7 Limits and Derivatives

7 Limits and Derivatives (b) g(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x
because it is discontinuous at x = 0.
Quick Practice 7.3 (p. 7.13)
1 1

Exploration (a) lim x 3  (64) 3

x  64

4
Exploration 7.1 (p. 7.28)
(b)
1. (radian) 0.5 0.1 0.01 0.001
sin  lim ( x 4  2 x 3  x  2)  ( 3) 4  2( 3)3  ( 3)  2
0.9589 0.9983 1.0000 1.0000
 x  3

(radian) 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.5  22

sin 
1.0000 1.0000 0.9983 0.9589 Quick Practice 7.4 (p. 7.13)

lim ln x  ln e
2. 1 x e
(a)
1

Classwork 2

Classwork (p. 7.4) lim 2 x  2 3

x  3
f ( x)  2 x 2  4 x (b)
1
1. (a) 4 f ( 2)  4[ 2( 2) 2  4( 2)] 
8
 4(16)
 64
Quick Practice 7.5 (p. 7.15)
f (a  2)  16 lim 3x ( 2 x  1)  lim 3x  lim (2 x  1)
x  1 x  1 x  1
2(a  2)  4(a  2)  16
2
(a)
 31[ 2(1)  1]
(b) a  4a  4  2a  4  8
2
 1
a 2  2a  8  0
lim[(e  x) ln x]  lim(e  x )  lim ln x
(a  4)(a  2)  0 xe x e x e
(b)
a   4 or 2  (e  e) ln e
0
2. (a) Domain: (, +) 4 4
Range: (, +)  2   2 
lim x    lim x   
(b) Domain: [4, +) x2
 x  x  2
 x 
Range: [0, +) (c) 4
 2
(c) Domain: (, +)  2  
 2
Range: (0, +)
1

Quick Practice
Quick Practice 7.6 (p. 7.16)
2 x 2  x  15 ( 2 x  5)( x  3)
Quick Practice 7.1 (p. 7.5) lim  lim
x 
x  3 2 x 2  18 x  3 2( x  3)( x  3)
f ( g ( x))  f   1
 2  2x  5
 lim
(a) x  3 2( x  3)
x  (a)
 1  2  1
2  2( 3)  5

 1 x 2( 3  3)
11
g ( f ( x ))  g (1  2 x ) 
12
1  2x
(b)  1
2
3
 x
2

Quick Practice 7.2 (p. 7.12)

(a) f (x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.

1
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

( x  1) 2  1 x2  2x
lim  lim
x 0 3x x 0 3x Quick Practice 7.9 (p. 7.22)
x2 2x  5
 lim (a) lim
(b)
x 0 3 x   3x  1
02
 2x  5
3
2  lim x
 x   3 x  1
3
x
5
2x 
 lim x
x   1
3
x
 5
Quick Practice 7.7 (p. 7.16) lim  2  
x   x
x4  x4 x  5  3  
lim  lim   1
x 4 x5 3 x  4 
 x5 3 x  5  3  lim  3  
x  
 x
( x  4)( x  5  3) 5
 lim lim 2  lim
x 4 x 59

x   x
x  
( x  4)( x  5  3) 1
 lim lim 3  lim
x 4 x4 x   x   4
 lim( x  5  3) 20
x 4

 45 3 30
6 2

3
Quick Practice 7.8 (p. 7.20)
(a) 3  2 x
(b) lim
x   2x
3 2 x
 lim  lim
x   2 x x   2 x

1 1
 3 5  3 5  3 lim x  lim 2 x
lim  4   2   lim 4  lim  lim 2 x   2 x   2

x   x x  x   x   x x   x  3(0)  0
1 1 0
 4  3 lim  5 lim 2
x   x x   x

 4  3(0)  5(0)  x2  1
(c) lim
4 x   x( x 2  1)

lim ( 4  3e 2 x )  lim 4  lim 3e 2 x

x   x   x  

 4  3 lim e  2 x
x  

 4  3 lim (e  2 ) x
x  
x
(b)  1 
 4  3 lim  2 
x   e
 
1
 4  3 lim
x   (e 2 ) x

 4  3(0)
4

2
 7 Limits and Derivatives

 x2  1 2
lim sin
3 x
 lim x3 x

x   x ( x 2  1)  
 2 
x3 (a)  sin  
 3 
1 1  
  3   
 lim x x 3
x   1 
1 2 2
x
lim (1  sin x ) cos x
 1 1 
lim     lim 3 x
6
x   x x   x
    
1 (b)  1  sin  cos
lim 1  lim 2  6  6
x   x   x

00 3 3

 4
1 0
0 lim 3  4 cos 2 2 x

x
5

(c)  
Quick Practice 7.10 (p. 7.23)  3  4 cos 2 2 
4
After a very long time, we have:
 3
3(t  2) 2
C  lim
t   (t  1) 2
Quick Practice 7.12 (p. 7.30)
3(t  4t  4)
2 x2
 lim (a) lim
x 0 sin x
t   t 2  2t  1
 x 
3t 2  12t  12  lim
x 0  sin x
 x
2 
 lim 2 t
t   t  2t  1

  lim
 x  0
x 
sin
 lim x
x  x 0
 
t2
 (1)(0)
12 12
3  2 0
 lim t t
t   2 1 sin 6 x
(b) lim
1  2 x 0 2x
t t
 sin 6 x 
12 12  lim  3
lim 3  lim  lim 2 x 0  6x 
t   t   t t   t

lim 1  lim  lim 2
2 1 
  lim
sin 6 x 
 lim 3
 x 0 6 x  x 0
 
t   t   t t   t
 (1)(3)
300
 3
1 0  0
3 Quick Practice 7.13 (p. 7.31)
∴ The concentration of the pollutants is 3 mg/L. sin 4 x  sin 4 x 3x 4 
lim  lim   cos 3 x 
x 0 tan 3x x  0
 4 x sin 3x 3 
 4 
   lim
 3  x  0
sin 4 x 
4 x 
 lim
x  0
3x 
 lim cos 3 x
sin 3 x  x0

4
   (1)(1)(1)
Quick Practice 7.11 (p. 7.28) 3
4

3

3
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

e2x  ex eu 1
lim  lim
x 0 xe x u 0
u 3
2u
e
3
 
 e u  1  1 
Quick Practice 7.14 (p.7.32)  3 lim  lim 2u
 
1  cos 4 x 2 sin 2 2 x  u 0 u  u 0 e 3 
lim  lim  
x 0 sin 2 x x 0 sin 2 x
 3(1)(1)
2(2 sin x cos x) 2 3
 lim
(a) x 0 sin 2 x
 lim 8 cos 2 x
x 0

 8(1) 2
8
(b)

 3x  x   3x  x 
2 cos  sin  
sin 3 x  sin x  2   2 
lim  lim Quick Practice 7.16 (p. 7.39)
x 0 x x 0 x Let f(x) = 2x2 – 3.
 sin x  Slope of the tangent at x = 1
 lim 2  cos 2 x  
x 0
 x  f (1  x )  f (1)
 lim
 
 2 lim cos 2 x  lim
x 0
 x 0
sin x 
x 

x  0 x
2(1  x ) 2  3  [2(1) 2  3]
 lim
 2(1)(1) x  0 x
2 2  4(x )  2( x ) 2  3  ( 1)
 lim
x  0 x
Quick Practice 7.15 (p. 7.36) 4(x )  2(x ) 2
x  lim
(a) Let u  .
x  0 x
3  lim ( 4  2x )
Then x = 3u x  0

When x  0, u  0. 4
y
e 1
3
eu  1
lim  lim Quick Practice 7.17 (p. 7.41)
x 0 x u 0 3u
(a)
1 eu 1 
  lim 
( x  x) 2  3( x  x)  ( x 2  3x )
3  u 0 u  dy
 lim
dx x0 x
1
 (1) x  2 x (x)  (x) 2  3 x  3(x)  x 2  3x
2
3  lim
1 x 0 x

3 2 x (x)  (x)  3(x)
2
 lim
x 0 x
e2 x  e x e3 x  1
(b) lim  lim  lim (2 x  x  3)
x0 xe x x 0 xe2 x x 0

Let u = 3x.  2x  3
u
Then x 
3
When x  0, u  0.

4
 7 Limits and Derivatives

1 1

dy 2  ( x  x) 2  x Exercise
 lim
dx x0 x
(2  x)  ( 2  x  x) Exercise 7A (p. 7.5)
 lim Level 1
(b) x 0 x ( 2  x  x )( 2  x )
1. (a) True (b) True (c) False (d) True
1
 lim
x 0 ( 2  x  x )( 2  x )
2. (a) All non-negative real numbers
1 (b) All real numbers
 (c) All real numbers
(2  x) 2
3. (a) f(2) + f(2)
Quick Practice 7.18 (p. 7.42)
1 1  2( 2) 2  5( 2)  7  2( 2) 2  5( 2)  7
 2
dy 2( x  x )  7 2x  7
 lim
3f(3)  3[ 2(3)  5(3)  7]
2
(a) dx x0 x
(b)   12
2 x  7  2( x  x )  7
 lim (c) f(a + 1) – f(a)
x  0
x 2( x  x)  7 2 x  7
 2( a  1) 2  5( a  1)  7  ( 2a 2  5a  7)
 2 x  7  2( x  x)  7 
 2 a 2  4 a  2  5a  5  7  2 a 2  5 a  7
 
 4a  3
 x 2( x  x)  7 2 x  7 
 lim  
x0  2 x  7  2( x  x)  7 
(a) f(3)  g(3)  (3  5)  [ 2(3)  3]
2
4.
    42
 2 x  7  2( x  x)  7   f (2(3) 2  3)
 2x (b) f(g(3))  f (21)
 lim  21  5
x0 x
 2( x  x)  7 2 x  7   16
   g (3  5)
[ 2 x  7  2( x  x)  7 ]   g ( 2)
(c) g(f(3))
2  2( 2) 2  ( 2)
 6
( 2 x  7)  2 2 x  7
3 5. g(x) = 2x2 + b
 g ( 2)  5
  ( 2 x  7) 2
2( 2) 2  b  5
b  3

6. f(x) = ax3 – 2x2

(b) Slope of the curve at x = 0 f ( 1)  5
dy a ( 1)3  2( 1) 2  5

dx x 0
a25

3 a  7
 [ 2(0)  7] 2
 f ( 2( 2)  5)
3

 (7) 2  f (1)
1 7. (a) f(g(2)) 
1 2
 3(1)  1
73
1
1 7 
  4
7 7 7
7

49

5
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

 f ( 2 x  5) h(1)  1
2x  5  2 ∵
  (1)  a(1)  b  1
2

f(g(x)) 3( 2 x  5)  1
(b) a  b  2 ……(1)
2x  3 h ( 2 )  4

6 x  16 ∵
 ( 2) 2  a ( 2)  b  4
 x2   2a  b  8 ……(2)
 g 
 3x  1  (1) – (2), 3a  6
x2  a2
(c) g(f(x))  2
 5
 x 1
3 By substituting a = 2 into (1), we have
2  b  2
17 x  1
 b4
3x  1
 g ( 23 )

 f (ln e) 11. (a) g(g(3))  g (8)

 f (1)  28
8. (a) f(g(e))
 256
 13
1  ( 23 ) 2
(b) [g(3)]  82
 g (e3 ) 2

(b) g(f(e))  ln e 3  64

3 [ g ( a )]b  ( 2 a )b
 f (ln x ) (c) (i)  2 ab
(c) f(g(x))
 (ln x )3  ( 2b ) a
 g ( x3 )  [ g (b)]a
(d) g(f(x))  ln x 3
 2a  b
 3 ln x (ii) g(a + b)
 2 a  2b
 g ( a )  g (b )

Level 2
9. (a) f(x) = x2 + ax + b
12. (a) f ( x)  ax  6
f (2)  12
∵ f ( 5)  4
2 2  a (2)  b  12
a ( 5)  6  4
2a  b  16 ……(1) ∵  5a  6  16
f (3)  18
∵  5a  10
(3) 2  a (3)  b  18 a2
 3a  b  9 ……(2) (b) Domain: (, 3]
(1) – (2), 5a  25 Range: [0, +)
a  5
By substituting a = 5 into (1), we have  f ( 4 x  3)
2( 5)  b  16 6
13. (a) f(g(x))

b 6 3(4 x  3)  1
(b) f(x) = x2 – 5x – 6 3
f ( 2 x )  10 
6x  5
( 2 x )  5( 2 x )  6  10
2
 5
2 x 2  5x  2  0 (b) Domain:   , 
∵  6
( x  2)( 2 x  1)  0
Range: (, 0)
1 (or other possible answers)
x  2 or
2
14. (a) A = r2
6
(b) Maximum value of r 
10. h(x) = x2 + ax + b
2
3

6
 7 Limits and Derivatives

Minimum value of r = 0 lim x ln x  e ln e

∴ Range of A = (0, 9] x e
14.
e
15. (a) V = x(10 – 2x)2 
(b) 0 < 2x < 10 2
0<x<5
Domain of V = (0, 5)

Exercise 7B (p. 7.17)

Level 1
1. f(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.
x2 02
2. g(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.
15. lim 
x 0 ex e0
3. h(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x  2
because it is discontinuous at x = 1.

4. s(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of x 3

2 x 2  5  3 2(4) 2  5
because it is discontinuous at x = 3. 16. lim
x4

3
5. lim18  18
x4
3 3
 x 1    4 1 
lim    
lim(7 x  2)  7(3)  2 x  4 6  x
   6  (4) 
6. x 3
3
 19 17.  1
  
 2
lim ( 2 x 3  x 2  5)  2( 2)3  ( 2) 2  5 1
7. x  2 
8
  17
2 2
8.  2x2  5x   2( 2) 2  5( 2) 
lim  
 
x 2
 3x  2   3( 2)  2 
lim(3 x  4)(2 x 2  x  2)  [3(2)  4][ 2(2) 2  2  2] 2
x2 18. 9
8  
2
81
x 1 2  1 
lim  4
9.
x  2 2x  3 2( 2)  3
1

7 2  2 x 1 2  2 ( 1) 1
lim e3 x  e3( 1)
19. x  1

lim ln(5 x  2)  ln[5(1)  2]

2 2 1
10. x 1

 ln 3
lim e x ln( x 2  1)  e 0 ln(0 2  1)
20. x 0

lim 4e 3x
 4e 3 (1) 0
11. x 1

 4e 3
4e 2 x 4e 2 ( 0 )
lim 
x 0 2 x 2  3x  2 2(0) 2  3(0)  2
1 1 21.
lim ln  ln 4
x e x e 
12. 2
 ln e 1
2
 1

lim ln( x 3  x  1)  ln[(1)3  ( 1)  1]

13. x  1

0

7
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

x 1 x 1 x9 3  x9 3 x  9  3 
lim  lim lim  lim 
x  1 x 2  1 x  1 ( x  1)( x  1) x 0 x x  0 x x  9  3 

1
 lim  lim
x
x  1 x  1
22. x0
x ( x  9  3)
1
 27. 1
11  lim
x0
x9 3
1
 1
2 
09 3
1
x2  9 ( x  3)( x  3) 
lim  lim 6
x  3 x3 x  3 x3
23.  lim ( x  3)
x  3
x 3  x 3 x  3 
 3  3 lim  lim 
x  9 9  x
x 9 9 x  x  3 
 6
x9
 lim
x 9
(9  x)( x  3)
x3 x3
lim  lim 28. 1
x 3 x 2  x  12 x  3 ( x  4)( x  3)  lim
x 9
x 3
1
 lim 1
24. x 3 x  4 
9 3
1
 1
3 4 
6
1

7
29.

x 1 x 1 2x2  4  2  2 x2  4  2 2 x 2  4  2 
lim  lim lim  lim 
x 1 x 1
3 x 1 ( x  1)( x 2  x  1) x 0 x x  0 x 
 2x2  4  2 
1
 lim 2 2x
25. x 1 x  x  1  lim
x 0
2x  4  2
2
1
 2 2(0)
1 11 
1 2(0) 2  4  2

3 0

30.
3x 2 3x 2
lim  lim
x  0 ( 2 x  1) 2  1 x 0 4 x 2  4 x
x2  x2 2 x  3  1 
lim  lim 
2 x  3  1 x  2 2 x  3  1 
2
3x x2 2x  3  1
 lim
4 x( x  1)
x 0

26. ( x  2)( 2 x  3  1)
3x  lim
 lim x2 2x  4
x  0 4( x  1)
( x  2)( 2 x  3  1)
3(0)  lim
 x2 2( x  2)
4(0  1)
2x  3  1
0  lim
x2 2
2( 2)  3  1

2
1

Level 2

8
 7 Limits and Derivatives

2x  1 2x  1
lim  lim
x
1 4 x  1 x  ( 2 x  1)(2 x  1)
2 1
2 2

1
 lim
x
1 2x  1
2
36.
1

1
31. (a) 2   1
2
(b) f(x) is not a continuous function for all x in the 1
interval (3, 3) because it is discontinuous at x = 1. 
2

1 1 x3

lim 3 x  lim 3x
x  3 5( x  3) x  3 5( x  3)

1
 lim
37. x  3 15 x

1

32. (a) 15(3)
1
(b) f(x) is a continuous function for all x in the interval 
(3, 3). 45

4x 4(5) 38.
lim 
x 5 x  2 x  10
2
5  2(5)  10
2

33. 4  (2  3 x) 2 [ 2  ( 2  3 x )][2  ( 2  3 x )]
20 lim  lim
 x 0 4x x 0 4x
25  10  10
 3x(4  3x)
2  lim
x 0 4x
 3(4  3 x )
 lim
x 0 4
 3[4  3(0)]

34. lim ( x 2  3 x )(4 x 3  5 x 2  6) 4
x 1
 3
 [12  3(1)][ 4(1)3  5(1) 2  6]
 20
x 2  x  12 ( x  4)( x  3)
 2 5 lim  lim
x4 x  6 x  8 x  4 ( x  4)( x  2)
2

x3
x2  5x  6 2 2  5( 2)  6  lim
lim 3  3
39. x4 x  2
x2 2x4  2x  1 2( 2) 4  2(2)  1
43

35. 8 42
3
27 7

2 2

3

9
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

3x 2  4 x  4 (3x  2)( x  2) 2x2  7  3  2 x2  7  3 2 x 2  7  3 

lim
x  2 2 x 2  3 x  2
 lim
x  2 ( 2 x  1)( x  2) lim  lim 
x 1
x 1 x 1

x 1 2 x 2  7  3 
3x  2
 lim 2x2  7  9
x  2 2 x  1  lim
40. x 1
3( 2)  2 ( x  1)( 2 x 2  7  3)

2(2)  1 2( x  1)( x  1)
 lim
x 1
8 ( x  1)( 2 x 2  7  3)

5 2(1  1)

2(1) 2  7  3
x2 4 ( x  2 )( x  2 )
2
lim e x2
 lim e x 2 
x2 x 2 3
41.  lim e x  2
x 2

 e2 2 46.
e 4

3x  4  x  3x  4  x 3 x  4  x 
lim  lim 
x4 2 x  32
2 x  4  2 x 2  32 3 x  4  x 
 x2  2x  3  ( x  3)( x  1) 
lim ln 2   lim ln
 3x  4  x 2
x 1
 x  4x  5  x 1 ( x  5)( x  1)  lim
x4 2( x  4)( x  4)( 3 x  4  x)
x3
 lim ln  ( x  1)
42. x 1 x5  lim
1 3
x4
2( x  4)( 3x  4  x )
 ln  ( 4  1)
1 5 
2 2(4  4)( 3( 4)  4  4)
 ln
3 5

128
x3  8 ( x  2)( x 2  2 x  4)
lim  lim 47.
x  2 x 2  4 x  2 ( x  2)( x  2)
x2  2x  4 x 3x  10  x  3x  10 x  3x  10 
43.  lim lim  lim   
x  2 x2 x  2 x2 x  2  x2 x  3x  10 
 
( 2)  2( 2)  4
2
 x  3x  10
2

22  lim
x  2 ( x  2)( x  3x  10 )
 3
( x  2)( x  5)
 lim
x  2 ( x  2)( x 
44. 3x  10 )
x 5
 lim
8 x 3  27 ( 2 x  3)( 4 x 2  6 x  9) x  2 x  3x  10
lim  lim
3 2x  3 3 2x  3 25
x x
2 2 
 2  3( 2)  10
 lim ( 4 x 2  6 x  9)
3
x 7
2 
2 4
 3  3
 4    6    9
 2  2 x2 2
 27 48. lim
x 2
2x  5  3

45.

10
 7 Limits and Derivatives

 x2 2 2 x  5  3   x3 2 x  8  3 
 lim    lim  
x  2 2x  5  3 2 x  5  3  x 1 x 8 3 x  8  3 
 
( x  2  2)( 2 x  5  3) ( x  3  2)( x  8  3)
 lim  lim
x2 2x  5  9 x 1 x 89
( x  2  2)( 3x  5  3 x2 2 ( x  3  2)( x  8  3)
 lim   lim
x2 2( x  2) x2 2 x 1 x 89
( x  2  4)( 2 x  5  3) ( x  3  2)( x  8  3) x3 2
 lim  lim 
x2 2( x  2)( x  2  2) x 1 x 1 x3 2
( x  2)( 2 x  5  3) ( x  3  4)( x  8  3)
 lim  lim
x2 2( x  2)( x  2  2) x 1 ( x  1)( x  3  2)
2x  5  3 x 8 3
 lim  lim
x2 2( x  2  2) x 1 x3 2
2( 2)  5  3 3
 
2
2( 2  2  2)
3
 Exercise 7C (p. 7.25)
4 Level 1
 5 5
lim  2    lim 2  lim
1.
x  
 x  x   x   x

 20
2

2.

x3  1  5 6  5 6
49. lim lim  3   2   lim 3  lim  lim 2
x 1 
x   2 x x  x   x   2 x x   x
x2  1  x 1
300
2
( x  1)( x  x  1) x2 1  x 1 3
 lim 
x 1 2 2
x 1  x 1 x 1  x 1
( x  1)( x 2  x  1)( x 2  1  x  1) 1
 lim lim (6  x  2 )  lim 6  lim
x 1 2
x  1  ( x  1) 3.
x   x   x   x2
 60
( x  1)( x 2  x  1)( x 2  1  x  1) 6
 lim
x 1 x ( x  1)

( x 2  x  1)( x 2  1  x  1)  2
2
 12 4 
 lim lim  3    lim  9   2 
x 1 x ( x  1) x x x 
x  
 x  

( x 2  x  1)( x 2  1  x  1) 4. 12 4
 lim  lim 9  lim  lim 2
x 1 x x   x   x x   x

 900
(12  1  1)( 12  1  1  1 )
 9
1
6 2
1
lim (5  2  x )  lim 5  lim
x3 2 5.
x   x   x   2x
50. lim 50
x 1
x8 3
5

lim (6  4e 3 x )  lim 6  4 lim e 3 x

x   x   x  
6.
 6  4( 0)
6

11
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

8
lim (6e x  3e 2 x )  6 lim e x  3 lim e 2 x 8 x2
7.
x   x   x   lim  lim
x   2 x  3 x
2 x   2 x  3 x
2
 6(0)  3(0)
0 x2
8
11. 2
 2
lim 
5 
 x   lim
2
 lim x
5  lim x
 3x 9 
x   x   3x x   9 x   3
8. 2
 00 x
0 0

20
2x 2  9x 0
2x  9x
2
x2
lim  lim
x   x 2  4 x   x2  4 x2
x2 x2 x
lim 3  lim 3
9 x   8 x  3 x   8x  3
9. 2 x
 lim x
x   4 2
1 2 1
x x
12.  lim 3
20 x   3
 8
1 0 x
2 1 0
3
80
2 x  7 1
 2x  7 
lim  lim x 2
x   x 1 x   x 1
x
7 3x  7
10. 2 3x  7 x
 lim x lim 3  lim 3
x   1 x   x2 x   x2
1 x
x
20 7
 13.
3
1 0  lim x
3
2 x   2
1
x
30
3
1 0
3 3

12
 7 Limits and Derivatives

3
 2x  4  2x 3  7x
3  
 2x  4  x  2x 3  7 x x3
lim    lim  lim  lim
x   1  2 x x   1  2 x  x   3  2 x 2  4 x 3 x   3  2 x 2  4 x 3
 
 
 x  x3
3
 4 7
14. 2  2 2
 lim  x 17.  lim x
x   1  x   3 2
 2  4
 x  x3 x
20
3 20
  
02 004
 1 1

2

3x 2  x  4
3x 2  x  4 3x 2  8 x  1
lim  lim x2
x   5 x 2  4 x  9 x   5 x 2  4 x  9
3x  8 x  1
2
x3
lim  lim
x   7 x  4x 3 x   7x  4x 3
x2
1 4 x3
3  2 3 8 1
15. x x  2  3
 lim 18.
x x
x   4 9  lim x
5  2 x   7
x x 4
300 x2
 000
500 
3 04
 0
5

Level 2
x 2  4x 3
 3
x  4x
2
x3 lim ( 4  3 x 1 ) 3  lim  4  
lim  lim 19.
x   x  
 x
x   2 x  7 x  2
3 2 x   2 x  7 x 2  2
3
 ( 4  0) 3

x3  64
1 4
16. 
x x2
 lim 20.
lim (5  4 3 x )  5  0
x   7 2 x  
2  3 5
x x
00

200 6 x 2  5x
0 6 x  5x
2
x2
lim  lim
x   3x 2  8 x   3x 2  8
x2
5
21. 6
 lim x
x   8
3 2
x
60

30
 2

13
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

( 2 x  1) 2  3 x 4x 2  x 1 (7 x  3)(8 x  5)
lim  lim (7 x  3)(8 x  5)
x   4x 2 x   4x 2 lim  lim x2
x   (5 x  2)( 4 x  9) x   (5 x  2)( 4 x  9)
4x 2  x 1
x2 x2
 lim  3  5
x   4x 2  7   8  
 x  x
22. x2  lim
x    2  9
1 1  5   4  
4  2 x  x
x x 
 lim
x   4 (7  0)(8  0)

400 (5  0)(4  0)

4 14

1 5

23.
4x  3 x
4x  3 x x
( 2 x  3)(3 x  4)(4lim
x  5)  lim
(2 x  3)(3 x  4)(4 x  5) 3
x  
2 x  5 x x  
2 x  5 x
lim  lim x
x   6x 3 x   6x 3 x
3
x 326. 4
x
 3  4  5  lim
 2   3   4   x  
2
5
 x  x  x
 lim x
x   6 40
( 2  0)(3  0)( 4  0) 
 20
6 2
4
4e x  6e 2 x
24.
4e  6e
x 2x
e3 x
lim  lim
( 2 x  5)(3  x ) x   5e3 x x   5e3 x
( 2 x  5)(3  x ) x2 e3 x
lim  lim
x   x3 x   x3 27. 4 6
 x
x2  lim e
2x
e
1 5  3  x   5
 lim  2    1
x   x
 x  x  00

 0( 2  0)(0  1) 5
0 0

25. 28. lim ( x  1  x  1)

x  

 x 1  x 1 
 lim ( x  1  x  1)  
x  
 x 1  x  1 
x  1  ( x  1)
 lim
x  
x 1  x 1
2
 lim
x  
x 1  x 1
0

14
 7 Limits and Derivatives

16
in John’s blood after 1 hour is mg/L.
9
(b) After a very long time, we have:
4(1  3t )
C  lim
t   32 t
  1 1 
4 32t  3t 
 
 lim 
1
29. lim
t
x  
x ( x 1  x  1) t   3
0
 1 x 1  x 1  ∴ The concentration of the medicine that remains
 lim    in John’s blood after a very long time is 0 mg/L.
x  
 x ( x 1  x  1) x 1  x  1 
x 1  x 1
 lim 10 000  2 3  1
x  
2 x 32. (a) S
22  1
1
1
 1
1  6000
x x ∴ The daily sales of the magazine when it has been
 lim
x   2 published for 2 days is $6000.
1 0  1 0 (b) After a very long time, we have:

2 10 000 t 3  1
S  lim
1 t   t 2 1

px 2  qx
1 1
lim  1 10 000 
x  0 3x 2  x t t4
 lim
px  q t   1
lim  1 1 2
30. x 0 3x  1 t
p ( 0)  q 10 000 0  0
 1 
3(0)  1 1 0
q  1 0
∴ The daily sales of the magazine after it has been
px 2  qx published for a very long time is $0.
lim 2
x   3 x 2  x
Exercise 7D (p.7.33)
px 2  qx Level 1
lim x2 2 lim sin x

x   3 x 2  x x
2
1. 
x2
 sin
q 2
p
x 2 1
lim
x   1
3
x lim (1  cos 2 x )

x
p0 4
2 2.
30  
 1  cos 2 
p6 4
1
31. (a) When t  1,
4(1  31 ) lim tan 2 x
C x 
3 2 (1) 3.
 tan 2
16
 0
9
∴ The concentration of the medicine that remains

15
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

sin x  1 sin x  sin 4 x  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  sin 2 x

lim  lim    lim  lim   2   lim
x 0 4x x  0
4 x  x 0 2x x 0  4 x  x 0 2 x
1 sin x sin 4 x
 lim  2 lim 1
4. 4 x 0 x x 0 4 x
1  2(1)  1
 (1)
4 1
1

4 sin x  sin 3 x
10. lim
x 0 x cos x
sin 3 x  sin 3 x 
lim  lim   3
x 0 x x 0
 3x   sin x 1   sin 3 x 3 
 lim     lim   
sin 3 x x 0
 x cos x  x 0
 3 x cos x
5.  3 lim
x0 3x  sin x  1   sin 3 x  3 
  lim  lim    lim  lim 
 3(1)  x 0 x  x 0 cos x   x 0 3 x  x 0 cos x 
3  (1)(1)  (1)(3)
4
3x  2x 3
lim  lim   
x 0 sin 2 x x 0 sin 2 x 2
  tan 2 x  sin 2 x x 
lim  lim  
3 2x x 0 x x 0
 x
2
cos 2 x 
 lim
6. 2 x 0 sin 2 x 11.  sin x 
2
x
3  lim   lim
 (1) x x0 cos 2 x
x 0
 
2
 (1)(0)
3
 0
2

tan x  sin x 1 
 x  lim  lim  
x2   x 0 2 x x 0
 x 2 cos x 
lim  lim  2  2x 
x x0  x  sin x  1 
x 0
sin    lim  lim 
 sin  12.  x 0 x  x  0 2 cos x 
2  2 
1
7.  x   (1) 

 
  2
  lim 2  lim 2 x 1
 x0 x  x0 
 sin  2
 2
 (1)(0)
x  x 
0  3 x 
lim 2  lim  3  cos 
x 0 x x 0  x 2 3
 x  tan  sin 
lim x cot x  lim   cos x  3  3 
x 0 x  0  sin x 
 x 
 x     3
8.   lim  x
 lim cos x 
 x  0 sin x  x  0  13.   lim 3   lim cos 
 x 0 x   2 x 0 3
 (1)(1)  sin 
 3
1
3
 (1) 
9. 2
3

2

16
 7 Limits and Derivatives

sin 5 x  sin 5 x 6 x 5   sin 2 x sin 3 x 6 

lim  lim      lim    
x 0 sin 6 x x  0
 5 x sin 6 x 6  x 0
 2x 3x cos 3 x 
14. 5 sin 5 x  6x   sin 2 x  sin 3x  1 
  lim  lim   6 lim  lim  lim 
6  x0 5 x  x0 sin 6 x   x 0 2 x  x 0 3 x  x 0 cos 3 x

5  6(1)(1)(1)

6 6

x  x  1  cos x
sin  sin  19. lim
2  lim  2 3 x 1 x 0 x3  x 2
lim  
x 0 sin 3 x x 0  x sin 3x 6   2 x 
   2 sin 2 
 2   lim  2 
x0  x ( x  1) 
15.  x
1 
sin   
 lim 2  lim 3 x 
  x 
2
6  x0 x  x0 sin 3 x    sin  
   1  2   lim 1 
 2   ( 2)  lim  
1  4   x0 x 

  x 0 x  1 
   2  
6  
1
  (1)(1)
Level 2 2
x 1
2sin 2 
1  cos x 2 2
lim  lim
x 0 sin x x0 sin x

  1  cos 3 x
lim
 sin 2 x  20.
x0 x2
 2 x x
 2 lim    1  cos 3 x 1  cos 3 x 
x0  2
sin x 4 
 x   lim   
   x 0  x2 1  cos 3 x 
16.   2  
1  cos 2 3 x
  x 2   lim
  sin   x 0 x 2 (1  cos 3 x)
 x  x 
 2lim 2   lim  lim   sin 2 3 x 9 
 x0 x   x0 sin x  x0 4   lim   
  2   x  0  (3 x ) 2 1  cos 3 x 
 
 
 2
 sin 3 x   
 2(1) 2 (1)(0)  9  lim     lim
1

0  x  0 3 x    x  0 1  cos 3 x 
1
 9(1) 2  
sin 2 x  sin 2 x x  2
lim  lim    2 cos x 
x 0 tan x x  0  2 x sin x  9

 sin 2 x  x   2
17.  2 lim  lim  lim cos x 
 x  0 2 x  x  0 sin x  x  0 
 2(1)(1)(1)
2

sin 2 x tan 3 x
18. lim
x0 x2

17
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

x
 2sin 2
cos x  1 2 Exercise 7E (p. 7.36)
lim  lim Level 1
x0 sin 2 x x0 sin 2 x
e x 1 1 e x 1
  lim  lim
 sin 2 x  x 0 4x 4 x 0 x
 2 2x x  1
 2 lim    1.  (1)
x 0  x  2 sin 2 x 8  4
  
  2   1
21. 
4
  x 2 
  sin  
1  2 x  
   lim  2   lim  lim x  2. Let u = x + 2, then x = u – 2.
4  x0  x   x0 sin 2 x  x0  When x  –2, u  0.
  2  
  e x2  1 eu 1
lim  lim
1 x 2 x2 u 0 u
  (1) 2 (1)(0) 1
4
0
e x 3  e 3 e 3 (e x  1)
22. lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
 7 x  3x   7 x 3.3 x  e x
1
 2 sin   sin   e 3 lim
cos 7 x  cos 3 x  2   2  x  0 x
lim  lim
x 0 x 2 x  0 x 2
 e (1)
3

 2 sin 5 x sin 2 x  e3
 lim 2
x 0 x
 sin 5 x sin 2 x  ex  e e(e x 1  1)
 2 lim   10  4. lim  lim
x 0
 5 x 2 x  x 1 x  1 x 1 x 1
 sin 5 x  sin 2 x  Let u = x – 1, then x = u + 1.
 20 lim  lim 
 x0 5 x  x0 2 x  When x  1, u  0.
 20(1)(1) e(e x 1  1) e(e u  1)
lim  lim
  20 x 1 x 1 u 0 u
eu  1
 e lim
23. u 0 u
 e(1)
 6x  4x   6x  4x  e
 2 sin   sin  
cos 6 x  cos 4 x  2   2 
lim  lim
x0 x2 x0 x2 u
5. Let u = –2x, then x   .
 2 sin 5 x sin x 2
 lim
x0 x2 When x  0, u  0.
 sin 5 x sin x  e 2 x  1 eu 1
 2 lim    5 lim  lim
x0  5 x x  x 0 x u 0 u

 sin 5 x  sin x  2
 10 lim  lim  eu  1
 x0 5 x  x0 x   2 lim
u 0 u
 10(1)(1)
 2(1)
  10
 2
24. Let y    x , then x    y ,
sin x sin(  y )
lim  lim x 1
x    x y 0 y lim 6 x  lim 6 x
6. x  0 e 1 x  0 e 1
sin y
 lim x
y 0 y
u
1 Let u = 6x, then x  .
6

18
 7 Limits and Derivatives

When x  0, u  0. e 2 x  e 2 x  2 (e x  e  x ) 2
x 1 lim  lim
lim  lim u x 0 x2 x 0 x2
x 0 e 1
6x u  0 e 1 2
 e x  ex 
u 9.  lim  

x 0
 x 
6
2
1 1  e  x (e 2 x  1) 
 lim u  lim 
6 u 0 e  1  x 0 x 
u u
1 1 Let u = 2x, then x  .
  2
6  eu 1  When x  0, u  0.
lim  
 2
u 0
 u  
 
 
e u  1  
u
1 e2x  e2x  2   
lim   lim e 2   ulim 
 (1) x0 x2  x  0 0 u 
6   
  2  
1
  
2
6 e u  1  
 (1) 2 lim 
  u  0 u  
1  e3x e3x  1  ( 2) 2
7. lim   lim
x 0 2x x 0 2x 4
u
Let u = 3x, then x  .
3 Level 2
When x  0, u  0. e x 1  e x 1 2x 1 
lim  lim    
1 e e 1 sin 2 x 2 
3x u
x 0 sin 2 x
lim   lim
x 0
 x
x 0 2x u 0 2u
1 e x  1  2x 
3   lim  lim 
10. 2  x0 x  x0 sin 2 x 
3 eu  1
  lim 1
2 u 0 u  (1)(1)
3 2
  (1) 1
2 
2
3

2
e3x  1  e3x  1 x 
lim  lim   x  3
x 0 x 
e  1 x  0  3x e  1 
e x  e x e  x (e 2 x  1)
8. lim  lim
x0 x x 0 x 11.  e 3 x  1  x 
 3  lim  lim 
u  x  0 3x  x  0 e x  1 
Let u = 2x, then x  .  
2  3(1)(1)
When x  0, u  0. 3
u

e  x (e 2 x  1) e 2 (e u  1)
lim  lim e2x 1  e2x 1 x 
x 0 x u 0 u lim  lim    2 
x 0 sin x x0 2 x sin x
2  
  
u
 e 2 x  1 
2
 e u  1  12.
 2  lim  lim
x 
 2 lim e 2  lim  
 u 0  u  0 u   x0 2 x  x  0 sin x 
 
 2(1)(1)
 2(1)(1)
2
2

13.

19
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

e2x 1  e2x 1 3x 2   1 
y
lim  lim   cos 3 x    lim ln1    lim ln z
x 0 tan 3 x x 0
 2x sin 3 x 3  y   my  z 


2
 lim
e2x 1 
3  x0 2 x  x0
  
 lim cos 3 x  lim

3x 
x 0 sin 3 x


 lim
1
u 0 m(eu  1)

2 1 1
 (1)(1)(1)  lim
3 m u 0  e  1 
u
 
2  u 
  
3
1 1
 
m  u 
x  lim e  1 
 3  3  u 0 u 
14. Let y  1   , then ln y  x ln1   .  
 x  x
1
 3 3 
Let u  ln1   , then x  u . m
 x e 1 1 1
3u ∴  x x
lim 1    em
∴ ln y  . x 0 m
eu  1
When x  , y   and u  0 .
16. (a) Let y  ln(1  x ) , then x  e y  1 .
x
 3 When x  0, y  0 .
lim ln1    lim ln y
x  x  y  ln(1  x) y
lim  lim y
3u x0 x y 0 e  1
 lim u
u 0 e  1 1
 lim
1 y 0  e  1 
y
 3 lim  
∴ u 0  eu  1   y 
   
 u 
  1
1
 3
 u  ln(1 
 lim e  1  (b) (i) lim
x sin x )
 u 0 u  x 0 x
 
3
x  ln(1  x sin x ) x sin x 
 3  lim   
∴ lim 1    e3 x 0 
 x sin x x 
x  x
 ln(1  x sin x ) sin x 
 lim   
1 x 0 
 x sin x x 
1 y
15. Let y  , then 1  x   1  1  .
x
x  m  my   1
   ln(1  x sin x )    sin x  2 
y   lim   lim   
 1   1 
 , then ln z  y ln   x0 x sin x   x0 x  
Let z  1  1  my  .  
 my   
 (1)(1)
 1  1
Let u  ln1   , then y  . 1
 my  m(eu  1)
When x  0, y  , z   and u  0 . ln(1  x  x 2 )
1 y (ii) lim
 1  x 0
∴ 
lim 1 
x

x
 lim  1  1 x  x 2 1
x 0 m y  
 my 


20
 7 Limits and Derivatives


ln(1  x  x 2 ) 1  x  x2  1
 dy 3  4( x  x )  (3  4 x)
 lim    lim
x 0  2 2  dx x  0 x
 1  x  x  1 1  x  x  1 3  4 x  4x  3  4 x
 ln(1  x  x 2 ) 
5.  lim
 lim   1  x  x 2  1
x 0 x
2
x 0 
 xx   lim (4)
x 0
 ln(1  x  x 2 )    2   4
  lim 2   lim  1  x  x  1 
 x0 xx   x0 
 (1)(2) dy 5  ( x  x) 2  (5  x 2 )
2  lim
dx x0 x
5  x 2  2 x( x)  ( x) 2  5  x 2
6.  lim
x 0 x
 lim ( 2 x  x)
Exercise 7F (p. 7.42) x 0
Level 1   2x
dy
1. (a) dx  2(3)3  4(3)  5
x 3
7.
 37

dy
f (2) 
dx dy 2( x  x)2  ( x  x)  4  (2 x 2  x  4)
(b) x  2
 lim
 2( 2) 3  4(2)  5
  13
dx x0 x
2 x 2  4 x(x)  2(x)2  x 
2. (a)
g (3)  6e 3 (3  2)
 
 30e 3 2
x  4  2 x  x  4 
dy
 g (0)  lim 
(b) dx x0 x0 x
 6e 0 (0  2)
 12 4 x(x)  2(x)2  x
 lim
3. Slope of curve C at x  3 x0 x

dy
dx
 lim [4 x  2(x)  1]
x 3 x0
3

[ 4(3)  7] 2  4x  1
3

25 8.

4. Slope of curve C at x  k
dy

dx x  k
dy 8

dx x k (2k  3) 2
1 8

∴ 2 (2k  3) 2
4k 2  12k  7  0
7 1
k  or
2 2

21
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

dy  ( x  x)2  4( x  x)  3  ( x2  4 x  3)
 lim 11.
dx x0 x
dy 2( x  x)  2 x
 lim
  x 2  2 x ( x )  ( x ) 2  4 x   dx x0 x
   lim 
 2 ( x  x )  2 x

2( x  x)  2x 

2
4(x)  3  x  4 x  3  x 0  x 2( x  x)  2 x 

 lim 2 ( x  x  x )
x0 x  lim
x 0 x[ 2( x  x )  2 x ]

 2 x(x)  (x)2  4(x)  lim

2
 lim x 0 2( x  x)  2 x
x0 x 
2

 lim (2 x  x  4) 2 2x
x0 1

2x
  2x  4
12.
1 1
 dy ( x  x)  1  x  1
dy
 lim x  x  5 x  5  lim
dx x0 x
dx x0 x
x  5  ( x  x  5) x  x  1  x  1 x  x  1  x  1
 lim  lim 
9. x0 x ( x  x  5)( x  5) x 0 x x  x  1  x  1
1 x  x  1  ( x  1)
 lim  lim
x0 ( x  x  5)( x  5) x 0 x( x  x  1  x  1 )
1 1
  lim
( x  5) 2 x 0 x  x  1  x  1
1

2 x 1
1 1

dy ( x  x ) 2 x2 5( x  x ) 2  5 x 2
 lim
dx x0 x f ' ( x)  lim
x  0 x
x 2  ( x  x ) 2
 lim 5 x  10 x(x)  5(x) 2  5 x 2
2

x0 x ( x 2 )( x  x ) 2
13. (a)  lim
x  0 x
x 2  x 2  2 x (x )  (x) 2  lim [10 x  5(x )]
10.  lim x  0
x0 x ( x 2 )( x  x ) 2  10 x
 2 x  x
 lim
x0 x 2 ( x  x ) 2 (b) Slope of the tangent to the curve at x  1
 f ' (1)
 2x
  10(1)
x2 ( x2 )  10
2
 3 14. (a)
x

22
 7 Limits and Derivatives

dy
4( x  x)2  5( x  x)  (4 x 2  5 x) 
dx
g ' ( x)  lim x 3

 3(3) 2  6(3)  2
x0 x 7

4 x 2  8 x(x)  4(x)2 
  dy
dx
7
2
5 x  5(x)  4 x  5 x  3x 2  6 x  2  7
 lim (b)
x0 x x2  2x  3  0
( x  1)( x  3)  0
8 x(x)  4(x)2  5(x) x  1 or 3 (rejected)
 lim When x  1,
x0 x y  ( 1)3  3( 1) 2  2( 1)  5
 lim [8 x  4(x)  5]  7
∴ The coordinates of Q are (1, 7).
x0
 8x  5 18. (a)

x  x x ( x  x )( x  1)  x( x  x  1)
 
(b) Slope of the tangent to the curve at x  2 x  x  1 x  1 ( x  x  1)( x  1)
 g ' ( 2)
x 2  x  x (x )  x  x 2  x (x)  x
 8( 2)  5 
( x  x  1)( x  1)
 11
x

15. ( x  x  1)( x  1)

1 1 x  x x
 
dy ( x  x )3 x3 d  x  x   x  1 x 1
 lim    lim
dx x0 x dx  x  1  x  0 x
x3  ( x  x)3
(b) 1
 lim  lim
x  0 ( x  x  1)( x  1)
x 0 x( x  x)3 x3
1
x3  [ x3  3 x 2 (x)  3 x(x ) 2  ( x)3 ] 
 lim ( x  1) 2
x 0 x( x  x)3 x3
 3 x 2 ( x)  3 x( x) 2  (x )3 19. (a)
 lim 3 3
x 0 x( x  x) x
( x  x  4  x  4 )( x  x  4)  x  4)
 3 x 2  3 x ( x )  ( x ) 2  x  x  4  x  4
 lim
x 0 ( x  x)3 x 3  x

 3x 2
 (b)
x6
3

x4

Level 2
16. ∵ The tangent to C at x  k is parallel to the x-axis.
∴ Slope of the tangent at x  k is 0.
h (k )  0
2k (k  3) 2  0
k  0 or 3

17. (a) Slope of C at the point P(3, 11)

23
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions


1

1 1 1
d  1  ( x  x  4) 2  ( x  4) 2
2
 2
   lim dy ( x  x )  1 ( x  1)
 
dx  x  4  x  0 x  lim
dx x0 x
1 1
( x 2  1)  [( x  x ) 2  1]
( x  4) 2  ( x  x  4) 2  lim
 lim 1 1
21. x 0 x( x 2  1)[( x  x) 2  1]
x  0
x( x  4) 2 ( x  x  4) 2  2 x  x
 lim
 x x 0 ( x 2  1)[( x  x ) 2  1]
 lim
x  0  1 1
 2x
x ( x  4) 2 ( x  x  4) 2   
  ( x  1) 2
2
 1 1 

( x  4) 2  ( x  x  4) 2  
  
 1
2
1
2 2 2
1 dy [1  ( x  x ) ]  (1  x )
  lim
1 1
 1 1
 dx x0 x
( x  4) 2 ( x  4) 2 ( x  4) 2  ( x  4) 2  1  x 2  2 x( x)  ( x) 2  1  x 2
   lim 1 1
x  0
2 2 2 2
1 
3
22. x[(1  ( x  x) ]  (1  x ) ]
 ( x  4) 2
2  2 x  x
 lim 1 1
x  0
2 2 2 2
[1  ( x  x ) ]  (1  x )
(c) Slope of the curve at x  8
x
dy 

dx x 8
1  x2
3
1 
 (8  4) 2 23. (a)
2
1
 1 1
16 2( x  x)   2x 
dy ( x  x) x
 lim
dx x0 x
20.
 2 x  2( x)  2 x x  x  x 
 lim   
x  x x x 0
 x x( x)( x  x) 

dy
 lim 2 x  2x  1 2 x  1  1 
dx x 0 x  lim 2  
x 0
 x ( x  x ) 
( 2 x  1)( x  x)  x(2 x  2x  1)
 lim 1
x  0 x(2 x  1)(2 x  2x  1)  2 2
x
2 x 2  2 x( x)  x  x  2 x 2  2 x( x)  x
 lim
x  0 x(2 x  1)(2 x  2x  1)
(b) Slope of the tangent to the curve at x  1
1 dy
 lim
x  0 ( 2 x  1)( 2 x  2x  1)
dx 1
1 1
  2
(2 x  1) 2 12
1

(c) ∵ Slope of the tangent to the curve at x  k is 2.

24
 7 Limits and Derivatives

dy f ( f (11))  f (5)
 2
dx  2(5)  3
xk

1  13
2  2
k2  3 
(b) Domain :   ,   
∴ 1  2 
4
k2 Range  [0, ∞)
1
k2  3. f(x)  ax2  3x  b
4
f (0)  4
1
k  ∵ a (0)  3(0)  b  4
2
2
b4
f ( 2)  4
3 3 a ( 2)  3( 2)  4  4
2

 3 ∵
dy  2  ( x  x) 2  x 2 4a  14
 x   lim
dx   x0 x 7
  a
2
( x  x) x  x  x x
 lim
x0 x
( x  x)3  x3
 lim
x0 x[( x  x ) x  x  x x ] 4. (a) A  x(8  x)
24. 2 2
3x (x)  3x(x)  (x) 3
 lim (b) ∵ A  x(8  x) > 0
x0 x[( x  x ) x  x  x x ] ∴ 0<x<8
3x 2  3 x(x)  (x)2 ∴ The domain of A is all positive numbers less
 lim than 8.
x0 ( x  x ) x  x  x x
2
3x  4x  3 
  f 
2x x  2 
3 x 5

2 5. (a) f(g(x))   4x  3 
3  2 
 2 
5
Revision Exercise 7 (p. 7.46) 
Level 1
6  4x
1. (a) f ( x )  3 x 2  1  5 
 g 
 3  2x 
2 f ( 1)  3 f ( 2)  2[3( 1) 2  1]  3[3( 2) 2  1]
 5 
 2( 4)  3(13) (b) g(f(x)) 4 3
 3  2x 
  31 
2
(b) 6 x  11

f ( 4  a )  f ( 4)  3( 4  a ) 2  1  [3( 4) 2  1]
6  4x
 48  24a  3a 2  1  49
g ( f ( x))  0
 3a 2  24a
g (3x  2)  0
(c) Domain  (∞, +∞)
Range  [1, +∞) 2(3x  2) 2  5(3x  2)  0
6. 18 x 2  39 x  18  0
f ( x)  2x  3 6 x 2  13x  6  0
2. (a)
f (11)  2(11)  3 (3x  2)(2 x  3)  0
5 2 3
x or
3 2

7. (a) F(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.

25
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

3
2 x  10 3
2(1)  10
(b) G(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of lim 
x 1 x2  3 (1) 2  3
x because it is discontinuous at x  0.
11. 8
3

(c) H(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x.


4
1
(d) P(x) is not a continuous function for all real values of 
2
x.

lim 3 x 3  3 lim x 3 3x  6 3( x  2)
x  1 x  1 lim  lim
8. x  2 2x  8
2 x   2 2( x 2  4)
 3( 1) 3
3( x  2)
3  lim
x  2 2( x  2)( x  2)

12. 3
lim [( x 2  x )( x  3)]  lim
x  2 2( x  2)
x  2
9.
 [(2) 2  ( 2)](2  3) 3

  10 2(2  2)
3

6 x 2  5x  2  6( 2) 2  5( 2)  2 8
10. lim
x 2

4
x 2  3x  4 ( x  1)( x  4)
lim  lim
x4 x  6x  8
2 x  4 ( x  2)( x  4)
x 1
 lim
x4 x  2
13.
4 1

42
5

2

6 x2  7 x  2 (3 x  2)( 2 x  1)
lim  lim
x
1 2 x  7 x  4 x  (2 x  1)( x  4)
2 1
2 2

3x  2
 lim
x
1 x4
2
14.
1
3   2
2
  
1
4
2
1

9

3x  1  1 3x  1  1
lim  lim
x 0 2x x  0
2 x ( 3x  1  1)
3
 lim
15.
x 0
2( 3x  1  1)
3

2( 3(0)  1  1)
3

4

26
 7 Limits and Derivatives

x3 ( x  3)( x  2  1) 1  cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x

lim  lim lim  lim
x 3 x  2 1 x 3 x  2 1 x0 x sin x x  0 x sin x

16.  lim( x  2  1) 21. 2 sin x

x 3  lim
x 0 x
 3  2 1  2(1)
2
2
x 5 ( x  5)( 6  x  11 )
2
lim  lim 22.
x 5
6 x  11
2 x 5 36  x 2  11

( x  5)( 6  x 2  11 )  
 lim
(5  x )(5  x )  
 sin 3x 
x 5
x  sin 3x x 
lim     lim 
sin 3x  x  0 sin x sin 3x 
17.  (6  x 2  11 ) x  0 tan x
 lim   
x 5 5 x
 cos x 
6  52  11
  sin 3x x 
55   cos x  3 

6  3x sin x 
5  lim 
x 0 3x 1
  
 sin 3 x 3 
5
8
 8x  5 x 1
lim  lim  (1)(1)(1)(3)  (1) 
x   7 x  4 x   4
7  3
18. x
8 0 10
 
70 3
8

7 x  x 
e2 1  e2 1 1 
lim  lim  
6 3 x 0 x x  0 x 2
 4  
6  3x  4 x 2 2
 2 
lim  lim x x
23.
x   5x  6 x 2 x   5 1
6  (1) 
x
19. 2
004
 1
06 
2
2

3
e2 x  e2 e 2 (e x  1)
lim  lim
x 0 x x 0 x
x x
sin sin e x
1
3 3 24.  e 2 lim
lim  lim x 0 x
x0 tan 2 x x0 sin 2 x
 e (1)
2
cos 2 x
 e2
 x 
 sin 
 3 2 x 1
20.  lim   cos 2 x   25.
x0 x sin 2 x 6
 
 3 
1
 (1)(1)(1) 
6
1

6

27
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

sin(e 2 x  1)  sin(e 2 x  1) e 2 x  1  dy 2( x  x) 2  5( x  x)  2 x 2  5 x

lim  lim     lim
x 0 1 ex x 0 e 2 x  1
 1  e x  dx x0 x
 sin(e 2 x  1) (e x  1)(e x  1)  2 x 2  4 x(x)  2( x) 2  5 x  5x  2 x 2  5 x
 lim     lim
x 0 e 2 x  1 1 ex  x0 x

 lim (2x  4 x  5)
 sin(e 2 x  1)  x0
  lim   (e x  1) 
x 0  e 2 x
1   4x  5

 (1)(e 0  1) (b) ∵ The tangent to C at P is parallel to the x-axis.
 2 dy
∴ 0
dx
26. After a very long time, we have: 4x  5  0
9 i.e.
C  lim 5
x
t   12  8e  0.8t 4
9 5
 By substituting x  into y  2x2  5x,
12  0 4
3 5
2
5
 y  2   5 
4 4 4
∴ The concentration of the insecticide in the soil after a 25
3 
very long time is g/m2. 8
4
5 25 
∴ The coordinates of P are  , .
4 8 

27. After a very long time, we have:

5000  4400t
P  lim
t   1  5t
5000
 4400
 lim t
t   1
5
t
30. (a)
0  4400

05
 880
∴ The price of the camera is $880 after a very long
time.

3 3

d  3  2( x  x) 2 x
   lim
dx  2 x  x0 x
6 x  6 x  6x
 lim
28. x0 x( 2 x )( 2 x  2x )
3
 lim
x0 x( 2 x  2 x )
3
 2
2x

29. (a) y  2x2  5x

28
 7 Limits and Derivatives

f ( g ( x))  g ( f ( x ))
( x  x  1)(2 x  2x  1)  ( x  1)(2 x  1)
f ' ( x)  lim 2  2 
 2  1
x0 x ( 2 x  1)  1  x 1 
1 4  x 1
2 x 2  2 x(x)  x  2 x(x)  2(x)2  x  x

x 1
  x  1  3x  x 2
2
2 x  2x  1  2 x  x  1  x 2  2x 1  0
 lim ( x  1) 2  0
x0 x x 1

2(x)2  4 x(x)  x
 lim
x0 x
 lim (2x  4 x  1) 33. f(x)  e2x1
f ( x  a)
x0 ∵ 3
f ( x)
 4x 1 e 2 x  2 a 1
∴ 3
e 2 x 1
(b) Slope of the tangent to the curve at x  1 e2a  3
 f ' ( 1) 2a  ln 3
 4( 1)  1 1
 5 a  ln 3
2

1 5 x 2  20 5( x  2)( x  2)
31. (a) y lim  lim
3x  2 x2 x3  8 x  2 ( x  2 )( x 2  2 x  4 )
1 1
 5( x  2)
dy 3( x  x)  2 3 x  2  lim 2
 lim 34.
x2 x  2x  4
dx x 0 x
5( 2  2)
(3 x  2)  (3 x  3x  2) 
 lim ( 2 ) 2  2( 2 )  4
x 0 x (3 x  2)(3 x  3  2)
5
3 
 lim 3
x 0 (3 x  2)(3 x  3x  2)
3
 35.
(3 x  2) 2
x 3  27 ( x  3)( x 2  3x  9)
lim  lim
1 x 3 x 3  x 2  5 x  3 x  3 ( x  3)( x 2  2 x  1)
(b) ∵ The slope of the curve y  at x  k is
3x  2 x 2  3x  9
3  lim
x 3 x 2  2 x  1
 .
16 32  3(3)  9
3 3  2
  3  2(3)  1
(3x  2) 2
16
27
∴ (3k  2) 2  16 
16
3k  2  4
2
k  2 or  36.
3

Level 2
2
32. f ( x)  , g ( x)  2 x  1
x 1

29
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

 1 1  x 2  3x  240.
x2
lim  2   lim
x2 x  2 x  3x  2  x  2 ( x  2)( x  3 x  (22) x  1)( x  2)(3x  1)
2
  1  2  1
lim  lim  2   1   3  
( x  2)x2  3
x x  
 x  x  x
 lim
x2 ( x  2)( x  3 x  2)
2  ( 2  0)(1  0)(3  0)
x2 6
 lim 2
x2 x  3x  2
41.
1
 lim
x2 x  1
x3 1
1 lim  lim
 x   ( 2 x  1)( x  4)
2 x    1  4 
2 1  2  1  2 
 x  x 
1
1

(2  0)(1  0)
37.
1

x3 ( x  3)( x  2 x 2  9 ) 2
lim  lim
x  3
x 2x 2  9
x  3 x 2  2x 2  9
y
x 2x 2  9 42. Let y  2 x , then x  .
 lim 2
x  3 3 x
When x   , y   .
3 2( 3) 2  9 y
  1 
x
 1 2
3  ( 3) lim 1    lim 1  
x  
 2x  y  
 y
 1 1
 1 
y 2

 lim 1   
y   y 
 
1
 e2
 e

38.

x 9 5 ( x  9  25)( 20  x  2)
lim  lim
x 16
20  x  2 x 16
( 20  x  4)( x  9  5)
( x  16)( 20  x  2)
 lim
x 16
(16  x )( x  9  5)
20  x  2
  lim
x 16
x9 5
20  16  2 y
 43. Let y    2 x , then x 
16  9  5 2
2 
 When x  , y0.
5 2

39.

2x  1  3 (2 x  8)( 2 x  4  2)
lim  lim
x4
2x  4  2 x4
(2 x  8)( 2 x  1  3)
2( 4)  4  2

2( 4)  1  3
2

3

30
 7 Limits and Derivatives

  y 
cos 
cos x  2 
lim  lim 47. (a)
x   2 x
 y 0 y
2
2( x  x)  1 2 x  1
 y
sin   
2 dy ( x  x)  3 x  3
 lim
y
 lim
y 0
dx x0 x
  y 
 sin   1  (2 x  2x  1)( x  3)  (2 x  1)( x  x  3)
 lim     
2  lim
y 0  y 2 x0 x( x  3)( x  x  3)
 2 
 
1
2 x 2  2 x(x)  x  6 x  6x  

2
 
3  2 x 2  2 x(x)  6 x  x  x  3
 lim
lim
2x
 lim
2x x0 x( x  3)( x  x  3)
x
x 0 1  e x 0  (e  x  1)
7
 lim
2  lim
44. x 0 e x  1 x0 ( x  3)( x  x  3)
( x)
7

2 
1 ( x  3)2
2

dy 1
e x  e x e2 x  1 
lim  lim dx 7
x 0 x (e x  e  x ) x 0 x(e2 x  1)
7 1
 e2 x  1  
1 ( x  3) 2 7
45.  lim   2x  2 (b)
x 0 2 x e  1  ( x  3) 2  49

 1  x 2  6 x  40  0
 (1)  2(0)  (2)
 e  1 ( x  4)( x  10)  0
1 x  4 or  10
2x  1
By substituting x  4 into y  , we have
dy 2( x  x )  1  2 x  1 x3
 lim
dx x0 x 2( 4)  1
[2( x  x )  1]  (2 x  1)
y
 lim 43
x 0 x ( 2 x  2x  1  2 x  1) 1
46. (a)
2 2x  1
 lim By substituting x  10 into y  , we have
x 0 ( 2 x  2x  1  2 x  1) x3
1 2(10)  1
 y
2x  1  10  3
3
∴ The required points are (4, 1) and (10, 3).
1
 tan 45
(b) 2a  1
2a  1  1
Challenging Questions (p. 7.49)
a0
1. Let t  n 1  x , then x  t n  1 .
When x  0, t  1.

31
NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.2 Full Solutions

t n 1 (b) Length of the curve

∵ 1  t  t 2    t n1  1 r
t 1   2    n
n 2 n
1 x 1 t 1
lim  lim n  r
x0 x t 1 t  1
1
 lim n (c) No
t 1 t  1
∴
t 1 Further Questions
1 1
 lim 1. lim 0
t 1 1  t  t 2
  t n1 n   n2
1
  1 2 3  6
n lim  2  2  2   lim 2
2. n  
n n n  n   n
0
f (0  1)  f (0) f (1)
2. (a) f (1)  f (0) f (1)
3.
f (0)  1
 1 2 3 n  1  2  3  ...  n
f ( x  x)  f ( x) lim  2  2  2  ...  2   lim
f ( x)  lim n
n   n n n  n   n2
x  0 x n( n  1)
f ( x) f (x)  f ( x)  lim
 lim n   2n 2
(b)
x  0 x 1  1
f ( x)[ f (x)  1]  lim 1  
 lim 2 n  
 n
x  0 x 1
 
 lim f ( x)  lim
x 0
f ( x )  1 
 x0 x 

 (1  0)
2
1

∵ f (0)  2 2
∴

x 0
 
f (0)  lim f (0)  lim
 x 0 x

f (x)  1 
2

∵ From (a), f(0)  1
f ( x)  1
∴ lim 2
x  0 x
∴

x 0
 
f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim
 x 0

f (x)  1 
x


f ( x)  f ( x)  2
f ( x)  2 f ( x)

Inquiry and Investigation (p. 7.51)

Activity and Discovery

1. r

2. (a) Radius of each semi-circular arc

2r

2n
r

n

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