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210 210 Bahan ajar ini dibuat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bacaan bagi para
mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Andalas yang berdasarkan
kepada pengalaman penulis serta merujuk kepada beberapa buku standar
seperti tercantum berikut ini:

ENGINEERING MECHANICS
/1/. Beer, F.P.; Johnston, E.R.
DYNAMICS Mechanics for Engineer: Dynamics, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2008
/2/. Meriam, J.L.; Kraige, L.G.
1 1 Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 6th. Ed., John Wiley, 2008.
/3/. Hibbeler, R.C.
Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, 12 Ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
Mulyadi Bur
2010.

Bahan ajar ini dipakai di lingkungan sendiri dan disediakan secara gratis bagi
Structural Dynamics Laboratory
peserta kuliah Dinamika Partikel TMS-210 yang dapat diunduh dari portal
ANDALAS UNIVERSITY akademik.
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210 210 Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity &
Introduction Acceleration
• Dynamics includes:
- Kinematics: study of the motion (displacement,
velocity, acceleration, & time) without reference to the
cause of motion (i.e. regardless of forces).
1 1
- Kinetics: study of the forces acting on a body, and
the resulting motion caused by the given forces.

• Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration

of a particle as it moves along a straight line.
• Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and
acceleration of a particle as it moves along a curved
line.
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Unand Dipakai di lingkungan sendiri 3/17 Unand Dipakai di lingkungan sendiri 4/17
TMS TMS
210 Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & 210 Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity &
Acceleration Acceleration
• Consider particle which occupies
position P at time t and P’ at t+∆t,
• Particle moving along a straight line is
∆x
said to be in rectilinear motion. Average velocity =
∆t
• Position coordinate of a particle is ∆x
1 defined by (+ or -) distance of particle 1 Instantaneous velocity = v = lim
∆t →0 ∆t
from a fixed origin on the line.
• Instantaneous velocity may be positive
• The motion of a particle is known if the or negative. Magnitude of velocity is
position coordinate for particle is known referred to as particle speed.
for every value of time t. Motion of the • From the definition of a derivative,
particle may be expressed in the form of ∆x dx
v = lim =
a function, e.g., ∆t →0 ∆t dt
x = 6t 2 − t 3
or in the form of a graph x vs. t. e.g., x = 6t 2 − t 3
dx
v= = 12t − 3t 2
dt
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Unand Dipakai di lingkungan sendiri 5/17 Unand Dipakai di lingkungan sendiri 6/17

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210 Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & 210 Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity &
Acceleration Acceleration
• Consider particle with motion given by
x = 6t 2 − t 3
• Consider particle with velocity v at time t
and v’ at t+∆t, v=
dx
= 12t − 3t 2
∆v dt
Instantaneous acceleration = a = lim
1 ∆t →0 ∆t 1
dv d 2 x
a= = = 12 − 6t
dt dt 2
• From the definition of a derivative,
• at t = 0, x = 0, v = 0, a = 12 m/s2
∆v dv d 2 x
a = lim = =
∆t →0 ∆t dt dt 2 • at t = 2 s, x = 16 m, v = vmax = 12 m/s, a = 0
e.g. v = 12t − 3t 2
dv • at t = 4 s, x = xmax = 32 m, v = 0, a = -12 m/s2
a= = 12 − 6t
dt
• at t = 6 s, x = 0, v = -36 m/s, a = -24 m/s2
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210 Determining the Motion of a Particle 210 Determining the Motion of a Particle

• Recall, motion is defined if position x is known for all • Acceleration given dv

a = f (t ) = ⇒ dv = f (t )dt
time t. as a function of dt
time, a = f(t): v t t
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ f (t )dt ⇒ v − v0 = ∫ f (t )dt
v=
dx
a=
dv d 2x a=
dv dv dx
= =v
dv
a= 2 v0 0 0
1 dt dt dt dt dx dt dx 1 x t t
dx
v= ⇒ dx = vdt ⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ vdt ⇒ x − x0 = ∫ vdt
dt x0 0 0
• If the acceleration is given, we can determine velocity
and position by two successive integrations. •Acceleration given a = f ( x) = v dv ⇒ vdv = f ( x)dx
as a function of dx
• Three classes of motion may be defined for: v x
1 1
x
position, a = f(x): ⇒ ∫ vdv = ∫ f ( x)dx ⇒ v 2 − v02 = ∫ f ( x)dx
- acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t) v0 x0
2 2 x0

- acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x) dx dx dx

x t
v= ⇒ = dt ⇒ ∫ = ∫ dt
- acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v) dt v v
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Unand Dipakai di lingkungan sendiri 9/17 Unand Dipakai di lingkungan sendiri 10/17

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210 Determining the Motion of a Particle 210 Summary
Procedure:
1. Establish a coordinate system & specify an origin
• Acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v): 2. Remember: x,v,a,t are related by:

v t v
dv dv dv dv
a = f (v ) = ⇒ = dt ⇒ ∫ = ∫ dt ⇒ ∫ =t dx dv d 2x dv dv dx dv
dt f (v ) v0
f (v ) 0 v0
f (v ) v= a= a= 2 a= = =v
1 1 dt dt dt dt dx dt dx
x v v
dv vdv vdv vdv
a = f (v ) = v ⇒ dx = ⇒ ∫ dx = ∫ ⇒ x − x0 = ∫ 3. When integrating, either use limits (if known) or add a constant
dx f (v ) x0 v0
f (v ) v0
f (v )
of integration

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210 Sample Problem 11.2 210 Sample Problem 11.2
SOLUTION:
• Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).
dv
= a = −9.81 m s 2
dt
v (t ) t
1 1 ∫ dv = − ∫ 9.81 dt v(t ) − v0 = −9.81t
v0 0
m  m
v(t ) = 10 −  9.81 2  t
s  s 
dy
= v = 10 − 9.81t
dt
Ball tossed with 10 m/s vertical velocity from window 20 m above y( t ) t
ground. ∫ dy = ∫ (10 − 9.81t ) dt
y0 0
Determine:
• velocity and elevation above ground at time t, y ( t ) − y 0 = 10t − 12 9.81t 2
• highest elevation reached by ball and corresponding time, and  m  m
y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t −  4.905 2 t 2
• time when ball will hit the ground and corresponding velocity.  s  s 
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210 Sample Problem 11.2 210 Sample Problem 11.2
• Solve for t at which velocity equals zero • Solve for t at which altitude equals zero
and evaluate corresponding altitude. and evaluate corresponding velocity.

m  m
v(t ) = 10 −  9.81 2  t = 0  m  m
y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t −  4.905 2 t 2 = 0
s  s   s  s 
1 t = 1.019 s 1
t = −1.243 s (meaningless )
t = 3.28 s

 m  m
y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t −  4.905 2 t 2 m  m
 s  s  v(t ) = 10 −  9.81 2  t
s  s 
 m  m
y = 20 m + 10 (1.019 s ) −  4.905 2 (1.019 s )2 m  m
 s  s  v(3.28 s ) = 10 −  9.81 2  (3.28 s )
s  s 
y = 25.1 m m
v = −22.2
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210 What if the ball is tossed downwards with the
same speed? (The audience is thinking …)

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Unand Dipakai di lingkungan sendiri 17/17