phone contact list, the routing
information (subscription network ID) of the user’s frequently dialed numbers can be mapped to
and stored with their corresponding numbers in the address book.
From Little’s equations, the average waiting time (W) spent in the database is thus given by;
𝟏
𝑾=
𝝁(𝟏 − 𝝆)
The relation of expected waiting time and the offered traffic of the NP service network is illustrated
by figure below;
Let P denote the percentage NP calls routing routed using the information stored at the UE.The
figure below illustrates the reduction in average waiting time with increase in the value of P
Proposed Operation model For Routing Calls Using the Information at The UE
Depending on the type of user equipment, whether correct routing information is present at the UE
or no routing information for the dialed number is stored at the UE, the call will be routed to the
terminating network under three cases described below;
Origination Network
Termination Network
GMSC
7
1 MSC
DMS
4
2 3 6
GMSC HLR
NPDB
Subscription Network
Routing Information DB
3
5
GMSC 4
HLR
NPDB
Subscription Network
Routing Information DB
4 GMSC
HLR
3 5
Subscription Network
Origination Network
GMSC 9
DMS 8
GMSC HLR
1
2
10
6 7
12
MSC 11
NPDB
Termination Network
Routing Information DB
Wrong Network i-iii: Case 3: Cache miss
3 1
Subscription Network
Origination Network
GMSC C
DMS 6
GMSC a HLR
A iii
B
D
i ii
4 5
MSC E
NPDB
Termination Network
Routing Information DB
Simulation Results
To evaluate the reduction in the traffic load, database congestion and the call setup time in the
proposed system as compared to the current NP system, Simulation has been carried out using the
knowledge of queuing theory and Omnet++ software
Since equal call setup delays and traffic load are experienced for both non-NP calls and NP calls
between the UE1 & OGMSC and between UE2 & TGMSC, the simulation only focuses on the
delays and traffic load between the originating network switch, NP database and the terminating
network switch.
Using the
above
diagrams, the originating network switch is the source(population) of calls that generates and send
calls to the database with a certain interarrival time according to the Poisson probability
distribution. Calls whose routing information has been obtained are forwarded by the originating
switch through the terminating network switch to the called Users equipment (UE).
The NP database is a single server First In First Out (FIFO) queueing system with a specified
Poisson inter arrival time and a specific exponentially distributed service rate. It serves based on
the memoryless property that during a very small time interval, only one events takes place and
therefore all Calls that arriving at the database will be kept in queue until they are served by the
server (their routing information is obtained) and then forwarded to the originating network switch
which further forwards them to the called UE.
Results Graphs
1) Graph of Maximum and Minimum delay time During Each Case
From the Graph, the delay for case 2 delay is less than Case 1 delay which is less than Case
3 delay
Graph showing the overall average delay time for the Three cases
The overall average delay time is less by cases 3 & 1 delay but more that case 2 delay. However,
this can be reduced to a value between case 1 and case 3 delay time if cases of routing using wrong
information are minimized.
2) Variation In Queue Length
Conv quelength
Prop delay
Prop average
Traffic load
Prop q length
Conv q length
Prop waiting time
Concv wait time