CHAPTER 4

1. How would you describe the research process?

1. Observation(broad area of research interest identified)->preliminary data

gathering(interviewing literature survey)->problem definition(research problem
delineated)->theoretical framework(variables clearly identified and labeled-
>generation of hypotheses->scientific research design->data collection,analysis,
and interpretation->deduction(hypotheses substantiated? research question
answered?)->report writing->report presentation->and the last is managerial
decision making.

2. The nature of information needed by the researcher for the purpose could be
broadly classified under three heading :
a.Background information of the organization that is, the contextual factors.
b.Managerial philosophy, company policies, and other structural aspects.
c.Perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral responses of organizational members
and client systems (as applicable)

3. Why is it important to gather information on the background of the

organization?

3. Background information might include the under noted contextual factors,

which may be obtained from various published sources such as trade
publications, the census of business and Industry, Directory of Corporations,
several other business guides and services, records available within the
organization, and the web.

4. Should a researcher always obtain information on the structural aspects and

job characteristics from those Interviewed? Give reasons for your answer with
example.

4. yes it should, knowing that the research is intended to help them in their work
environment will enlist their cooperation.

5. How would you go about doing literature survey in the area of business ethics?

5. informing all employees particulary those who will be interviewed for

preliminary data gathering through structured and unstructured interviews of
the proposed study.

6. What is the purpose of literature survey?

6. Literature survey is the documentation of a comprehensive review of the

published and unpublished work from secondary source of data in the areas of
specific interest to the research.

7. Why is appropriate caution important? What are the consequences of not

giving credit to the source from which material are extracted
7. because it means we respect the source and recognizing the origin of this
information. If it doesn’t, the original author can sue us.

8. “The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research process
than the problem solution stage”. Discuss this statement.

8. because at this stage there are clear ,precise, and succirct statement of the
question or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding an answer or
solution.

9. Why should one get hung up on problem definition if one already knows the
broad problem area to be studied?

9. because that the broad problem area refers to the entire situation where on
sees a possible need for research and problem solving.

10. Access the on-line system in your library and (a) generate list of the
reference that relate to the performance of General Motors, and (b) obtain the
abstracts of these studied.

10. General Motors Company, also known as GM, is a United States based
automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan. By sales, GM ranked as the
largest U.S. automaker and the world's second largest for 2008.GM had the third
highest 2008 global revenues among automakers on the Fortune Global 500.GM
manufactures cars and trucks in 34 countries, recently employed 244,500 people
around the world, and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries.

11. Access the on-line system and obtain list of reference that deal with product
image.

11. online searches provide a number of advantages. besides saving enormous

amounts of time, they are comprehensive in their listing and review of
references, and the researcher can focus on materials most central to the
research effort in addition, accessing them is relatively inexpensive.

12. Offer a clearly focused problem statement in the broad area of corporate
culture.

12. as an illustration, many companies are introducing employee stock

ownership plans (ESOP). Not all employees are necessarily enthusiastic about
this. Rather than taking immediate steps toward making the package more
attractive through cosmetic changes, talking to individuals might reveal that the
employees perceive ESOP merely as a tool to deter takeovers and save taxes, and
as providing not true opportunities for employee involvement and participation.
The understanding so gained helps the manager to attack the real issues rather
than work on the surface symptoms.
13. After studying and extracting information from all the relevant work done
previously, how does the researcher know which particular reference, article,
and information should be given prominence in the literature survey?

13. the researcher could start the literature survey even as the information from
the unstructured and structured interviews is being gathered. reviewing the
literature on the topic area at this time helps the researcher to focus the
interviews more meaningfully on certain aspects found to be important in the
published studies, even if these had not surfaced during the interviews.

14. given the following situation. (a) identify the broad problem area, (b) define
the problem, and (c) explain how you would proceed further.
2. Explain the preliminary data-collection methods.

14. The situation are..

a. indentify the broad problem area, the broad problem area refers to the entire
situation where on sees a possible need for research and problem solving.
b. define the problem, clearing ,precising, and succircting statement of the
question or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding an answer or
solution.
c. informing all employees particulary those who will be interviewed for
preliminary data gathering through structured and unstructured interviews of
the proposed study.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER

1. What are the basic research design issues? Describe them in some detail.

1. This concludes the discussion on the basic design issues regarding,purpose of

the study,type of investigation,extent of researcher interlerence,study
setting,unit of analysis,and the time horizon.The researcher would determine the
appropriate decisions to be made in the study design based on the problem
definition,the research objective,the extent of rigor desired,and cost
considerations.

2. Why are the basic design issues important to consider before conducting the
study and even as early as the time of formulating the research question?

2. Sometimes,because of the time and cost involved,a researcher night be

constrained to settle for less than what would be the "ideal"researcher design.
For instance,the researcher might have to conduct a cross-sectional instead of a
longitudinal study,do a field study rather than a larger sample size,and so on,thus
sub optimizing the research design decisions and settling for a lower level of
scientific rigor because of resource constraining.

3. Is a field study totally out off the question if one is trying to establish cause and
effect relationship?
3. No, because if we do field studies, we must create questions and these
questions form the exact cause and effect relationship.

4. ”An exploratory study is just as useful as a predictive study.”Discuss this

statement.

4. an exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the

situation at hand,or when no information is available on how similiar problems
or research issues have been solved in the past and exploratory studies are
important for obtaining a good graps of the phenomena of interest and for
advancing knowledge through good theory building and hypothesis testing.

5. Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research design?

5. Because the unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data
collected during the subsequent data analysis stage.

6. Discuss the interrelationships among noncontrived setting,the purpose of the

study,type of investigation,researcher interference,and time horizon of study.

6. Linkage among others, to test the hypothesis in the research and is the
examination that can be done in other situations similar organizations, is also the
methods to solve a problem in the research.

7. Bellow are two scenarios. Indicate how the research should proceed in each
case; that is ,determine the following, giving reasons:
a. The purpose of the study
b. The type of investigation
c. The extent of researcher interference
d. The study setting
e. The time horizon for the study
f. The unit of analysis

7. a. Studies can be either exploratory in nature, or descriptive, or they can be

conducted to test hypotheses.
The case study,which is an examination of studies done in other similiar
organizational situations,is also a method of solving problems,or for
understanding phenomena of interest and generating additional knowledge in
that area.
b. . Type of investigation:
causal versus correlational
When the researcher wants to deiineate the cause of one or more problems,then
the study is called a causal study.
When the researcher is interested in deiineating the important variables that are
associated with the problem,it is called a correlational study.
c. The extent to which the researcher interferes with the normal flow of work at
the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is causal or
correlational.
A correlational study is conducted in the natural environment of the
organization,with the researcher interfering minimally with the normal flow of
work.
And in studies conducted to establish cause and effect relationship,the
researcher tries to
manipulate certain variables so as to study the effects of such manipulation on
the dependent variable of interest.
d. Study setting:
Contrived and Noncontrived
e. Time horizon :
cross-ectional versus longitudinal studies
cross-sectional studies : a study can be done in which data are gathered just
once,perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months,in order to answer a
researcher question.
longitudinal studies : such studies,as when data on the dependent variable are
gathered at two or more points in time to answer the research question,are
called longitudinal studies.
f.The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected
during the subsequent data analysis stage.

1. Identify the releavant population for the following research foci and suggest
the appropriate sampling design to investigate the issues, explaining why they
are appropriate. Wherever necessary, identify the population frame as well.
a. A gun manufacturing firm would like to know the types of guas possessed by
various age groups in Washingthon, D.C.
Answer :
To find out what type of weapon used by a variety of age we can use the simple
random sampling because the sampling pattern has the best opportunity to find
the overall population in its main object. And every part of the population
actually in the note and every part has the same chance to be made in the
subject.
This sampling design. Known as a simple random sampling, have at least bias
and offers the best generalization. However, the sampling process can be
complicated and expensive.
b. A hospital administrator wants to find out if the single parents working in the
hospital have a higher rate of absenteeism than parents who are not single.
Answer :
To determine whether the employee is single parent has a list of absence is
higher in single parent does not appeal that we can use stratified random
sampling because the sampling has a pattern which is most effective because of
differences in the types of information required data variation in populations
and case in the test are random.
In this sampling we can use free sample test.
The function:
• To estimate the average interval
• To test the hypothesis about the sample average.
• Indicates acceptance of a hypothetical boundary
• and fatherly testing a statement that it is feasible for the trust.
c. A researcher would like to assess the extent of pilferage in the materials
storage warehouses of manufacturing firms in the East Coast.

Answer :
to determine whether single parents who work in hospitals have a higher
absentee rates than single parents who do not. Can be detected using the
following:
Systematic sampling
Because in every element in the population selected from a random point within
the frame population.
Advantages:
-> Easier to use if the population of frames available.
Weaknesses:
-> Systematic biases are possible.
d. The director of human resources wants to investigate the relationship
between drug abuse and dysfunctional behavior of blue-coliar workers in a
particular plant.
Answer :
To be able to investigate the relationship between drug abuse and dysfunctional
behavior of blue-collar workers at certain factories, we can use the identification
using the following:
Stratified random sampling
Disproportionate proportion in the population, the population is first divided
into segments that are meaningful. Afterward the subjects were taken
proportional to the amount of their original sample and a comparison based on
the criteria of their original population.
advantages:
The most efficient among all probability design. All groups fairly between groups
that may be.
weaknesses:
stratification should be meaningful, takes more than simple or systematic
random sampling.

2. a. Explain why cluster sampling is a probability sampling design.

Answer :
because random sampling is a sampling of the most natural of all the generalized
probability sampling design because in the context of the organization do not
contain heterogeneous elements. in other words, heterogeneity and
homogeneity conditions are often not met.
b. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cluster sampling?
Answer :
Losses: cluster sampling technique was not very common in organizational
research, marketing research activities, such as a natural cluster groups of
residents, shoppers, students or the store, do not have a lot of heterogeneity.
Advantages: although cheaper, does not offer many efficiencies in terms of
precision or confidence in the results. However, cluster sampling offers comfort.
c. Dsecribe a situation where you would consider the use of cluster sampling.
Answer :
director of human resources interested to know why the staff resigned. cluster
sampling design will be useful in this regard to conduct exit interviews of all
members completing their final papers in the HR department on the same day,
before resigning. clusters selected for interview will be based on simple random
sampling from different groups of personnel resigned on different days.
interviews will help to understand the reasons for the turnover of a
heterogeneous group of individuals and research can be done at low cost.

4. The use of a convenience sample in organizational research is correct because

all members share the same organizational stimuli and go through almost the
same kinds of experiences in their organizational lives. Comment.
Answer :
as the name of convenience sampling involves collecting information from
members of the population that are easily available to provide.

5. Use of a sample of 5.000 is not necessarily better than using one of 500. How
would you react to this statement.
Answer :
Use examples that are too large, such as above 500 may also pose a problem
which tends to result in any wrongdoing. In other words, examples that are too
large in relation to a sample size will be weak (10 katakana correlation between
two variables) except in a sample population will be better used if samplenya
big. But although it is too big or small ukuranya still can help us in the research
project we are doing.
Roscoe (1975) proposed that the rules of the following experiences to determine
sample size:
1. Doing pecobaan sizes larger than 30 and less than 500, is consistent with most
research
2. Where if the sample size is expected as gender subsample ato men women,
senior or junior, and so forth, so for example the minimum should be 30 for each
category
3. In a multiple regression study, sample size should have the same large sample
as many variables (especially the better 10 times) in his research or studies.
4. For simple experiments to research dengaan tight experimental control, the
research or research may be said to succeed denagn sample size as small as 10
or 20 samples.

6. Nonprobability sampling designs ought to be preferred to probability

sampling designs in some cases. Explainwith examples.
Answer :
nonprobabilitas in sample design, the elements in the population do not have
probabilities attached to those chosen as the subject sample.

9. Double sampling is probably the least used of all sampling designs in

organizational research. Do you agree? Provide reasons for your answer.
Answer :
agree, because the sampling design where the sample used in the study to gather
some initial information of interest and then a subsample of primary sampling
was used to examine this issue in more detail.
BAB 14 - DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER

Question
1. Briefy describe a situation wherw, given the results or a hypothessis testing
study, the manager has to extensively apply experience an common sense in
making the final decision...

1.because the final decision is a decision that will be the result of a test or who
have done researches. So in the tau research testing the final decision should use
common sense and experience is very important to be done by hand manejer.

2. Which involves a more difful decision-making situation for a manager-

applying the results of a qualitative study or a hypothesis testing study,why???

2. because the test is qualitative research is descriptive and tend to use inductive
analysis approach. Process and meaning (subject perspective) is more find in
qualitative research. Theory used as a guide to focus the research in accordance
with the facts on the ground. Besides the theoretical basis is also useful for
providing an overview of the background as a materials research and discussion
of research results

5. Direct Interview
Advantages: the interview used to obtain data directly from the company. which
is a communication from one worker to obtain information in accordance with
the desired and by conducting interviews obtained more complete data.
Disadvantage: time consuming interview techniques and a very large cost for the
sample is big enough and spread. Interviewing means of communication
between the interviewer and the interviewee, this tends to generate a difference
in interpretation between the two.
> Questionnaire
Advantages: the questionnaire is a research method that must be answered
respondents to express his views on an issue. The use of questionnaires as data
collection methods have several advantages, among them are questions that will
be presented to respondents can be standardized, the respondent can answer a
questionnaire on their leisure time, the question can be thought of in advance so
that answers can be trusted compared with a verbal answer, and questions
raised would be more accurate and uniform.
Disadvantage: the respondent can not give more details because the answer is
limited to matters in question.
> Observations
Advantages: With the observation that many symptoms can be investigated, the
results are more accurate and difficult to argue with. Many objects are only
willing to taken only with the observation data, such as too busy and less time to
be interviewed or to complete a questionnaire.
Losses: Observations depends on observation and memory skills. Many events
and circumstances that are difficult objects observed, especially concerning the
life of a highly confidential approach for cloning.
BAB 9 - DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER

2. Why is it important to establish the “goodness” of measures and how is this

done?

2. Goodness of very important measures used to ensure that we develop

instruments and to measure concepts that are specific to accurately measure the
variables.

Execution mode that is by analyzing the objects that respond to the questions
that affect the completion and then describe the measurement accuracy and key
validity as an specified.

4. “Whenever possible it is advisable to use instruments that have already been

developed and repeatedly used in published studies, rather than develop our
own instruments for our studies.” Do you agree discuss the reasons for your

4. We further agreed that if the use of instruments that have been developed and
studied more about the instrument because it's easier to develop and search the
literature for a list of libraries. This will be easier because the use of better
instruments will ensure more accurate results, in turn, the quality of scientific
research.

5. “a valid instrument is always reliable, but a reliable instrument may not

always be valid.” Comment on this statement.

5. We think that is acceptable instruments must be reliable because this

instrument has been tested scientifically. While not necessarily a reliable
instrument is acceptable because it is not necessarily true.

BAB 8

3. Describe the four types of scales.

3.-The nominal scale highlights the differences by classifying objects or persons

into groups,and provides the least amount of information on the variable.
-The ordinal scale provides some additional information by rank-ondering the
categories of the nominal scale.
-The interval scale not only ranks,but also provides us with information on the
magnitude of the differences in the variable.
-The ratio scale indicates not only the magnitude of the differences but also their
proportion.
4. How is the interval scale more sopkisticated than the nominal an ordinal
scales?

4.Because the interval scale not only ranks,but also provides us with information
on the magnitude of the differences in the variable than the nominal scale.

5. Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerful of the four scales?

5.Because the ratio scale indicates not only the magnitude of the differences but
also their proportion.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AND POINTS TO PONDER

1. ”Because literature survev is a time-consuming exercise,a good ,in-depth

interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework.”. Discuss this
statement.

1. Because the pull through literature survey interview is required, then we as

the interviewer should carefully and respond to what we ask the question and
from the interviews that we could develop into a theoretical framework.

2. There is an advantage in stating the hypotesis both in the null and in the
alternate;it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing.Explain.

2. -the null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive,exact relationship

between two variables.
-the null hypothesis is thus formulated so that it can be tested for posible
rejection.

-if we reject the null hypothesis,then all permissible alternative hypothesis

relating to the particular relationship tested could be supported.

-it is the theory that allows us to have faith in the alternative hypothesis that is
generated in the particular research investigation.

3. It is advantageous to develop a directional hypothesis whenever we are sure

of the predicted direction. How will you justify this statement?

3.Yes,that in developing a directional hypothesis we must be convinced of the

direction of the predicted and from theoretical framework,then,testable
hypothesis can be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid
or not.

4. For the following case “Problem at Roadway Hos pitality,”

a. Indetify the main problem
b. Develop a theoretical framework
c. Develop at least four hypotheses
4. a.Identify the main problem : “To differentiate among the three different types
of facilities offered under the roadway hospitality flagship so as to attract the
right type of clients to each of the facilities.”
b.Develop a theoretical framework : “John campbell,the CEO of roadway
hospitality was wondering now to differentiate among the three different types
of facilities offered under the roadway hospitality flagship so as to attract the
right type of clients to each of the facilities.
The roadway deluxe was meant for business travelers,the roadway express was
meant for those looking for the least expensive accommodation,and the roadway
royal was meant to provide high quality services for big spenders.
Campbell felt that revenues could be quadruled if only clients understand the
distinction among the three types of facilities offered.
c.develop at least four hypotheses :

1. Campbell felt that revenues could be quadruled if only clients understand the
distinction among the three types of facilities offered.

2. The consumers were blissfully unaware of the differences among the three
types of facilities.Many complained about how old the buildings were and how
poorly the facilities were maintained.The quality of services was also rated as
poor.

3. furthermore,when rumor seems to have spread that one of the ideas of

campbell was a name change to differentiate the facilities,franchise owners
became angry and the mixed messages they gave to the customers had not
helped clients to understand the differences.

4. campbell thought that he first needed to understand how the different

classifications would be important to the several classes of clients,and then he
could develop a marketing strategy that would enhance revenues.
simultaneously,he recognized that unless the franchise owners fully cooperated
with him in all his plans,mere face lifting and improvement of customer service
would not bring in the added revenues he hoped for.

Chapter 6

Discussion questions and points to ponder :

1. What are the basic research design issues ? describe them in some detail

1. Basic research designs can be seen from the issues associated with the
decision about the purpose of the study (exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis
testing), where the research will conducted (i. e, study setting), the type of
research that should be (kind of investigation), the extent to which researchers
manipulated and control research (researcher interference level), the temporal
aspects research (time horizon), and the rate at which data will be analyzed (if
the unit of analysis), is an integral part of the research design.
2. Why are the basic design issues important to consider before conducting the
study and even early as at the time of formulating the research question ?

2. Because it is important to note that the more sophisticated and rigorous the
research design, the greater the time, cost and other resources expended on the
study.

3. Is a field study totally out of the question if one is trying to establish cause and
effect relationship ?

3. Yes, because relational studies conducted in the organization and called a field
study.

field studies conducted to establish cause and effect relationships associated

with the natural environment and with our immediate field of study will be able
to make the question of cause and effect because we know directly from an
incident or problem that occurred in the field

4. An exploratory study is just as useful as a predictive study . “Discussion this

statement.

4. An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is know about the

situation at hand , or when no information is available on how similar problems
or research issue have been solved in the past . In such cases , extensive
preliminary work needs to be done to gain familiarity with the phenomena in the
situation and understand what is occurring , before we develop a model and set
up a rigorous design for comprehensive investigation.

5. Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research design ?

5. Because , the unit of analysis is the part that must exist in designing the
research because we formulate research questions in the form of data collection,
sample size, and even the variables included in the research framework.

6. Discussion the interrelationships among noncontrived setting . the purpose of

the study type of investigation , research interference and time horizon of study

6. The relationship between the background of thought, learning objectives, type

of investigation, researchers intervened, and the learning time is if we already
know the background of thinking, then we can determine the purpose of
research that we lakukan.Setelah issues above will be formulated so we can act
appropriately in the research process and be able to use the time needed for this
research.

7. Below are now scenarios . indicate how researcher should proceed in each
case that is , determine the following , giving reasons :

a. The purpose of the study

b. The type of investigation

c. The exterm of researcher interference

d. The study setting

e. The time horizon for the study

f. The unit of analysis

7. Among the two scenarios. Indicate how the researcher should begin in each
case, determine the matter - the following and give reasons.
Scenario A
a) Learning Objectives : description
b) Type of investigation : correlation
c) The interference of the researcher : the maximum
d) Background study : lab experiments
e) Time of study : Longitudinal
f) Unit of analysis : group

Scenario B
a) Learning Objective : Test the hypothesis
b) Type of investigation : correlation
c) The interference of the researcher : approaching maximum
d) The Background of learning : a field study
e) Time of study : cross sectional
f) Unit of analysis : industry