238 Statistical Methods

EXERCISE – 3
3.1 Perform the tests of hypotheses for the following cases. Assume the populations to
be normal.
a) H 0 : μ = 15.8 , H 1 : μ ≠ 15.8 , X
̄ = 15.2 , σ = 3 , n = 30
and use α = 0.05 (Level of significance)
b) H 0 : μ = 123.5 , H 1 : μ > 123.5 , X
̄ = 125 , σ = 4.2 , n = 49
and use α = 0.01 (Level of significance)
c) H 0 : μ = 4.40 , H 1 : μ < 4.40 , X
̄ = 4.35 , σ = 0.18 , n = 100
and use α = 0.02 (Level of significance)
d) H 0 : μ = 26.3 , H 1 : μ > 26.3 , X
̄ = 27 , σ = 1.2 , n = 10
and use α = 0.05 (Level of significance)
e) H 0 : μ = 250 , H 1 : μ < 250 , X
̄ = 246 , s = 12 , n = 40
and use α = 0.05 (Level of significance)
3.2 An electrical firm manufactures T.V. Picture tubes that have a length of life that is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 1000 hours and a standard
deviation of 40 hours. Test the hypothesis that μ = 1000 hours against the
alternative μ ≠ 1000 hours if a random sample of 30 tubes has an average life 988
hours. Use a 0.05 level of significance.
3.3 The average height of students in I year class of a certain college has been 162.5
centimeters with a standard deviation of 6.9 centimeters. Is there reason to believe
that there has been a change in the average height if a random sample of 50
students in the present I year class has an average height of 165.2 centimeters. Use
a 0.02 level of significance and normality in height measurements.
K.U. B.Sc. 1986

3.4 A simple random sample of size 36 is taken from a normal population whose
standard deviation is 4, the sample mean is computed as 26.4. Do this result
provides sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is more than 24,
at α = 0.05.
K.U. B.A. 1982

3.5 Average life in Pakistan follows a normal distribution with μ = 51 and σ = 9. A

sample of 100 persons gave average life of 54 years. Can you conclude that the
sample has been drawn from Pakistan at 95% confidence level (at 5% level of
significance)?
239 Statistical Methods

3.6 A random sample of 25 values gives the average of 83. Can this sample be
regarded as drawn from the normal population with mean 80 and σ = 7 at 0.05
level of significance.
K.U. B.A. 1986

3.7 An instructor gives his class an examination which, as he knows from years of
experience, yields μ = 78 and σ =7. His present class of 22 obtains a mean of 82.
Is he correct in assuming that this is a superior class? Employ α = 0.01, two tailed
test and assume the population to be normal.
3.8 A simple random sample of size 25 is taken from a normal population whose
variance is 64. The sample mean is computed as 26.4. Do this data provides
sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is more than 24 at 0.05
level of significance.
3.9 A random sample of size 12 is taken from a normal population with a known
variance σ 2 = 16. If the mean of the sample is X̄ = 28.2, test the null hypothesis
μ = 25 against the alternative hypothesis μ > 25 with α = 0.05.
3.10 A machine is set to fill Baby Milk in boxes, with a mean weight of 500 grams, per
box. The standard deviation is known to be 176.8 grams. A random sample of 50
filled boxes, shows mean weight of milk of 540 grams. Is there any reason to
believe that machine is over filling, use α = 0.05
3.11 The strength of steel wire made by an existing process is normally distributed with
mean 2500 and standard deviation 300. A batch of wire is made by a new process
and a sample of 25 measurements gives an average strength 2624. Has the engineer
strong enough evidence to justify changing to the new process, at α = 0.05.
3.12 It is claimed that an automobile is driven on the average less than 24000
kilometres per year. To test this claim a random sample of 100 automobile owners
are asked to keep a record of the kilometres they travel. Would you agree with this
claim if the random sample showed an average of 29000 kilometres and a standard
deviation of 4800 kilometres? Use a 0.01 level of significance.
3.13 a) A random sample 36 drinks from a soft drink machine has an average content of 7.4
ounces with a standard deviation of 0.48 ounce. Test the hypothesis that μ = 7.5
ounces against the alternative μ < 7.5 at the 0.05 level of significance.
b) A sample of 40 observations from a normal distribution gave ∑ X = 24 and
∑ X 2 = 596. Test at the 5% level, whether the mean of the distribution is zero.
Perform a two tailed test.
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 240

3.14 An insurance agent has claimed that the average age of policy holders who insure
through him is less than the average for all agents, which is 30.5 years. A random
sample of 100 policy holders who have insured through him gave the following
age distribution.
Age at last Birthday 16 – 20 21 – 25 26 – 30 31 – 35 36 – 40
No. of persons 12 22 20 30 16
Test his claim at 5% level of significance.
3.15 A random sample of 64 observations from a population known to be non-normal
yield the sample values X ̄ = 64 and s2 = 168. Test the hypothesis H 0 : μ ⩽ 62
against H 1 : μ > 62 at α = 0.05.
K.U. B.Sc. 1994

3.16 A random sample of size n1 = 50 taken from a normal population with a standard
deviation σ 1 = 7.35 has a mean X̄ 1 = 81. A second random sample of size n2 = 72,
taken from different normal population with a standard deviation σ2 = 4.81 has a
mean X̄ 2 = 76. Test the hypothesis at the 0.06 level of significance that μ 1 = μ 2
against the alternative μ 1 ≠ μ 2 .
3.17 Suppose the nicotine contents of two kinds of cigarettes have variabilities of σ 1 = 1.2
and σ2 = 1.4 milligrams. Suppose further that in an experiment designed to test the
claim that the true average nicotine content of the first kind of cigarette is less than
that of the second, 50 cigarettes of the first kind had an average nicotine content of
23.8 mg. While 40 cigarettes of the second kind had an average nicotine content of
24.1 mg. Test whether or not the above claim is true at α = 0.05.
K.U. B.A. 1984

3.18 a) An education professor at a large university was interested in trying new method
of instruction that involves more student participation than the classical lecture
method. To compare the two methods of instructions, she taught two sections of
the same course. The mean final grades in each of the two sections were as
follows:
Section 1 Section 2
(Lecture method) (New method)
X̄ 1 = 72.3 X̄ 2 = 74.6
s 1 = 9.1 s 2 = 8.8
n1 = 35 n2 = 44
Test at the 0.05 significance level, whether or not the methods are equally
effective.
241 Statistical Methods

b) A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A exceeds the
average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 Kg. To test this claim 50 pieces
of each thread are tested under similar conditions. Type A thread had an average
tensile strength of 80 Kg with a standard deviation of 5 Kg. While type B thread
had an average tensile strength of 70 Kg. With a standard deviation of 4 Kg. test
the manufacturer’s claim using 0.01 level of significance.
3.19 a) Two different agricultural methods are compared for growing a certain crop. Each
of 100 plots is treated by method A and each of 100 plots by method B. The mean
yield for A is 55 units with variance of 4 the mean yield for B is 50 units with
variance of 9. Test the hypothesis that the two mean yield differ only as an effect
of random sampling. ∣ z ∣ = 1.96 for 5% level of significance.
b) Describe the procedure for making comparison of yields when the plots in (a) are
matched pairs.
K.U. B.Sc. 1981

3.20 A random sample of heights of 6400 Chinese has a mean of 67.85 inches and a
standard deviation of 2.56 inches, while a random sample of heights of 1600
Englishmen has a mean of 68.55 inches and a standard deviation of 2.52 inches.
Do the data indicate that Englishmen are on the average taller than Chinese. Use
α = 0.05.
3.21 A study was made to estimate the income difference of Doctors working in rural
and urban areas of a country. A random sample of 100 Doctors in rural areas
showed an average 6 month income of $16000 with a standard deviation of $1300.
A random sample of 200 Doctors in Urban areas showed an average income of
$16900 with a standard deviation of $1400. Test the hypothesis that the average
income of Doctors working in Urban areas exceed the average income of Doctors
working in rural areas by $500. Use α = 0.02.
3.22 A farmer claims that the average yield of corn of variety-I exceeds the average yield
of variety-II by at least 12 bushels per acre. To test this claim, 50 acres of each variety
are planted and grown under similar conditions variety-I yielded, on the average 86.7
bushels per acre with a standard deviation of 6.28 bushels per acre, while variety-II
yielded, on the average 77.8 bushels per acre with standard deviation of 5.61 bushels
per acre. Test the farmer’s claim using a 0.05 level of significance.
3.23 a) Define the terms
(i) Null and Alternate hypothesis (ii) Level of significance
b) A study was made to estimate the difference in salaries of college professors in the
private and state colleges of Virginia. A random sample 100 professors in private
colleges showed an average salary of $15,000 with a standard deviation of $1300. A
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 242

random of 200 professors in state colleges showed an average salary of $16900 with a
standard deviation of $1400. Test the hypothesis that the average salary for professors
teaching in state colleges does not exceed the average salary for professors teaching in
private colleges by more than $500. Use 0.02 level of significance.
K.U. B.A. 1989

3.24 In a random sample of 1000 houses in a certain city, it is found that 618 own
colour T.V. sets. Is this sufficient evidence to conclude that 2/3 of the houses in
this city have colour T.V. sets? Use a 0.02 level of significance.
3.25 A coin is tossed 600 times and it turns up head 325 times. Is it reasonable to think
that the coin is unbiased? Use α = 0.01
3.26 The American Demographic study conducted in 1980 found that 40% of new car
buyers were women. Suppose that in a random sample of n = 120 new car buyers
in 1989, 57 were women. Does the evidence indicate that the true proportion of
new car buyers who were women is significantly larger than the 1980 proportion?
Let α = 0.05
K.U. B.Sc. 1998
3.27 At a certain hospital it is estimated that fewer than 25% of the doctors have their
own vehicles. Does this seem to be a valid estimate out of a random sample of 90
doctors 28 are found to have their own vehicles. Use a 0.05 level of significance.
3.28 A five-year old census recorded that 20% of the families in a large city community
lived below the poverty level. To determine if this percentage has changed, a
random sample of 500 families is studied and 91 are found to be living below the
poverty level. Does this finding indicate that the current percentage differs from
the percentage of families earning incomes below the poverty level 5 years also.
3.29 At Karachi University it is estimated that fewer than 25% of the students have
Motor cycles on campus. Does this seem to be a valid estimate if in a random
sample of 90 University students 28 are found having Motor cycles. Use 5% level
of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1996
3.30 The gas company claims that two third of the houses in a certain city are heated by
natural gas. Do we have reason to doubt this claim if in a random sample of 1000
houses in this city, it is found that 618 are heated by natural gas. Use a 0.02 level
of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1986
3.31 In a random sample of 500 men from a Karachi city, 300 are found to be smokers.
In another random sample of 1000 men from Hyderabad city, 550 are found to be
smokers. Do the data indicate that the two cities are significantly different with
respect to the prevalence of smoking habit among men?
243 Statistical Methods

3.32 1000 articles from a factory were examined and 50 were found to be defective.
1500 similar articles from a second factory were examined and 50 were found to
be defective. Can it be reasonably concluded that the products of the first factory
are inferior to the second? Use α = 0.01.
3.33 A random sample of 100 boys and 100 girls at a certain science college are asked
if they have their personal computers. If 31 of the boys and 24 of the girls have
computers, can we conclude that more boys than girls have computers? Use a 0.01
level of significance.
3.34 A union official surveys people in two different localities to determine whether
there is a difference in the proportion of people who own Japanese cars. Suppose
800 people are polled in locality A and 154 say they own a Japanese car, while 108
of 780 people in locality B say they own a Japanese car. Can you conclude at the
0.01 level of significance, that there is a difference?
3.35 The correlation between paired scores is 0.30. Test H 0 : ρ = 0.50, H 1 : ρ < 0.50
If (a) n = 11 (b) n = 102 (Use α = 0.05)
3.36 Students in past years have shown there is a correlation of 0.40 between grades in
Statistics and Economics courses in a certain University. This year a random
sample of 39 students taking both courses shows a correlation of 0.34. Is there a
significantly different correlation this year in the grades of all students taking both
courses? Use α = 0.05
3.37 a) A firm manufactures car batteries that have a length of life that is approximately
normally distributed with a mean of 3.5 years. Test the hypothesis that μ = 3.5
years against the alternative μ < 3.5 years if a random sample of 12 batteries has
an average life of 3.2 years with a standard deviation of 0.42 years. Use a 0.05
level of significance.
b) The following sample of six measurements was randomly selected from a
normally distributed population:
1 , 3 , –1 , 5 , 1 , 2
Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the population is 3 against the alternative
hypothesis, μ < 3. Use α = 0.05.
c) The following sample of five measurements was randomly selected from a
normally distributed population:
4 , 7 , 3 , 4 , 6
Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the population is 6 against the alternative
hypothesis, μ ≠ 6. Use α = 0.05.
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 244

3.38 A light bulb manufacturer claims his bulbs have a mean life of 1000 hours. Is his
claim justified, at a 0.05 level of significance, if a random sample of 25 bulbs has a
mean life of 994 hours with a standard deviation of 30 hours? Assume the
distribution of burning life for all bulbs is normal.
3.39 Eight soldiers are chosen at random from a normal population and their heights in
inches are found to be 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 67, 69, 70. In the light of the given data
test the hypothesis that the mean height of the population is 66 inches. Use α = 0.05
3.40 A random sample of size 20 from a normal distribution has a mean X̄ = 65.6 and a
standard deviation s = 9.02. Does this suggest at the 0.05 level of significance, that
the population mean is greater than 60?
3.41 a) Discuss the basis of test of significance and testing of hypothesis.
b) The average length of time for students to register for all classes at a certain
college has been 50 minutes with a standard deviation of 10 minutes. A new
registration procedure using modern computing machines is being tried. If a
random sample of 12 students had an average registration time of 42 minutes with
a standard deviation of 11.9 minutes under the new system. Test the hypothesis
that the population mean is now less than 50 minutes. Use 0.01 level of
significance. Assume the population of times to be normal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1987
3.42 a) Describe the basic idea of test of significance.
b) A random sample of 10 cigarettes of a certain brand has an average nicotine
content of 18.6 milligrams and S.D. of 2.4 milligrams. Is this in line with
manufacturer’s claim that the average nicotine contents does not exceeds 17.5
milligrams. Use 0.05 level of significance and assume that the distribution of
nicotine content to be normal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1988
3.43 a) Under what assumptions Z and t tests are applied.
b) A sample of six soldiers showed following heights in inches as 67, 71, 70, 70, 69,
68. Test the hypothesis that average height of soldiers of population is 68.6 using
5% level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1990

3.44 a) Describe the method of testing the equality of two means in Normal populations
with given variance.
b) A city health department wishes to determine if the mean bacteria per unit volume
of water at a particular lake exceeds safety level of 200. The random sample of 10
water sample found the bacteria counts to be 175, 190, 215, 198, 184, 207, 210,
193, 196, 180. Do the data indicate a cause of concern?
K.U. B.A. 1992
245 Statistical Methods

c) A random sample of 16 observations from a normal population showed mean 41.5

inches and sum of square of deviations from mean is 135 inches. Show that the
assumption of a mean of 43.5 inches for the population is not reasonable at 5%
level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1996

3.45 Two independent random samples are selected from normal populations with
means μ 1 and μ 2 and variances σ 21 = σ 22 . The sample sizes, means standard
deviations are shown below:
Sample-1: n1 = 10 X̄ 1 = 19.9 s 1 = 2.0
Sample-2: n2 = 8 X̄ 2 = 17.2 s 2 = 2.1
At α = 0.05 test the equality of means.
K.U. B.Sc. 1998

3.46 a) Two independent samples of size 10 and 18 are drawn from two normal
populations having equal variances. The first sample gives mean 77 and variance
12, while the second sample gives mean 70 and variance 15. Test at 5% level of
significance that the mean of two populations differ at most by 5.
b) A study was made to determine if the subject matter in a Statistics course is better
understood when a lab constitutes part of the course. Students were allowed to
choose between a 2-semester hour course without Labs and a 4-semester hour
course with labs. In the section with labs 11 students made an average grade of 85
with a standard deviation of 4.7 and in the section without labs 17 students made
an average grade of 79 with a standard deviation of 6.1. Would you say that the
laboratory course increases the average grade by as much as 8 points? Use a 0.01
level of significance and assume the populations to be approximately normally
distributed with equal variances.
3.47 a) What do you understand by testing of statistical hypothesis? Illustrate the concepts
associated with the usual approach in testing of statistical hypothesis.
b) Given two random samples of size n1 = 11, n2 = 14 from two independent normal
populations with X̄ 1 = 75, X̄ 2 = 60, s 1 = 6.1, s 2 = 5.3. Test at the 0.05 level of
significance that μ 1 = μ 2 against the alternative that μ 1 ≠ μ 2 . Assume that
population variances are equal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1980, 1993

3.48 Suppose we want to test μ 1 = μ 2 when σ1 and σ2 are given to be equal, these are
means and variances of two normal populations. Describe all steps to develop the test
and the testing procedure at α level of significance when σ1 and σ2 are unknown.
K.U. B.A. 1987