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Electrical Design of Hydroelectric Projects
The major electrical parts of a hydroelectric project
which will be applicable for water to wire design are
as followings:-
Note: - the followings specification will be applicable for the design of electrical
parts of a hydroelectric projects, switchyard, power substation and grid
connection arrangement.
Generator
The Generators shall be complete with accessories, fittings and instrumentation, controls, auxiliaries
such as excitation system, voltage regulating equipment, neutral grounding, generator terminal
equipment including CTs, PTs, surge protection equipment, lubricating system, oil, water and air
piping and cabling connected ready to operate with valves, fittings, instrumentation, controls and
safety devices, including sufficient mandatory spares for 5 (five) years trouble free operation of the
plant, special tools and testing devices.
The type and axis of turbine will be decided based on the design discharge (from hydrological data)
and the available net head.
IS 7306 : 1974 Methods for determining synchronous machines quantities from tests
IS 12360 : 1988 Voltage bands for electrical installations including preferred voltages and
frequency
IS 13364: Part 2: 1992 AC generators driven by reciprocating internal combustion engines: Part 2
Alternators rated above 20 kVA and up to 1250 kVA
Power transformers
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, shop test, supply, delivery, installation works
and field test of the power transformer complete with all accessories, fittings and auxiliary equipment
for efficient and trouble-free operation.
The power transformers shall conform to the latest edition of the appropriate IEC specifications and/or
other recognized international standards. In particular:
Distribution transformers
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, shop test, supply, delivery, installation works
and field test of the service transformers complete with all accessories, fittings and auxiliary
equipment for efficient and trouble-free operation.
The distribution transformers shall conform to the latest edition of the appropriate IEC specifications
and/or other recognized international standards. In particular:
Auxiliary equipments
This section covers the design ,manufacture, testing before shipment, transportation to site, erection
and commissioning and performance tests of the following:-
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, shop test, supply, delivery, installation works,
field test and commissioning of outdoor circuit breaker complete with all accessories for efficient
and trouble free operation as specified hereunder.
The equipment specified in this Section shall conform to the latest edition of the appropriate IEC
specifications and/or other recognized international standards. In particular:
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, shop test, supply, delivery, installation works,
field test and commissioning of outdoor type disconnecting switches complete with all accessories for
efficient and trouble-free operation.
The equipment specified in this Section shall conform to the latest edition of the appropriate IEC
specifications and/or other recognized international standards. In particular:
Control switchboard
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, testing at manufacturer's works, supply and
delivery, installation, testing and commissioning of control switchboard and appurtenant equipment to
be supplied for control room and unit control board as necessary for successful control and operation of
generator, turbine, transformer, line feeder, telemetry and their protection.
Instrument transformers
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, shop test, supply, delivery, installation works,
field test and commissioning of outdoor and indoor instrument transformers as specified hereunder.
The equipment specified in this Section shall conform to the latest edition of the appropriate IEC
specifications and/or other recognized international standards. In particular:
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, factory test, supply, delivery field test and
installation of metal clad, indoor switchgear, complete in all respects with all equipment fittings and
accessories for efficient and trouble-free operation.
One (1) lot of metal clad, cubical type indoor switchgears consisting of the following circuits:
- Generator circuit breaker cubicle
- Busbar disconnecting switches cubicle
- Station service transformer circuit cubicle
- Transformer circuit.
- Three phase surge absorber
- Three phase excitation transformer cubicle
- Three phase potential transformer cubicle for bus bar
This section cover the design, manufacture, assembly, testing at manufacturer's works, supply and
delivery, properly packed of low voltage distribution boards.
The equipment covered by this section shall, be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with
the applicable section of the latest relevant IEC Specification. The equipment conforming to any
other national standard which ensures equivalent quality is acceptable.
Cables
This section covers the design, manufacture, factory test, supply, delivery, installation, field-testing and
commissioning of all Power, Control, Instrumentation and Communication cables required for the
project.
Lightning arrestors
This section covers the design, manufacture, factory test, delivery, installation, field test and
commissioning of lightning arresters, complete with all accessories.
The equipment specified in this Section shall conform to the latest edition of the appropriate IEC
specifications and/or other recognized international standards. In particular:
IEC 60099-4 Metal-oxide Surge arrester without gap for a.c. system
IEC 60099-5 Surge arrester - Selection and application recommendations
IEC 60529 Degree of protection provided by enclosures
This section covers design, manufacture, assembly factory test, supply, delivery, installation works field
test and commissioning of a stationary battery or batteries each complete with battery charger,
distribution board and control gear. The batteries to be provided for generating equipment’s operation,
control, and protection,132kV switching equipments system and transmission line equipment operation
and shall have sufficient capacity for the scope of works.
- Battery and battery charger for protection, control, emergency lighting, etc (for 110V
DC, 220 V DC)
- Battery and battery charger for 24V DC for Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
- Battery and battery charger for 48V DC for communication, with positive pole
permanently earthed
Grounding system
This section covers the design, supply, delivery, installation and testing of the complete grounding
system of power house and outdoor switchyard area.
The complete station grounding work shall be in accordance with the recommendation in the "Guide for
Safety in Substation Grounding" IEEE No.80.
This section covers the general requirements for exploration, design, manufacture, factory test, supply,
construction and field testing of civil and structural works for the outdoor switchyard / substation
construction for power plant.
All equipment, materials, fabrication and tests under these Specifications shall conform to the latest
applicable standards:-
Illumination system
This section covers the scope and general description of the illumination design and installation which
will be incorporated in the powerhouse construction works.
The lighting level of the following shall be maintained as per the requirements:-
a. Powerhouse M/C floor
b. Control Room
c. Equipment Rooms
d. Outdoor Switchyard
e. General/Roads/ Headworks area
f. Access tunnel/Cable gallery
This section covers the design, manufacture, assembly, shop test, supply, delivery, installation, field
testing and commissioning of SCADA and communication system (Fiber Optic systems) complete with
all accessories for efficient and trouble-free operation.
1. Design Guideline:-
During the construction of the transmission line, the design requirements as stipulated in the
Electricity Regulation 2050 (1993) shall be strictly followed especially relating to ground clearance,
right of way, line span, protection, change over switch, earthing and insulation, quality of equipment.
1.2 Spans
The Design Span or Normal/Nominal Ruling Span of the line should not exceed 330m for the
transmission line.
- Wind Span
- Weight Span
1.5 Materials
1.5.1 Tower steel sections
IS Steel Sections of tested quality of conformity with IS: 2062 (Designated Y.S. 250 MPa) or /
and IS: 8500 grade 490 (Designated Yield Strength 350 MPa) are to be used in towers,
extensions, stub and stub setting templates.
1.5.2 Fasteners: Bolts, Nuts and Washers
- All hexagonal bolts and nuts shall conform to IS-12427.
- All bolts and nuts shall be galvanised as per IS: 1367 (Part-13) / IS: 2629.
- Nuts for hexagonal bolts should be double chamfered as per the requirement of IS: 1363
Part-III.
- The bolt positions in assembled towers shall be as per IS: 5613 (Part-II / Section 2) -1976.
1.9 Galvanising
1.9.1 Fabricated tower parts & stubs
- The tower parts, stubs and pack washers shall be hot dip galvanized.
- The galvanization shall be done as per requirements of IS 4759 after all fabrication work is
completed.
- The contractor shall also take guidelines from the recommended practices for hot dip
galvanizing laid down in IS 2629 while deciding and implementing galvanizing procedure.
1.9.2 Fasteners
- For fasteners, the galvanizing shall conform to IS-1367(Part-13).
- Spring washers shall be electro galvanized as per Grade-IV of IS-1573.
1.9.3 Earthing
Pipe type earthing and counter poise type earthing wherein required shall be done in
accordance with the latest additions and revisions of:
- IS: 3043 Code of practice for Earthing.
- IS: 5613 Code of practice for Design, Installation and maintenance (Part-II/Section-2) of
overhead power lines.
2. Insulators
Insulator shall be of suspension or tension type. They shall be of best quality electrical porcelain,
vitrified with leadless glaze. Tension or Suspension Insulators shall comply with IEC 120, and the
internal height of the socket shall also comply with the requirements of IEC 372-1 (1977).
3. Conductors
It shall confirm to IEC 209, Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) or other equivalent
National or International standards.
3.1 Basic requirements
The maximum working tension of the conductor shall not exceed 40% of the ultimate breaking
strength under the severest condition.
3.2 Stringing line conductors
Phase color identification bindings of PVC sleeve shall be provided at every terminating point.
These shall be visible from ground level.
- Conductor joints
- Binding wire and line taps
- Jointing of conductors
5. Miscellaneous
5.1 Earthwork
Earthwork shall include only tower foundations and other safety regulation as per the national
(NEA) and international standards.
5.2 Tower Foundations
Sufficient tower foundation shall be provided depending upon the tower type and load.
5.3 Excavation in hard rock
All excavated hard rock shall be removed from site and under no circumstances it shall be used for
back filling. Poles on the rock will be installed using cement and concrete to give full strength.
5.4 Clearance
All bushes, including small trees and undergrowth shall be cut down to a height not exceeding 20
cm for a distance of 9 m on each side (from the center line of the Tower) of the route of an overhead
line.
5.5 Lightning protection
The transmission line shall be protected against lightning.
For the design of the technical parameters (electrical) of the transmission line, please refer:
1. Power System Analysis and Design, B.R. Gupta, S. CHAND
2. Electrical Power Systems, 4th Revised Edition, ASHFAQ HUSAIN
3. Principles of POWER SYSTEM, V.K. MEHTA, ROHIT MEHTA
Applicable for:-
1. Pre-feasibility study
2. Feasibility study
For the power evacuation study of a hydropower project, the following sections should be included:
References:-
Feasibility study report of Bhimkhola HEP and Madi HEP, Pre-feasibility study of Balephi HEP,
Review report of Nyadi HPP (Available in BPC Hydroconsult library)
While designing distribution system, the design considerations should be made on the followings:-
a. High tension line
i. Voltage regulation
ii. Loss at the maximum load
b. Low tension line
i. Considered years
ii. Per Household load
iii. Annual Load growth
iv. Unity Power factor for residential Load
v. Coincidence factor for all types of load
vi. Potential Industrial Load with power factor
vii. Minimum voltage at the far end
c. Distribution transformer
i. Time span
ii. Annual growth rate
iii. Per Household load
iv. Power factor for domestic and potential industrial loads
d. Poles
e. Conductors
f. Hardware
Reference:-
Rural Electrification Survey, Study Report, Himal Power Limited, Bijaya Niwas, Jhamsikhel (BPC
Hydro consult work as a consultant for this study)