6.

Discussion
a. Prepare halogen and its properties
In the first experiment , we reacting Ca(OCl)2 with a concentrated HCl. The occurs
reaction is Ca(OCl)2 + 4HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2Cl2. This reaction produces gas Cl2. This gas
can be recognized that smells stimulating, the color is yellowish green. The second experiment,
we Insert ½ teaspoon of Cl into the tube.Then we Add 1 ml of concentrated HCl and immediately
close the tube. Then we Put a part of the resulting Cl solution into the test tube. The next step is
attach the colored flower in the mouth of the tube. After a while the color of the flowers exposed
to chlorine gas faded. Then we do same way with chloth replace the flower. We do the
experiment using wet and dry chloth. Then on the wet or dry cloth was unchanged. This is due
to the mistake of us in making chlorine solution. From the results of this experiment, it can be
concluded that the hypochlorite acid solution (HClO) can diminish or remove substances or color
pigments inflowers and chloth ( result should be). This happens because the Cl2 solution in water
is used as a purifying agent which is actually more played by the oxidation activity of the
hypochlorite ion than the dichlorine molecule itself. The experiments on chlorine properties test
were done by dissolving chlorine solution with CHCl3. This experiment was conducted to
determine the solubility properties of chlorine. Based on the observations, there were 2 phases
or 2 clear, non-mixed layers. At the bottom there is an organic phase and a water phase at the
top. This shows that the density of chlorine is less than that of the water type. The formation of
these 2 phases indicates that chlorine is insoluble in CHCl3 due to its polarity difference. Cl2 in
water is polar water, whereas CHCl3 is a non-polar solvent. This is means that a soluble
compound in a solvent having the same properties, the polar compound is soluble in the polar
solvent and so are the non-polar compounds.

The next experiment was to test the properties of iod. The iodized solids incorporated
into water produce a brownish yellow solution color, after being shaken and silenced for a while.
The iodic solid only partially dissolves, still remaining at the base of the test tube. This indicates
that the solubility of iod in water is very small. But the solubility of this iod can be enlarged in
the presence of iodide ion. The purpose of dissolving iod into water first is to form an iodide ion
(I-) according to the following reaction equation: I2 (s) + H2O (l) → HI + HIO (aq) The presence
of this iodide ion can increase iodine solubility because the iodide ion will be oxidized by CHCl3
forming I2. Based on the observations, after mixing with CHCl3, there are 2 phases or 2 layers.
The lower layer is an organic layer (CHCl4) while the bottom layer is a water phase. This shows
that iod is soluble in CHCl3 because of its same polarity. Iod is non polar and CHCl3 is also a
non polar solvent having low polarity properties. If both types of molecules or compounds are
mixed equally non polar then they are equally neutral with no dipole, so both can mix
homogeneously. So iod can dissolve in CHCl3. The next experiment was iod with the addition
of ethanol. Colored solution is brown, but iod is not soluble perfect. It should be soluble in
ethanol solvent because of its polarity. Ethanol is a non polar solvent and iod is non polar. The
insolubility of iod is probably due to the amount of iod (solute) used more than the amount of
solvent. The solution formed from this mixing is brown. The cocoa solution is formed by the
interaction between iod and ethanol. Meanwhile, after the solution is added with amylum the
solution solution turns into navy. The addition of this starch solution aims as a characteristic test
of iod characterized by the formation of a complex compound of color, navy-colored iodine-
amylum complexes. Use of amylum is also for iodine-sensitive assays. When iodine is in contact
with amylum, a characteristic color is generated by the I2 amylum complex. No chemical bond
is visible in this case, but the polymer molecule of amylum wraps itself around the iodine
molecule. It is because of this nature that makes amylum an indicator of iodine determination.
 The next is We reacted chlorine water with CHCl3 and KBr. The reactions that occur are KBr +
H2Cl + CHCl3 → KCl + BrCH2 + HCl. This reaction produces 2 layers of clear and slightly
yellowish color. We do the same way using KI to replace KBr, and the result is same with KBr ,
this reaction produces 2 layers of clear and slightly yellowish color. The occur reaction is KI +
H2Cl + CHCl3 → KCl + ICH2 + HCl.
Then we react iodine water + CHCl3 + NaCl. The last experiment is reacting NaCl and
AgNO3. The occur reaction is AgNO3 + NaCl → NaNO3 + AgCl. The AgCl appears white
precipitate. Then we react KI and AgNO3. The occur reaction is AgNO3 + KI → AgI + KNO3.
The AgI appears greenish yellow precipitate. Then we react KBr and AgNO3. The occur reaction
is AgNO3 + KBr → AgBr + KNO3. The AgBr appears as pale yellow ,creamy white precipitate.
b. Complex ion formation
CuSO4.5H2O(s) → CuSO4(s) + 5H2O
heat
hydrated anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate copper(II) sulfate
(blue) (white)
The blue copper(II) sulfate crystals have water as part of their structure. We say that the
copper(II) sulfate is hydrated. We call the water in the salt, water of crystallisation. When the
blue crystals are heated the water of crystallisation is lost. We are left with white anhydrous
copper(II) sulfate. Anhydrous means 'without water'. We can reverse this reaction by adding
water back to the white copper(II) sulfate.
CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4.5H2O
Because this reaction is reversible, we can write both reactions in the same equation.
CuSO4.5H2O(s) ↔ CuSO4(s) + 5H2O

Then we react CuSO4 and NH3. The occur reaction is CuSO4(aq) + NH3(aq) →
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4(aq).

Then we react CuSO4 and NaOH . the occur reaction is CuSO4 + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)2 +
Na2SO4. Then we react CuSO4 and HCl. The occur reaction is CuSO4(aq) + HCl(aq) →
CuCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq). Then we dissolve CuSO4. the dissolved CuSO4 added with NH4Cl. The
occur reaction is CuSO4 + NH4Cl + H2O → [Cu(NH3)4]SO4H2O + HCl.

c. Typical properties of transition elements

In this experiment, we reacting Fe with H2SO4 solution. The reaction is Fe (s) + H2SO4
(aq) →FeSO4 (aq) + H2 (g). The FeSO4 solution changes color to green tosca, which is
characteristic of a chemical reaction. After it is filtered to filter the deposits formed, then add 2
drops of concentrated H2SO4 and reheat it to crystallize. In this complex compound Fe2 + acts
as a central atom with H2O as its ligand.

In this experiment, we reacting Fe with HNO3. The reaction is Fe (s) + 2HNO3(aq) →

Fen(NO3)2 (aq) + H2 (g). The Fe(NO3)2 solution changes color to green tosca, which is
characteristic of a chemical reaction. After it is filtered to filter the deposits formed, then add 2
drops of concentrated H2SO4 and reheat it to crystallize. In this complex compound Fe2 + acts
as a central atom with H2O as its ligand.
7. Conclusion

8. References