Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
AMPLIFIER
The term “Operational Amplifier” (Op
Amp) was originally the name of a circuit
used for carrying out mathematical
operations, such as
summation,Differential, differentiation,
integration etc.
Slew Rate:-
The slew rate is the maximum rate of change of output voltage
(dv0/dt) of an Op Amp, for all possible value (when the input
voltage level is instantaneously changed from a large value to a
small value).
dV0
Slew Rate volt/μSec
dt max
Vm 2 f
Slew Rate 6
volt
10
The higher the slew rate, the faster the Op Amp. The slew rate
of 741 Op Amp is 0.5 V/sec at unity gain.
A high speed Op Amp may have slew rate as high as 1500 V /
sec.
Unity Gain or Voltage follower:-
The voltage follower allows us to move from one circuit to another and
maintain the voltage level. It preserves the voltage source signal. This is why
it’s also called a buffer or isolation amplifier.
Digital Electronics
Advantages of Digital Techniques
A 0 A A0 0
A 1 1 A 1 A
A A A A A A
A A 1 A A 0
The basic laws of Boolean algebra
1. Commutative Laws
2. Associative Laws
3. Distributive Laws
4. Transposition Laws
5. Consensus Laws
DeMorgan’s Theorems
X Y X Y
X Y X Y
Duality:All the algebraic expressions are valid if their
operators and identity element are interchanged.
A.1= A
A+0=A
Note: For OR operation identity element is “0” and for AND
operation identity element is 1
Complement of a function:
1. Find the dual of function (f)
2. Complement all variables