Chapter 2 : Blood Circulation and Transport

2.1 The Transport System in Humans

人类循环系统

The human circulatory system consists of

(a) Heart - pumps blood into all parts of the body
(b) Blood vessels - arteries, veins and capillaries
(c) Blood - plasma, blood cells and dissolved substances

The human heart

前面的腔静脉
肺动脉
大动脉

肺静脉

Bicuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

后面的腔静脉
脱氧血/无氧血

Blue - deoxygenated blood

Red - oxygenated blood
 充氧血/有氧血
握紧的拳头 (大小)

1. The human heart is a muscular organ and about the size of a clenched fist.
2. The heart acts as a pump that pumps blood through the body.
3. The heart consists of four chambers:
(a) Left and right atria - the two upper chambers A (上面)
V (下面)
(b) Left and right ventricles - the two lower chambers
4. The left atrium and the left ventricle are completely separated from the right
atrium and right ventricle by a muscular wall called the septum.
5. The atria are smaller and have thinner walls compared to the ventricles.
6. Muscular walls of the left ventricle are thicker than those of the right ventricle.
This is because the left ventricle needs to produce a greater force to pump blood
throughout the body (except the lungs).
7. The left side of the heart contains oxygenated blood. The right side of the heart
contains deoxygenated blood.
8. Each chamber is connected to a blood vessel.
(a) Right atrium - connected to vena cava
(b) Left atrium - connected to pulmonary vein
(c) Right ventricle - connected to pulmonary artery
(d) Left ventricle - connected to aorta
9. Aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body.
10. Valves in the heart and blood vessels ensure that the flow of blood is in one
direction. 门

11. There are three types of valves:

(a) Bicuspid valve
- ensures blood flows in one direction from the left atrium to the
left ventricle

(b) Tricuspid valve

- ensures blood flows in one direction from the right atrium to the right ventricle

(c) Semi-lunar valve

- prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle
- prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle
- prevents backflow of blood in the veins
 动脉 静脉 毛细管

Arteries, veins and capillaries

血管

1. The heart is connected to different parts of the body by blood vessels.

2. There are three types of blood vessels:
(a) Artery
(b) Vein
(c) Capillary

3. Arteries:
(a) Carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery) away from the heart
(b) Have walls that are thick, muscular and elastic to withstand the immense
pressure of the blood that is pumped out of the heart
(c ) Can constrict and dilate
压迫 膨胀

4. Veins :
(a) Carry deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein) towards the heart
(b) Have walls that are not as thick, muscular and elastic as the arteries
(c ) Have internal valves (called semi-lunar valves) to ensure one-way flow of
blood.

5. Capillaries:
(a) Microscopic thin-walled (one-celled thick) blood vessels
(b) Connect arteries to veins
(c ) Provides a large surface area for the exchange of material between the
blood and the surrounding cells

Characteristic Artery Vein Capillary

Thickness of Thick, muscular and Wall is thin, and not Wall is very thin
wall elastic wall to as muscular or elastic (only one-celled
withstand the high as that of the artery thick)
pressure of blood

Lumen Narrow Wide Very narrow

Presence of No (except for the Yes No

valve pulmonary artery)

Type of blood Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood

carried (except for the (except for the to the cells and
pulmonary artery pulmonary vein) deoxygenated
blood from the cells

Direction of Carries blood away Carries blood Carries blood from

blood flow from the heart towards the heart artery to vein

Rate of blood Fast and in spurts Slow Fast

flow

Blood High Low High

pressure

图案
 血液循环系统

Blood circulatory system

1. Circulation of blood from the heart to the entire body consists of two phases:
(a) Pulmonary circulation
(b) Systemic circulation

肺循环 脱氧血从心脏流去肺部，再把充氧血从肺部流去心脏
2. Pulmonary circulation
- Circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart
- Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and carries
oxygenated blood back to the heart again
全身循环 充氧血从心脏流到全身(除了肺)，再把脱氧血流回去心脏
3. Systemic circulation
- Circulation of blood from the heart to all parts of the body (except the lungs)
and then back to the heart
- Transports oxygenated blood and nutrients to all parts of the body (except the
lungs) and carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
4. Path of blood flow in the circulatory system:

(a) When the right ventricle contracts, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs
through the pulmonary artery.
(b) In the lungs, the blood takes up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide as well as
water vapour.
(c ) Oxygenated blood is transported to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.
(d) When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated blood flows into the left ventricle.
(e ) The left ventricle contracts and the oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of
the body (except the lungs) through the aorta.
(f) Oxygen and nutrients are released by the blood in capillaries to all parts of the
body. Metabolic waste products produced by the cells are collected by the blood.
(g) Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through the vena cava.
(h) When the right atrium contracts, the deoxygenated blood flows into the right
ventricle.
This circle is repeated.
5. Summary of the path of blood flow in the circulatory system:

Vena cava Right atrium

Right Pulmonary Lungs
ventricle artery

Pulmonary
Veins vein

All parts of the body Left Left

Arteries Aorta
(except the lungs) ventricle atrium

6. The blood circulatory system transports

(a) oxygen from the lungs to the cells
(b) nutrients to the cells
(c ) carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs to be removed
(d) waste products (urea, water and minerals salts) to the skin and kidneys to be
excreted
(e ) hormones from the glands to the various parts of the body