ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Civil Engineering Test No: 2

Detailed Solutions
ESE-2018 Civil Engineering

Mains Test Series Test No : 2
Section A : Transportation Engineering + Surveying and Geology

Q.1 (a) Solution:
Given, e1 = e2 = 8 m
⎛ e1 + e 2 ⎞ 8+8⎞
Weaving width, w = ⎜ + 3.5 = ⎛⎜ ⎟ + 3.5 = 11.5 m
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Weaving length, l = 4 × w = 4 × 11.5 = 46 m
Calculation of proportioning ratio (p),
Weaving traffic
=
Total traffic
( 350 + 250 ) + (200 + 400) = 0.53
∴ PES =
650 + (350 + 250) + (200 + 400) + 415
(515 + 200) + (425 + 250)
PWN = 315 + (515 + 200) + (425 + 250) + 500 = 0.63
(400 + 415) + (515 + 500)

PNE = 500 + (400 + 415) + (515 + 550) + 200 = 0.71
(425 + 500) + (350 + 415)

PSW = 220 + (425 + 500) + (350 + 415) + 250 = 0.78
12 | ESE 2018 : MAINS TEST SERIES
∴Highest proportioning ratio, (p) = 0.78

⎛ e⎞⎛ p⎞
280 w ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ w⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
Capacity of rotary =
⎛ w⎞
⎜⎝ 1 + ⎟⎠
l
⎛ 8 ⎞⎛ 0.78 ⎞
280 × 11.5 ⎜ 1 + ⎟⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ 11.5 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
=
⎛ 11.5 ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ 46 ⎠
= 3232.32 3233 veh/hr
Q.1 (b) Solution:
(i) Remote Sensing: It is the art of collecting information about an object or area or a
phenomenon from a distance without being getting into physical contact with it.
The human visual system is an example of a remote sensing system in the general
sense.
Active remote sensing: In active remote sensing, the source has its own
electromagnetic energy. This energy is reflected back by the object and the returned
energy is measured.
Passive remote sensing: It uses the natural energy from the Sun and records the
energy that is directly reflected or radiated from the objects.
(ii) Global Positioning System: Global Positioning System (GPS) uses the satellite
data to calculate the accurate position on earth. It provides location and time
information on or near to the earth's surface where there is unobstructed line of
sight with four or more satellites. GPS receiver calculates the position by precisely
timing the signals sent by the satellites high above the earth. All Global Positioning
Systems work on the same principle with the only difference that is the number of
satellites they can simultaneously communicate with. Most GPS receivers can
communicate with 12 satellites with some modern receivers capable of
communicating with 14 - 20 satellites.
Q.1 (c) Solution:

The radius of relative stiffness,
Eh 3 2.8 × 10 5 × 25 3
l= 4 = 4 = 107.43 cm
12(1 − μ 2 )k 12(1 − 0.15 2 ) × 2.8
According to Bradbury, warping stress in the interior is given by
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Test No : 2 CIVIL ENGINEERING | 13
Eαt ⎛ C 1 + μC 2 ⎞
Sti = 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − μ2 ⎠
2.8 × 10 5 × 8 × 10 −6 × 25 ⎛ 1.03 + 0.15 × 0.35 ⎞

= ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
2 1 − 0.15 2
= 31.01 kg/cm2
Stress at the longitudinal edge region
C 1Eαt
Ste =
2
1.03 × 2.8 × 10 5 × 8 × 10 −6 × 25
= = 28.84 kg/cm 2
2
Stress at the transverse edge region
C 2 Eαt
Stt =
2
0.35 × 2.8 × 10 5 × 8 × 10 −6 × 25
= = 9.8 kg/cm 2
2
Warping stress at the corner region is given by
Eαt a
Stc =
3(1 − μ ) l
2.8 × 10 5 × 8 × 10 −6 × 25 16
= = 8.475 kg/cm 2
3 ( 1 − 0.15 ) 107.43
Q.1 (d) Solution:

In the figure shown below, P1 and P2 indicate the two consecutive photographs.
Given, r0 = 82.5 mm, f = 125 mm, H – h1 = 780 m, h2 = 120 m
P2
P1 y′
125 mm
x′ x
y
780 m
82.5 mm
120 m
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(a)
Radial distance of the base of chimney,
Rf
r0 = H − h
1
⎛ 82.5 ⎞
r0 ( H − h1 ) ⎜⎝ ⎟ × 780
1000 ⎠
The ground distance, R = = = 514.8 m
f ⎛ 125 ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟
1000 ⎠
Radial distance of top of chimney,
⎛ 125 ⎞
514.8 × ⎜
Rf ⎝ 1000 ⎟⎠
r2 = = = 0.0975 m = 97.5 mm
H − h2 780 − 120
(b) Size of photograph = 200 mm × 200 mm
Ground distance covered, R = 514.8 m
H − h1 780
Scale, S = = = 62.4 or 1 cm = 62.4 m
f (125 / 1000)
l = 200 mm = 20 cm
As, R = (1 – Pl)Sl
Where, Pl = Percentage overlap
⇒ 514.8 = (1 – Pl) 62.4 × 20
⇒ Pl = 0.5875
Hence, percentage overlap = 58.75%
Q.1 (e) Solution:

1. Folds : Folds are one of the most common geological feature found in rocks.
When a set of horizontal layers of rock are subjected to compressive forces,
rocks bend either upwards or downwards.
B
B
A A
A
A = Beds bent upwards
B = Beds bent downwards
Horizontal Beds Folded beds
Horizontal and folded beds
These bends in rocks are called as folds. Folds are described variously as wavy
or arch-like or curved or warping appearances found in rocks. They are also
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called flexures or buckling phenomenon of rocks. Generally, they occur in series.
In nature, folds found in rocks have a great range of magnitude in terms of their
length and breadth. At one extreme, they may be very small, i.e., a fraction of an
inch across and a few inches in length. At the other extreme they may be a few
miles across and several miles long. The radius of curvature of a fold is small
compared to its wavelength and amplitude.
Classification and Types of Folds : Based on different principles, the folds are
variously classified. Usually, folds are classified on the basis of : (i) symmetrical
character, (ii) upward or downward bend, (iii) occurrence of plunge,
(iv) uniformity of bed thickness, (v) behaviour of the fold pattern with depth.
Mechanism of folding : Folding of rocks takes place by different ways of
accommodation of stress (caused by tectonic forces). In many cases, slips or
shears occur in between the beds. This process is similar to slipping of cards
which occurs when the set (deck) is folded. If they are not allowed to slip over
one another, folding of the set cannot take place. This is the way in which folding
generally occurs in the case of hard and competent rocks like quartzites.
2. Faults : Faults are the most unfavourable and undesirable geological features
at the site for any given purpose, i.e., for location of reservoir; as foundation site
for construction of dams, important bridges or huge buildings, for tunnelling;
for laying roads, railway tracks, etc. This is because faults considerably weaken
the rocks (in addition to other harmful effects) and render the sites in which
they occur as unfavorable places for all constructional purposes. Further, as
long as the faults are active, the site is unstable and susceptible to upward,
downward or sideward movement along the fault plane, thereby making the
place highly hazardous for foundation purposes.
Recurrence of Faulting : Faulting occurs when shearing resistance of the
geological formation is overcome by the tectonic forces. The faulting
phenomenon may take place suddenly or slowly and may or may not be
recurring. Occurrence of faulting is often accompanied by earthquakes (elastic
rebound hypothesis) and it is an indication of subsurface (i.e., subterranean)
instability of the region concerned. Thus, faulting may be treated as an attempt
to reach stability.
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Parts of a Fault : The different parts of a fault are shown in figure.

Heave
A C
Throw
B
Strike Slip
direction
Fault plane
Foot wall Dip

amount
Hade
Hanging
Wall
Parts of a fault
3. Joints : Joints, are fractures found in all types of rocks. They are cracks or openings
formed due to various reasons. Naturally, the presence of joints divides the
rock into a number of parts or blocks. These separated blocks may move only
perpendicular to the plane of fracture, but do not move past one another as in
the case of faults. In simple terms, through the joints may be described as mere
cracks in rocks, they differ mutually.
Joints, like cleavage of minerals, occur oriented in a definite direction and as a
set, i.e., as a number of parallel planes. The cracks, on the other hand, like the
fracture of minerals are random or irregular in their mode of occurrence. Thus,
joints occur, generally, as a number of parallel and oriented fractures in rocks.
Such a group of fractures is called a joint set.
Effects of Joints : From the civil engineering point of view, joints are important
because they split the rocks into a number of pieces which, in turn, reduce the
competence of rock mass, increase the porosity and permeability and make
them (rocks) susceptible to quick decay and weathering. Joints become avenues
for the leakage of water in case of reservoirs. If they are closely spaced on the
upstream side, silting problems also arise in reservoirs. Joints may pose ground
water problems in tunnelling. The undesirable leakage and other effects
introduced by joints in rock may create foundation problems in dam sites.
Parts of Joints : Joints, like faults, refer to the fractures in rocks. Hence, like
faults, inclined and vertical joints also can be described by their attitude.
However, in joints, the fractured blocks are not named as footwall or hanging
wall.
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Dip direction
Strike direction
Dip amount
Joint width
Joint plane Jointed block

Parts of a joint
4. Unconformity : Unconformity is one of the common geological features found

in rocks. It is somewhat different from other features like folds, faults and joints
in which the rocks are distorted, deformed or dislocated at a particular place.
Still, unconformity is a product of diastrophism and involves tectonic activity
in the form of upliftment and subsidence of land mass.
When sedimentary rocks are formed continuously or regularly (i.e., at a stretch)
one after another without any major break, they are said to be a set of conformable
beds, and this phenomenon is called conformity. All beds belonging to a
conformable set shall possess the same strike direction, dip direction and dip
amount. On the other hand, if a major break occurs in sedimentation (i.e., if
sedimentation does not take place for a long interval) in between two sets of
conformable beds, it is called an unconformity. So, an unconformity refers to a
period of non-deposition and appears as a plane of contact between two sets of
conformable beds.
Parts of an Unconformity :
Surface
Younger set of beds
Conglomerate
Unconformity
surface
Parts of an unconformity
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Q.2 (a) Solution:

(i)
1. Failures in Flexible Pavements: Some typical flexible pavements failures are as under:
(a) Alligator (Map) cracking:
Map Cracking
The general pattern of alligator cracking of the bituminous surfacing is as shown.

This is the most common type of failure and occurs due to relative movement of
pavement layer materials. This may be caused by the repeated application of heavy
wheel loads resulting in fatigue failure or due to moisture variations resulting in
swelling and shrinkage of subgrade and other materials.
(b) Consolidation of pavement layers:
One Lane Width
Formation of Ruts
Shoulder
Road Level
Formation of Ruts
Formation of ruts are mainly attributed to the consolidation of one or more layers of
pavement. The repeated application of loads along the same wheel path cause
cumulative deformation resulting in consolidation deformation.
(c) Shear failure and cracking:
Pavement Width
Shoulder Up Heaval
Shear Failure
Shear Failure Cracking
Shear failures are associated with the inherent weakness of the pavement mixtures,
the shearing resistance being low due to inadequate stability or excessively heavy
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loading. The shear failure causes upheaval of pavement materials by forming a
fracture or cracking.
(d) Frost heaving:
Pavement Width
Up Heaval due to Frost
Failure due to Frost Heave

Frost heaving is often misunderstood for shear or other types of failures. In case of
frost heaving, there is mostly a localized heaving-up of pavement portion depending
upon the ground water and climatic conditions. Due to frost action and differential
volume changes in subgrade, longitudinal cracking is caused in pavement.
(e) Lack of binding with lower layer:
Loss of Surfacing Bituminous Surfacing
Soil-Cement Base
Failure due to Lack of Binding
Slipping occurs when the surface course is not bounded with underlying base. This
results in opening up and loss of pavement materials forming patches or pot holes.
Such conditions are more frequent in case when the bituminous surfacing is provided
over the existing cement concrete base course or soil-cement base course.
(f) Reflection cracking:
Bituminous Overlay
Cement
Concrete
Base Slab
x y
Reflection
Cracks
Plan
Bituminous Surfacing
Failed C.C. Pavement

Section x-y
Formation of Reflection Cracks
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This type of cracking is observed in bituminous overlays provided over existing

cement concrete pavements. The crack pattern as existing in cement concrete
pavements are mostly reflected on bituminous surfacing in the same pattern.
2. Failures in Rigid Pavements: Some typical types of failures and their reasons in
rigid pavements are as under:
A. Deficiency of pavement materials:
Following are the chief causes which would give rise to different defects/failures:
(i) Soft aggregates
(ii) Poor workmanship in joint construction
(iii) Poor joint filler and sealer material
(iv) Poor surface finish
(v) Improper and insufficient curing
Due to above factors, the various defects are as under:
(i) Disintegration of cement concrete
(ii) Formation of cracking
(iii) Spalling of joints
(iv) Poor riding surface
(v) Slippery surface
(vi) Formation of shrinkage cracks
(vii) Ingress of surface water and further progressive failure
B. Structural inadequacy of pavement system:
Following are the causes of inadequate subgrade pavement system:
(i) Inadequate pavement thickness
(ii) Inadequate subgrade support and poor subgrade soil
(iii) Incorrect spacing of joints
Above factors would give rise to the failures which are as under:
(i) Cracking of slab corners
(ii) Cracking of pavement longitudinally
(iii) Settlement of slabs
(iv) Widening of joints
(v) Mud pumping
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(ii)
W1 + W 2 + W 3 + W 4
Theoretical specific gravity, G t = W W W W
1
+ 2 + 3+ 4
G1 G 2 G 3 G 4
820 + 1300 + 435 + 100
= 820 1300 435 100 = 2.405
+ + +
2.6 2.52 2.45 1.05
Weight of Marshall specimen
Mass specific gravity, G m = Volume of Marshall specimen
1050
= = 2.33
450
Gt − G m 2.405 − 2.33
VV% = × 100 = × 100 = 3.12%
Gt 2.405
Gm Wb
V B% = × × 100
Gb Wmould
2.33 100
=× × 100 = 21.134%
1.05 1050
VMA% = VV% + VB% = 3.12 + 21.134 = 24.254%
Vb % 21.134
VFB = × 100 = × 100 = 87.14%
VMA% 24.54
Q.2 (b) Solution:
Given, P = 4000 kg, l = 70 cm, h = 25 cm, Δ = 2 cm, FS = 1000 kg/cm2, Ff = 1400 kg/cm2
and Fb = 100 kg/cm2, d = 2.5 cm.
Step 1 : Length of dowel bar:
F f ( L d + 1.5Δ )
L d = 5d
Fb ( L d + 8.8 Δ )
1400 ( Ld + 1.5 × 2 )
= 5 × 2.5 × 100 ( Ld + 8.8 × 2 )
Solving Ld by trial and error method.
L d = 40.46 cm
∴ Required length of dowel bar
(Ld + Δ) = 40.46 + 2 = 42.46 cm 45 cm (say)
So, provide 45 cm long and 2.5 cm diameter dowel bar:
Step 2 : Find the load transfer capacity of single dowel bar :
ps = 0.785 d 2 Fs = 0.785 × (2.5)2 × 1000 = 4906.25 4906 kg
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2 d 3F f 2 × (2.5) 3 × 1400
pj = = = 728.4 kg
L d + 8.8Δ 42.46 + 8.8 × 2
Fb L2d d 100 × (42.46)2 × 2.5

pb = = = 793.2 kg
12.5 ( L d + 1.5Δ ) 12.5(42.46 + 1.5 × 2)
∴ The required load transfer capacity
⎛ 0.4 × 4000 0.4 × 4000 0.4 × 4000 ⎞

= Max ⎜⎝ , , ⎟
4906 728.4 793.2 ⎠
= Max (0.33, 2.2, 2.02) = 2.2

Step 3 : Required spacing:
Effective distance for load transfer = 1.8 × l = 1.8 × 70 = 126 cm
Assuming spacing of 35 cm
126 − 35 126 − 70 126 − 105
Actual capacity = 1 + + + = 2.33
126 126 126
∴ 2.33 > 2.2 (the required capacity)
∴ Provide 2.5 cm diameter mild steel dowel bars with,
Length = 45 cm, spacing = 35 cm
Q.2 (c) Solution:

Points (in m) BS (in m) IS (in m) FS (in m) Rise (in m) Fall (in m) RL (in m) Remarks
0 0.855 380.500
30 1.545 0.690 379.810
60 2.335 0.790 379.020
90 3.115 0.780 378.240
120 0.455 3.825 0.710 377.530 Change point
150 1.380 0.925 376.605

180 2.055 0.675 375.930
210 2.855 0.800 375.130
240 0.585 3.455 0.600 374.530 Change point
270 1.015 0.430 374.100
300 1.850 0.835 373.265
330 2.755 0.905 372.360
360 3.845 1.090 371.270
Total 1.895 11.125 0 9.230
Observe that the given readings are gradually increasing initially, but they suddenly
decrease after the fifth and tenth readings. This indicates that the instrument was shifted
after 5th and 10th readings.
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Sample calculation,
Rise/Fall = Previous reading – Current reading
= 0.855 – 1.545 = –0.690
∴ Fall = 0.690
Current RL = Previous RL – Fall
= 385.000 – 0.690 = 379.810 m
Check :
∑BS – ∑FS = 1.895 – 11.125 = –9.230
∑Rise – ∑Fall = 0 – 9.230 = –9.230 m
∴ ∑BS – ∑FS = ∑Rise – ∑Fall = –9.230 m
Hence checked.
Also, Last RL – First RL = 371.270 – 380.500 = –9.230 m
Difference of level 9.230 1
Falling gradient of AB = = =
Horizontal distance 360 39
∴ Gradient of AB is 1 in 39.
Q.3 (a) Solution:

Trial-1
Assume a trial cycle C1 = 50 sec
900
Number of cycles in 15 mins = = 18
50
Green time for road A, according to an average time headway of 2.5 sec
178 × 2.5
GA = = 24.72 sec
18
142 × 2.5
Green time for road B, GB = = 19.72 sec
18
Amber times AA and AB are 3 and 2 sec
∴ Total cycle length = 24.72 + 19.72 + 3.0 + 2.0 = 49.44 sec
As this is lower than the assumed trial cycle of 50 sec, another lower cycle length may be
tried.
Trial-2
900
Number of cycles in 15 minutes = = 22.5
40
178 × 2.5
Green time for road A, GA = = 19.78 sec
22.5
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142 × 2.5
22.5
∴ Total cycle length = 19.78 + 15.78 + 3.0 + 2.0 = 40.56 sec
Trial-3
900
Number of cycles in 15 minutes = = 20
45
178 × 2.5
Green time for road A, GA = = 22.25 sec
20
142 × 2.5
20
∴ Total cycle length = 22.25 + 17.75 + 3.0 + 2.0
= 45.0 sec
Therefore the trial cycle of 45 secs. may be adopted with the following signal phases:
GA = 22.25, GB = 17.75, AA = 3.0, AB = 2.0 and Cycle length = 45.0 sec
Q.3 (b) Solution:

(i)
( ( 1 + r ) − 1)
n
N s1 = 365 A F
1 1 × (L.D.F)
r
⎡⎛ 10 ⎤
5 ⎞
365 × 2500 × 4 ⎢⎜ 1 + ⎟ − 1 ⎥ × 0.4
100 ⎠
⎣⎢⎝ ⎥⎦
= 18.364 msa
= 5
× 10 6
100
N s2 = 365 A F
((1 + r ) − 1) × (L.D.F)
2 2
n
r
⎡⎛ 10 ⎤
5 ⎞
365 × 500 × 5 ⎢⎜ 1 + ⎟ − 1 ⎥ × 0.4
⎢⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦
= = 4.592 msa
5 6
× 10
100
Ns = N s1 + N s2 = 18.364 + 4.592 = 22.956 msa
(ii)
Following are different types of traffic survey conducted:
(a) Traffic volume study
(b) Speed Studies
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(i) Spot speed study
(ii) Speed and delay study
(c) Origin and destination survey
(d) Traffic flow characteristics
(e) Traffic capacity studies
(f) Parking studies
(g) Accident studies
Various purpose of O-D survey are following:
(i) To judge the adequacy of existing routes and to use in planning new network of
roads.
(ii) To plan transportation and mass transit facility
(iii) To locate major routes along desire line.
(iv) To locate terminal and terminal planning facility.
(v) To locate new bridge as per traffic demand.
(vi) To locate intermediate stop of public transport.
(vii) To establish design standards of road.
These data can be presented by following forms by a highway engineer:
(i) Origin and destination table showing number of trips between different zones.
(ii) Graphical representation using desire lines, which are lines connecting origin
points and destinations, summarized into different area groups.
(iii) The relative magnitude of the generated traffic and geometric relationships of
the zones involved can be represented by pie chart.
(iv) Contour lines may be plotted similar to topographic contours. The shape of the
contours would indicate the general traffic need of the area.
(iii)
5 × 10 4
The pressure applied , P = = 0.176 N/mm2
π× 300 2
1.18 × P × a
δ=
E
1.18 × 0.176 × 300
1.2 =
E
Therefore, E = 51.92 MPa
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Q.3 (c) Solution:

Here bearing of DE and length of EA are missing.
D
m
16 3 26
C 5 .6
5m
0m
18
E
B 13
0
m
Northing of AD = 130 cos 38°42 ′ + 180 cos 45°30′ + 163 cos 62°34′
= 101.46 + 126.16 + 75.10
= 302.72 m
Easting of AD = −130 sin 38°42 ′ + 180 sin 45°30′ + 163 sin 62°34′
= –81.28 + 128.39 + 144.67
= 191.78 m
Length of AD = 302.72 2 + 191.78 2 = 358.36 m
−1 ⎛ 191.78 ⎞
Bearing of AD = tan ⎜ = N32°21′ 18′′ E
⎝ 302.72 ⎟⎠
Bearing of AE = N75°00′E
Bearing of AD = N32°21′18″E
∠DAE = Bearing of AE – Bearing of AD
= 75°00′00″ – 32°21′18″
= 42°38′42″
Applying sine rule in ΔAED,
AD DE AE
= =
sin ∠AED sin ∠DAE sin ∠ADE
AD sin ∠DAE
⇒ sin ∠AED =
DE
358.36
= sin 42°38′ 42 ′′
265.65
⇒ sin ∠AED = 0.9138
⇒ ∠AED = 66°02′50″
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∠ADE = 180° – ( 42°38′ 42 ′′ + 66°02 ′50 ′′ ) = 71°18′ 28′′

sin ∠ADE
Now, AE = × AD
sin ∠AED
sin 71°18′ 28′′
⇒ AE = × 358.36 = 371.45 m
sin 66°02 ′50 ′′
Bearing of DA = Bearing of AD + 180º = 32°21′ 18′′ + 180º

= 212°21′18″
∠ADE = 71°18′28″
Bearing of DE = Bearing of DA – ∠ADE
= 212°21′18″ – 71°18′28″
= 141°02′50″
= S38°57′10″ E
∴ Length of AE = 371.45 m
Bearing of DE = S38°57′10″ E
Q.4 (a) Solution:
(i)
Various equipment used in highway construction include earth moving equipment,
aggregate spreader, roller, nuclear gauge, road broom, binder sprayer, and paver
finisher.
Earth Moving Equipment : Tractor or crawler is the basic equipment used for earth moving
activities, to which various attachments may be fixed for specific purposes. Bulldozer is
another equipment where a movable steel blade is attached to the front of a tractor.
Aggregate Spreaders : Aggregate spreaders or gritters are used to ensure uniform
spreading of aggregates over the construction surface. Three types of aggregate spreaders
are there viz :
1. Truck-mounted spreader : In a truck-mounted spreader or a fantail spreader,
the aggregate carrier is hinged to the body of the truck. The operator can change
its slope and also the gate opening to control spreading of aggregates. Vertical
fins are provided so as to ensure uniform spread of aggregates over the pavement
width. The uniformity of speed largely depends on the skill of the operator-
cum-driver.
2. Truck-propelled spreaders : In the truck-propelled spreaders, aggregates are
moved onto the rotating belt, and through an adjustable gate, aggregates are
spread uniformly over the surface. When the truck is empty, the spreader is
disconnected and attached to a loaded truck.
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3. Self-propelled spreaders : Self-propelled spreaders consists of two hoppers,

attached at the front and rear of a pneumatic-tyred tractor. Aggregates are fed to
the hoppers through screw feed and the rate of spread can be controlled through
an adjustable gate.
Rollers :
1. Smooth-wheeled rollers : Smooth-wheeled or drum rollers can compact all types
of soil, except rocky soil.
2. Pneumatic-tyred rollers : In pneumatic-tyred rollers, a number of tyres are placed
close and parallel to each other. This is suitable for coarse grained soils (with 4-
8% passing IS 75 micron sieve). Depending on the type of material, a pneumatic-
tyred roller can compact faster and with fewer passes than a smooth-wheeled
roller.
3. Sheepfoot rollers : The sheepfoot roller or padfoot roller has some protrusions
on its drum which penetrate into the soft soil and compact it by kneading and
tamping. The padfoot roller has relatively large footprints.
4. Grid rollers : In grid rollers, the drum is covered with heavy steel grid. The grid
produces high contact pressure which helps to avoid situations, such as plastic
wave formation due to shear deformation of soil. Grid rollers are suitable for
compaction of granular particles and help in breaking and rearranging the
particles.
5. Vibratory rollers : In these rollers, a vibratory motion along the vertical direction
is induced along with the rolling operation. The amplitude of vibration is of the
order of 1 to 2 mm. These vibratory drums are isolated by means of shock
absorbers from the frame on which the operator sits.
• Nuclear Gauge : Nuclear gauges are used for field density measurement. The
scatter of gamma rays (source: cesium isotope) and neutron (source: beryllium
isotope) from the nuclear gauge give a measure of the bulk density of soil and
moisture content respectively.
• Road Brooms : Road brooms are used for resurfacing on the existing surface.
The road brooms are used to remove dirt, mud, dust, and other deleterious
particles from the existing surface, such that the adherence to the surface to be
laid with the existing surface, becomes strong.
• Sprayers or Binder Distributors : Sprayers or binder distributors are used when
a binder (cold or hot) is required to be sprayed uniformly. Sprayers can be of
hand-spray type or of vehicle mounted multinozzle type. A sprayer can either
be self-propelled or towed.
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• Paver Finisher : Paver finishers have the arrangement for multipurpose jobs
related to pavement construction. The main components of the paver finisher
are :
1. A loading hopper and a suitable distribution mechanism.
2. A compaction and vibrating arrangement.
3. A mechanism for the construction of a smooth surface finish, free from surface
blemishes.
(ii)
For soil sample,
0.2 0.2
Group Index, G.I. = 0.2 a + ac + bd
40 20
a = (% passing through 75 μ sieve) – 35
b = (% passing through 75 μ sieve) – 15
c = (Liquid limit)% – 40
d = (Plastic index)% – 10
a = 60 – 35 = 25% >/ 40% ⇒ a = 25%
b = 60 – 15 = 45% >/ 40% ⇒ b = 40%
c = 40 – 40 = 0% >/ 20% ⇒ c = 0%
d = (40 – 15) – 10 = 15% >/ 20% ⇒ d = 15%

0.2 0.2
G.I. = 0.2 × 25 + × 25 × 0 + × 40 × 15
40 20
= 11
(iii)
1.
BITUMEN TAR
1. Manufactured by fractional distillation of 1. Manufactured by destructive distillation
petroleum (In presence of air). of coal and wood (In absence of air).
2. Soluble in CS2 and CCl4. 2. Soluble in toluene.
3. More resistant to water. 3. Less resistant to water.
4. Less temperature susceptibility. 4. More temperature susceptibility.
5. Free carbon content is less. 5. More free carbon content.
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2.
Cutback Bitumen
Cutback Bitumen is a type of bitumen which is obtained when viscosity of bitumen is
reduced by volatile dilutent. It is generally used in colder regions.
Different types of cutback bitumen are:
(i) Rapid Curing Cutback (RC): In this, bitumen is fluxed with NAPTHA / GASOLINE.
(ii) Medium Curing Cutback (MC): In this, bitumen is fluxed with KEROSENE.
(iii) Slow Curing Cutback (SC): In this, bitumen is fluxed with high boiling point
dilulent.
Bitumen Emulsion
It is a condition in which bitumen is suspended in an aqueous medium. It is used for
patch-up work. The biggest advantage of bitumen emulsion is that it can be used in
rainy season also.
Different types of emulsions are:
(i) Rapid Setting (RS): It is used for surface painting.
(ii) Medium Setting (MS): It is used for premixing with coarse aggregate.
(iii) Slow Setting (SS): It is suitable for fine aggregate mixes.
Q.4 (b) Solution:

(i)
1. As per Greenberg’s model,
Capacity, C = k × v
⎛ kj ⎞
v = v f ln ⎜ ⎟ ,
⎝ k⎠
where vj is free flow speed, kj is jam density
⎛ kj ⎞
∴ C = kv f ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ k⎠
dC
For maximum capacity, =0
dk
d ⎡ ⎛ kj ⎞⎤
⇒ vf × ⎢ k ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 0
dk ⎣⎢ ⎝ k ⎠ ⎦⎥
d ⎛ kj ⎞ ⎛ kj ⎞ d
⇒ k ln ⎜ ⎟ + ln ⎜ ⎟ k =0
dk ⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ k ⎠ dk
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⎛ kj ⎞
⇒ ln ⎜ ⎟ = 1
⎝ k⎠
kj
⇒ k=
e
2. As per Greenshield’s model
⎛ k⎞
v = vf ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ kj ⎠
⎛ k⎞
∴ C = kv f ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ kj ⎠
dC
For maximum capacity, =0
dk
d ⎡ ⎛ k ⎞⎤
⇒ vf ⎢k ⎜ 1 − ⎟ ⎥ = 0
dk ⎢ ⎝ kj ⎠⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡⎛ k⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⇒ v f ⎢⎜ 1 − ⎟ + k ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ = 0
⎢⎣ ⎝ kj ⎠ ⎝ k j ⎠ ⎥⎦
⇒ kj = 2k
(ii)
Since it is a two-lane undivided highway, vehicles can overtake and there can be a vehicle
coming in the opposite direction also.
Minimum overtaking sight distance = d1 + d2 + d3
Assuming design speed as the speed of overtaking vehicle
v = 22.22 m /sec
Also, (v – m) = vB = 16.67 m/sec
a = 0.7 m/sec2
d1 = (vB) × t1
Taking, t1 = 2 sec
d1 = 16.67 × 2 = 33.34 m
S = 0.7 vB + 6
= 0.7 × 16.67 + 6 = 11.669 + 6 = 17.669 m
4×S 4 × 17.669
t= = 10 sec
a 0.7
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d2 = 2S + vBt = 2 × 17.669 + 16.67 × 10

= 35.338 + 166.7 = 202.04 m
d3 = v × t
= 22.22 × 10 = 222.2 m
Minimum overtaking sight distance = d1 + d2 + d3
= 33.34 + 202.04 + 222.2
= 457.58 m 460 m (say)
Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3 × Minimum overtaking sight distance
= 3 × 460 = 1380 m
Desirable length of overtaking zone = 5 × Minimum overtaking sight distance
= 5 × 460 = 2300 m
The overtaking zone is shown in figure
1380 to 2300 m
SP1 SP2
Overtaking Zone
SP1
SP2
460 m 460 m 460 m 460 m
Q.4 (c) Solution:

(i)
I
Δ
Δ1 Δ2
P Q
130°
110°
A B
Δ 1 = 180° – 110° = 70°

Δ 2 = 180° – 130° = 50°
Δ = Δ1 + Δ2 = 70° + 50 = 120°
In triangle IPQ,
IP IQ PQ
= =
sin Δ 2 sin Δ 1 sin(180° − Δ )
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sin 50°
⇒ IP = 180 × = 159.22 m
sin(180° − 120° )
sin 70°
⇒ IQ = 180 × = 195.31 m
sin(180° − 120° )
Δ
Tangent length, IA = IB = R tan
2
120°
= 500 × tan = 866.03 m
2
AP = AI – IP = 866.03 – 159.22
= 706.81 m
BQ = BI – IQ = 866.03 – 195.31 = 670.72 m
Chainage of point A = Chainage of point P – AP
= 2500 – 706.81 = 1793.19 m
π π
Length of curve = R × Δ × = 500 × 120° × = 1047.198 m 1047.2 m
180° 180°
Chainage of point B = Chainage at point A + Length of curve
= 1793.19 + 1047.2 = 2840.39 m
(ii)
Tree
N 5′
6°2
3
N
α
P 8 40°35′
6°
35 A β
′
Q
Let the points P and Q be on the near side and the tree T on the far bank of the river.
From T, draw a perpendicular TA to PQ. Then TA is the width of the river.
Let PA = x
Then, AQ = 367 – x
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α = 180° – (36°25′ + 86°35′) = 57°0′

β = 86°35′ – 40°35′ = 46°0′
TA
From ΔPTA, = tan α
PA
⇒ TA = x tan 57°0′ ...(i)
TA
From ΔQTA, AQ
= tan β
⇒ TA = (367 – x) tan 46°0° ...(ii)

From (i) and (ii),
x tan 57°0 = (367 – x)tan 46°0′
⇒ x × 1.5399 = (367 – x) × 1.0355
⇒ 2.5754x = 380.0285
⇒ x = 147.56 m
From equation (i),
TA = x tan 57°0′ = 147.56 × 1.5399 = 227.23 m
So, the width of the river is 227.23 m.
Section B : Geo-technical & Foundation Engg-1 + Environmental Engg-1

Q.5 (a) Solution:
Assuming the weight of solids as Ws
V(cc)
V(cc) W(g)
16.5
W (g)
W 0.60 ws
W 0.20 ws
40
23.5
S ws S ws
(i) Soil at liquid limit (ii) Soil at shrinkage limit
Decrease in volume between liquid and shrinkage limit will be same as decrease in
volume of water.
0.60 Ws − 0.20 Ws
⇒ ρw = Volume at L.L. – volume at S.L.
∴ 0.40 Ws = (40 – 23.5) × 1 (ρw = 1 g/cc)

0.40 Ws = 16.5 g
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Ws = 41.25 g
At shrinkage limit, Ww = 0.20 × 41.25 = 8.25 g
8.25
Vw = = 8.25 cc
1
Vs = 23.5 – 8.25 = 15.25 cc
Ws 41.25
Specific gravity of solids, Gs = V ⋅ γ = 15.25 × 1 = 2.70
s w
⎛ V1 − Vd ⎞ ⎛ 40 − 23.5 ⎞
⎜ V ⎟ × 100 ⎜ ⎟ × 100
⎝ d ⎠ = ⎝ 23.5 ⎠
Shrinkage Ratio, R= = 1.755
wL − ws 60 − 20
Q.5 (b) Solution:

Given : K = 10–6 m/s, Nf = 3, Nd = 9
At the point A the elevation head ZA = 2 m
3
Total head at A, HA = 5 − ( 5 − 4 ) = 4.67 m
9
Thus pressure head at A = 4.67 – 2 = 2.67 m
The pore pressure at A is
ua = γw (2.67) = 9.81 × 2.67 = 26.19 kPa
The rate of flow into the drain (from one side) per unit length,
Nf
q= k ·H
Nd
−6 3 −6 3
= 10 × × ( 5 − 4 ) = 0.33 × 10 m /s/m
9
Q.5 (c) Solution:

Here, n = 20 years, P0 = 50000, P1 = 110000, P2 = 160000
2P0 P1 P2 − P12 ( P0 + P2 )
Saturation population, PS =
P0 P2 − P12
2 × 50000 × 110000 × 160000 − (110000) 2 (50000 + 160000)

⇒ PS =
50000 × 160000 − (110000) 2
190488
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Ps Ps
Pt = =
⎛ P − P ⎞ − kP t ⎛ P − P ⎞ nt
1 + ⎜ s o ⎟ e( s ) 1 + ⎜ s o ⎟ e
⎝ Po ⎠ ⎝ Po ⎠
(where n = – kPs)
1 ⎡ Po ( Ps − P1 ) ⎤
n = t ln ⎢ P P − P ⎥
1 ⎢⎣ 1 ( s o ) ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 50000 ( 190488 − 110000 ) ⎤

= ln = – 0.0673
20 ⎢⎣ 11000 ( 190488 − 50000 ) ⎥⎦
190488
∴ P= = 181496
1 + 2.80976 × e −0.0673×60
Q.5 (d) Solution:
Given, Cs – C0 = Initial super-saturation = –25.8 mg/l
Ct – Cs = 11.2 mg/l
Adding the two, Ct – C0 = –25.8 + 11.2 = –14.6 mg/l
Using the equation,
( − K gt ) ⎤
Ct – C0 = (Cs – C0) ⎡⎢ 1 − e ⎥⎦
⎣
( − K g × 1.2) ⎤
⇒ –14.6 = −25.8 ⎡⎢ 1 − e ⎥⎦
⎣
⇒ 1–e–1.2K g = 0.5659
⇒ e–1.2Kg = 0.4341
⇒ –1.2 Kg = loge 0.4341 = –0.8345
⇒ Transfer coefficient, Kg = 0.6954 sec–1
Droplet volume per unit surface area is given by
V d 0.5
= = = 0.0833 cm 3 /cm 2
A 6 6
V
∴ Transfer coefficient, kg = K g· = 0.6954 × 0.0833 cm/sec
A
= 5.8 × 10–2 cm/sec 209 cm/hour
Q.5 (e) Solution:
The LN concept: The parameter LN is a statistical measure indicating how frequently a
particular sound level is exceeded. The value of LN will represent the sound pressure
level that will exceed for N% of the gauging time. Say for example, the given 70 dB
value of L60 will mean that the sound level will exceed 70 dB for 60% of the measuring
time.
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When LN is plotted against N (where N = 1, 2, 3, ... 100%), a cumulative distribution
curve, as shown in figure below, is obtained.
100
90
80
% of time ≥ Stated value

70
60 L60 = 70 dB
50
40
30
20
10
50 60 65 70 75 80
Sound level in dB
Cumulative Distribution Curve
The Leq concept: Leq is that statistical value of sound pressure level that can be equated
to any fluctuating noise level. Say for example, a sound of 80 dB lasting for 10 minutes,
followed by a sound of 60 dB lasting for the next 80 minutes, and then followed by a
sound of 100 dB for the next 5 minutes, will compose a fluctuating noise level, which
can be represented by a certain dB value which is indicative of producing the same
effect over the entire time period of 10 min + 80 min + 5 min = 95 min, as the original
fluctuating noise. This value is called the Equivalent Continuous Equal Energy Level
or the Equivalent Noise Level (Leq).
Thus, Leq is defined as the constant noise level, which, over a given time, expends the
same amount of energy, as is expended by the fluctuating levels over the same time.
This value is expressed by the equation :
i=n Li
Leq = 10 log ∑ (10) 10 × ti
i =1
where, n = Total number of sound samples, Li = The noise level of any ith sample, ti = Time
duration of ith sample, expressed as fraction of total sample time.
Q.6 (a) Solution:
(i)
The following methods are available for obtaining flow nets
(a) Analytical method
(b) Electrical flow analogy
(c) Capillary flow analogy
(d) Sand model
(e) Graphical method
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Capillary flow analogy : Capillary flow between two closely spaced parallel glass plates
is analogous to two-dimensional flow through soils. A model of the hydraulic structure
such as an earth dam, is placed between the two glass plates which connects two small
tanks. The distance between the plates has to be constant so that the capillary space is of
constant width. The boundary conditions of the model are the same as those for the
seepage problems. Flow lines can be traced visually by introducing a dye at different
points on the upstream face of the model. The flow net can then be completed by drawing
the equipotential lines.
Sand models : Sand models constructed in water tanks also give a visual demonstration
of flow, like the capillary flow models. The water tank consists of perspex or glass flumes
closed at both ends and have the arrangement to maintain the required water level at
the upstream and downstream sides of the model. Water flows through the clean, coarse
sand placed in the tank.
If there is some stratification in the prototype such as an earth dam and the model is
constructed of an isotropic material, one has to use ‘transformed section’ in the model. If
necessary different materials having different coefficient of permeability i.e. k values
can be used in the model to simulate field conditions. Flow lines can be traced, as in the
capillary analogy method.
(ii)
2.3 aL h
k= log 10 1
At h2
π
a= × 0.625 2 = 0.307 cm 2
4
t = 15 × 60 = 900s
12.2 75
∴ k = 2.3 × 0.307 × log 10
44.41 × 900 24.7
⇒ k = 1.04 × 10–4 cm/s
Q.6 (b) Solution:

(i) Consolidation without sandwicks
∵ Time factor, T90 = 1.781 − 0.933 log 10 (100 − u)
= 1.781 − 0.933 log 10 (100 − 90)

= 0.848
Since sandwicks are installed before the construction of any structure. So the drainage is
also permitted from top, hence there will be double drainage as there is sand layer at
bottom also.
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10
Length of drainage path, H= =5m
2
c v × t 90
∴ T90 =
( H )2
0.6 × t 90
⇒ 0.848 =
(5)2
⇒ t90 = 35.3 years
(ii) Consolidation with sandwicks
Ignoring the effect of vertical consolidation
Given, 2R = 1.06s for triangular grid
⇒ 2R = 1.06 [∵ s = 1 m]
⇒ R = 0.53 m
100
r0 = = 50 mm = 0.05 m
2
R 0.53
∴ = = 10.6
r0 0.05
⇒ T90 = 0.455
c vr t 90
T90 =
(2 R)2
(1.2 × t 90 )
⇒ 0.455 =
4R 2
⇒ t90 = 0.426 years
⇒ t90 = 5.11 months
(iii) Average degree of consolidation
During these 5.11 months drainage was also occurring in the vertical direction, so the
average degree of consolidation on account of drainage in both directions (Ut) at 5.11
months would actually be more than 90%.
For 5.11 months on account of vertical flow,
C vzt 0.6 × 0.426
Tv = 2
= = 0.01
H 5×5
π 2
U r = 0.01
4
⇒ Ur = 0.113
∵ (1 – Ut) = (1 – Ur) (1 – U)
= (1 – 0.113) (1 – 0.9)
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⇒ Ut = 91.13%
Comment : It may be noted that the total degree of consolidation is predominantly
governed by the radial degree of consolidation and that vertical consolidation has only
a marginal influence.
Q.6 (c) Solution:

2
25 kN/m
W.T. A
A
Clay
3m 3
γsat = 19 kN/m
25 57 25 29.43 27.67
B
Gravel
3
4m γsat = 20 kN/m (All values are in kN/m2)
C
Rock 162 93.67 68.33
(a) Soil profile (b) σ-diagram (b) u-diagram (d) σ-diagram
(a) σ-diagram
At A: σA = 25 kN/m2
At B: σB = 25 + 3 × 19 = 25 + 57 = 82 kN/m2
At C: σC = 25 + 57 + 4 × 20 = 25 + 57 + 80 = 162 kN/m2
(b) u-diagram
At A: Since load is applied suddenly, the entire load is taken up by pore water
∴ uA = 25 kN/m2
At B: uB = 25 + 9.81 × 3 = 25 + 29.43 = 54.43 kN/m2
At C: uC = 25 + 9.81 × 7 = 25 + 68.67 = 93.67 kN/m2
(c) σ − diagram
At A: σ = σA – uA = 25 – 25 = 0
At B: σ = σB – uB = 82 – 54.43 = 27.57 kN/m2
At C: σ = σC – uC = 162 – 93.67 = 68.33 kN/m2
Q.7 (a) Solution:

(i)
Given data: x1 = 20 mm = 2 cm; x2 = 80 mm = 8 cm; S = 0.9, n = 0.3
x 22 − x 12 2k
For the first stage, = s· n ( h 01 + hc )
t 2 − t1
82 − 2 2 2k
⇒ = ( 50 + hc ) ...(i)
6 0.9 × 0.3
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20 2 − 8 2 2k
For the second stage, = × (200 + h c )
20 0.9 × 0.3
k(200 + hc) = 2.268 ...(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
hc = 170.59 cm
k = 6.12 × 10–3 cm/min
(ii)
cu
∵ σ′z = 0.11 + 0.0037 IP (%)
Effective vertical stress at 10 m depth, σ′z = 5 × 19 + 5 × (19 – 9.81) = 140.95 kN/m2
Plasticity index, IP = 50 – 20 = 30
cu
σ′z
= 0.11 + 0.0037 × 30 = 0.221
⇒ cu = 140.95 × 0.221 = 31.15 kN/m2
Q.7 (b) Solution:

(i)
The criteria of design of gravity retaining walls are as follows:
(a) The base width of the wall must be such that the maximum pressure exerted on
the foundation soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.
(b) No tension should be developed anywhere in the wall.
(c) The wall must be safe against sliding.
(d) The wall must be safe against overturning.
(ii)
∵ ⎣ 3 + A ( Δσ 1 − Δσ 3 )⎤⎦
ΔU = B ⎡Δσ
where Δσ1 is the increase in vertical pressure due to 3 m of fill
Δσ1 = 3 × 17 = 51 kN/m2
Δσ 1 51
Hence, Δσ3 = = = 25.5 kN/m 2
2 2
ΔU = 0.8 ⎡⎣ 25.5 + 0.6 ( 51 − 25.5)⎤⎦
= 32.64 kN/m2
Total stress σ at the base of the embankment is,
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σoriginal + Δσ1 = 5 × 17 + 3 × 17 = 136 kN/m2

∴ effective stress, σ = σ – ΔU = 136 – 32.64 = 103.36 103.4 kN/m2
Shear strength of soil at the base of the embankment
τ = c ′ + σ tan φ ′
⇒ τ = 100 + 103.4 tan 20°
⇒ τ = 137.6 kN/m2
Q.7 (c) Solution:

(i)
10
rw = cm = 5 cm = 0.05 m , B = 12 m, R = 400 m, K = 20 m/day
2
Drawdown in well, s = (D – hw) = 2 m
Thickness of confined aquifer, H = 15 m
Using equation, we have the discharge of each of the three interfering artesian wells,
arranged in a pattern of an equilateral triangle at distances B apart, as
2 πKH ( D − h w )
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 =
⎛ R3 ⎞
2.3 log 10 ⎜ 2⎟
⎝ rw· B ⎠
2 π × 20 × 15 × 2
= m 3 /day = 235.88 m 3 /day ...(i)
⎛ 400 3 ⎞
2.3 log 10 ⎜
⎜ 0.05 × 12 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
The discharge of each such well without interference is given by
2 πKH· ( D − h w ) 2 π × 20 × 15 × 2
Q= = = 419.95 m 3 /day
⎛ R⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
2.3 log 10 ⎜ ⎟ 2.3 log 10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ rw ⎠ ⎝ 0.05 ⎠
Hence, percentage reduction in discharge due to interference
⎡ 419.95 − 235.88 ⎤
= ⎢
⎣ 419.95 ⎥⎦ × 100% = 43.83%
(ii)
Socket and Spigot Joint. Cast iron pipes are being joined by a “socket and spigot joint”
(sometimes called bell and spigot joint).
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Bell of Socket
Lead
Jute
Pipe diameter
Spigot
Socket and Spigot joint

The cast iron pipes which are to be joined by the “socket and spigot joint”, are made in
such a way that one of their end is enlarged, whereas the other end is normal. The
enlarged end is called “socket” or “bell”, while the normal end is called “spigot”. The
spigot is fitted into the socket. A few strands of jute are wrapped around the spigot
before inserting it into the socket (or bell) and then, more jute is packed into the joint.
The remaining space between the socket and the spigot is finally filled with molten
lead, which gets solidified and tightly caulked into the joint after cooling, and thus
making a water tight joint. The quantity of lead required per joint varies from 3.5 to 4 kg
for 15 cm diameter pipe, to about 45 to 50 kg for 1.2 metre diameter pipe.
This type of joint is some what flexible and allows the pipes to be laid on flat curves
without the use of any other special material. However, skilled labour is required for
this type of joint. For economy, sometimes certain patented compounds of sulphur and
other materials and neat cement mortar are also used in place of lead. These materials,
though cheaper than lead, do not provide as much flexible joint as is provided by lead.
Q.8 (a) Solution:

Water required per day = 4 Ml
Given that 4% of filtered water is required for washing of the filter, every day, we have
Total filtered water required per day = 1.04 × 4 = 4.16 Ml/day
Given that 0.5 hour is lost everyday in washing the filter, we have
4.167
Filtered water required per hour = M l /hour = 0.177 M l /hr
23.5
Given the rate of filtration is 5000 litres/hr/sq.m, we have
0.177 × 10 6 2
Total area of filter required = m = 35.46 m 2
5000
Now, assuming the length of the filter bed (L) as 1.5 times the width of the filter bed (B),
and two units of filter are provided, we have,
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2 × (LB) = 35.46
⇒ 2 × (1.5B)B = 35.46
35.46
⇒ B2 = = 11.82
3
⇒ B = 3.44 m
∴ L = 1.5 B = 1.5 × 3.44 = 5.16 5.2 m
35.46
Provide the length of the filter bed as 5.2 m, and B = = 3.4 m
2 × 5.2
Hence, adopt 2 filter units, each of plan dimensions
= 5.2 m × 3.4 m
Design of under-drainage system. Let a “manifold and lateral system” be provided
below the filter bed for receiving the filtered water and to allow back washing for cleaning
the filter, as shown in figure (a) and figure (b). This consists of a central manifold pipe,
with laterals having perforations at their bottom.
15 to
30cm Lateral
(about 10 cm φ)
B Central Manifold pipe (About 40 cm φ)
60°
3 0°
Plan of a ‘manifold and lateral’ under drainage X-section of a lateral pipe

system for a Rapid Gravity filter drain with perforations
Figure (a) Figure (b)
To design this system, let us assume that the total area of the perforations in all the
lateral is 0.2% of the total filter area.
∴ Total area of the perforations = 0.2% × Filter area
0.2
= (5.2 × 3.4) m 2 = 0.03536 m 2
100
Now, assuming the area of each lateral
= 2 times the area of perforations in it
Total area of laterals = 2 × Total area of perforations
= 2 × 0.03536 m2 = 0.070 m2
Now, assuming the area of the manifold to be about twice the area of laterals, we have
Total area of manifold = 2 × 0.070 = 0.14 m2
∴ Diameter of manifold (d) is given by
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π 2
· d = 0.14
4
0.14 × 4
⇒ d= = 0.42 m
π
Hence, use a 45 cm diameter manifold pipe laid length wise along the centre of the filter
bottom. Laterals running perpendicular to the manifold (i.e. widthwise) eminating from
the manifold may be laid at a spacing of say 15 cm (maximum 30 cm). The number of
laterals is then
5.2 × 100
= = 34.7 35
15
on either side of the manifold. Hence, use 70 laterals in all, in each unit.
Width of filter Diameter of manifold
Now, length of each lateral = −
2 2
3.4 0.45 2.95
= − = = 1.475 m
2 2 2
Now, adopting 13 mm diameter perforations in the laterals, we have
Total area of perforations = 0.03536 m2
π
= 353.6 cm2 = x· (1.3) 2
4
[where x = Total number of perforations in all 70 laterals]
4 1
∴ x = 353.6 × = 266.4 267
π (1.3) 2
267
∴ Number of perforations in each lateral = = 3.8 4
70
⎡π 2⎤
∴Area of perforations per lateral = 4 × ⎢ × ( 1.3 ) ⎥ cm = 5.30 cm
2 2
⎣ 4 ⎦
Now, area of each lateral = 2 × Area of perforations per lateral
= 2 × 5.30 = 10.60 cm2
4
∴ Diameter of each lateral = 10.60 × = 3.67 cm 3.7 cm
π
Hence, use 70 laterals each of 3.7 cm diameter @ 15 cm c/c spacing, each having 4
perforations of 13 mm size, with 45 cm diameter manifold.
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Check :
Length of each lateral 1.475 m 147.5

= = = 39.9
Diameter of lateral 3.7 cm 3.7
Now, let us assume that the rate of washing of the filter be 60 cm/minute or
0.60 m/minute.
0.60 × (5.2 × 3.4) 3
∴ The wash water discharge = m /sec = 0.177m 3 /sec
60
0.177
∴ Velocity of flow in the laterals for wash water =
⎡ π ⎛ 3.7 ⎞ 2 ⎤
70 × ⎢ × ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦
0.177 × 10000
= m/sec
70 × 10.75
1770
= = 2.35 m/sec
70 × 10.75
Similarly, velocity of flow in the manifold
Discharge
=
Area
0.177 0.177
= π =
× (0.45) 2 0.159
4
= 1.113 m/sec which is less than 1.8 to 2.4 m/sec (OK)
Q.8 (b) Solution:

pH = 7.4,
⇒ [H+] = 10–7.4 moles/l.
Since B = 1 − 4 k eq [ H + ]
= 1 – 4 × 6.7 × 105 × 10–7.4
= 0.893
A = 0.15 (Given)
BM
So, A= 1/2
−1
1 − ⎡⎣ 1 − BM ( 2 − M )⎤⎦
0.893M
0.15 = 1/2
−1
1 − ⎡⎣1 − 0.893M ( 2 − M )⎤⎦
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1/2
1 − ⎡⎣ 1 − 0.893 M ( 2 − M )⎤⎦ = 0.777 m
(1 – 0.777 M)2 = 1 – 0.893 M (2 – M)

M = 0.80
Molecular weight of Cl2 = 70.9 gm
1.2 mg/L
So mole in 1.2 mg/L of Cl2 = × 0.001
70.99 mole
= 1.7 × 10–5 mol/L
1.7 × 10 −5 mol/L
Since, M=
NH 3
1.7 × 10 −5
NH3 = = 2.12 × 10 −5 mol/L
0.8
= 2.12 × 10–5 × 14
= 0.30 mg/L as N
Q.8 (c) Solution:

(i)
Using the given equation, v = adp
v = 3.0 × 105 s–1 × 5.0 × 10–7 m
= 0.15 m/s
⎛ − Av ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Using equation, η = 1 − e⎝ Q ⎠
1. For 90 percent efficiency
⎛ Av ⎞ ⎛ 0.15 m/s ⎞
⎜− ⎟ ⎜− A⎟
⎜ 3 ⎟
0.90 = 1 − e⎝ Q ⎠
= 1 − e ⎝ 10 m /s ⎠
2
1 – 0.9 = e (–0.015 A/m )
A = 153 m2
2. For 99 percent efficiency
2)
1 – 0.99 = e(–0.015 A/m
A = 306.67 307 m2
Because the efficiency equation is a logarithmic function, an increment to 99.9 percent
efficiency would again double the required area.
(ii)
Autoclaving (steam sterilization) is a low heat thermal process, and is designed to bring
steam into direct contact with the wastes, in a controlled manner and for sufficient
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duration to disinfect the wastes. The three basic types of steam autoclave systems are:
(i) gravity system
(ii) pre-vacuum system; and
(iii) retort system
These three types of autoclave systems are briefly described below:
(i) Gravity type autoclaves : These are those in which pressure of stream alone is
used to evacuate air from the treatment chamber. They operate with steam
temperatures of about 121°C. These systems require a cycle time of
approximately 60-90 minutes in order to achieve full steam penetration into the
most densely packed waste loads.
(ii) Pre-vacuum type autoclaves : They are those which evacuate air from the
treatment chamber using vacuum pumps. This enables them to reduce cycle
time to about 30-60 minutes, as the time to heat the air within the chamber is
eliminated. These systems operate at about 132°C.
(iii) Retort type autoclaves : They consist of large volume treatment chambers
designed for much higher steam temperatures and pressures; and hence their
cycle times can be substantially lower than those of the other systems.
After autoclaving the wastes, they are shredded and disposed of suitably.
Hydroclaving : An innovation of the autoclave is the hydroclave. Here, indirect heating
is done by providing steam into the outer jacket of a double walled container, while the
waste inside the inner container is turned on by a suitable mechanism. This causes the
waste to be fragmented and continuously tumbled against the hot vessel walls. The
moisture content of the waste changes into steam, and the vessel starts to pressures. In
the absence of enough moisture in the waste to pressurise the vessel, a small amount of
steam is added until the desired pressure is reached. The treatment time is hardly 15
minutes at 132°C or 30 minutes at 121°C. In the process, sufficient, sterilization occurs,
and the resultant waste is fragmented and dehydrated with reduction in volume and
weight.

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Civil Engineering Test No: 2

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ESE-2018 Mains Test Series: Civil Engineering Test No: 2

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Detailed Solutions

ESE-2018 Civil Engineering

Section A : Transportation Engineering + Surveying and Geology

(400 + 415) + (515 + 500)

(425 + 500) + (350 + 415)

∴Highest proportioning ratio, (p) = 0.78

Q.1 (c) Solution:

2.8 × 10 5 × 8 × 10 −6 × 25 ⎛ 1.03 + 0.15 × 0.35 ⎞

Q.1 (d) Solution:

Q.1 (e) Solution:

Horizontal and folded beds

Parts of a Fault : The different parts of a fault are shown in figure.

Foot wall Dip

Joint plane Jointed block

4. Unconformity : Unconformity is one of the common geological features found

Younger set of beds

Q.2 (a) Solution:

The general pattern of alligator cracking of the bituminous surfacing is as shown.

Shear Failure Cracking

Up Heaval due to Frost

Failure due to Frost Heave

Failure due to Lack of Binding

Failed C.C. Pavement

Formation of Reflection Cracks

This type of cracking is observed in bituminous overlays provided over existing

Fb L2d d 100 × (42.46)2 × 2.5

⎛ 0.4 × 4000 0.4 × 4000 0.4 × 4000 ⎞

= Max (0.33, 2.2, 2.02) = 2.2

Q.2 (c) Solution:

150 1.380 0.925 376.605

Total 1.895 11.125 0 9.230

Q.3 (a) Solution:

Q.3 (b) Solution:

Q.3 (c) Solution:

∠ADE = 180° – ( 42°38′ 42 ′′ + 66°02 ′50 ′′ ) = 71°18′ 28′′

Bearing of DA = Bearing of AD + 180º = 32°21′ 18′′ + 180º

3. Self-propelled spreaders : Self-propelled spreaders consists of two hoppers,

b = 60 – 15 = 45% >/ 40% ⇒ b = 40%

d = (40 – 15) – 10 = 15% >/ 20% ⇒ d = 15%

Q.4 (b) Solution:

d2 = 2S + vBt = 2 × 17.669 + 16.67 × 10

Q.4 (c) Solution:

Δ 1 = 180° – 110° = 70°

α = 180° – (36°25′ + 86°35′) = 57°0′

⇒ TA = (367 – x) tan 46°0° ...(ii)

Section B : Geo-technical & Foundation Engg-1 + Environmental Engg-1

(i) Soil at liquid limit (ii) Soil at shrinkage limit

∴ 0.40 Ws = (40 – 23.5) × 1 (ρw = 1 g/cc)

Q.5 (b) Solution:

Q.5 (c) Solution:

2 × 50000 × 110000 × 160000 − (110000) 2 (50000 + 160000)

1 ⎡ 50000 ( 190488 − 110000 ) ⎤

% of time ≥ Stated value

Q.6 (b) Solution:

= 1.781 − 0.933 log 10 (100 − 90)

Q.6 (c) Solution:

Q.7 (a) Solution:

⇒ cu = 140.95 × 0.221 = 31.15 kN/m2

Q.7 (b) Solution:

σoriginal + Δσ1 = 5 × 17 + 3 × 17 = 136 kN/m2

Q.7 (c) Solution:

Socket and Spigot joint

Q.8 (a) Solution: