th

19 International Conference on Production Research

INNOVATION AND PRODUCTIVITY: A STUDY IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING SUB-SECTOR
1 2
Berto Luiz Freitas Peixoto , Maria de Lourdes Barreto Gomes
1Electromechanics, FATEC –LN, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceara, Brazil
2Post-Graduation Program in Production Engineering, UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

Abstract
The decision to innovate the production systems, whether manufactured goods or services, engenders,
among other things, the need to watch the system performance as to the quality of process and product, the
ability of the human resources that were reached by innovation, the level of productivity, and the gains in
cost reduction. This article, as it analyses the performance in civil construction, building sub-sector,
approaches these aspects from the incorporation to the building process of the innovations related to the
use of new materials and components such as the plastic distancing device. This research made in
construction companies headquartered in Fortaleza, the capital city of the state of Ceara, and in order to
reach a suitable conclusion we have asked the working engineers to fill in a questionnaire, and we have
observed the work of the building site, innovative changes resulting from the use of the mentioned
component, the way by which the enterprise is run, and the operational capacity of the building process. The
results show a dependence on civil construction manual work, mainly on the building sub-sector, and the
small use of innovations as compared to the other productive sectors. Even if the innovations do not reach
all the stages of the construction process, they bring some kind of quality improvement to the process,
productivity gains, cost efficiency, and changes in the treatment of the manual workers, mainly concerned
with their qualification.

Keywords:
Innovation; productivity; civil construction.

1 INTRODUCTION The adoption of new techniques, new materials and an

In civil construction, more specifically in the building sub-
sector, many advances have occurred in relation to the
introduction and dissemination of new technologies, which
comprehended materials and components, and research
and propagation of new construction techniques. Such
innovations are not considered revolutionary to the point of
changing the basis of all the construction system, but they
can bring productivity, quality and reliability gains.
In spite of the advances in this sector, especially related to
materials and construction techniques, most of the building
sub-sector still uses low qualification manual work
professionals, little mechanization, conventional processes
as well as simple techniques. However, the high
competitiveness found in this sector raises the market
requirements concerning the quality patterns and rules.
This makes the organizations search improvements in
techniques, improvements in materials and components,
and improvements in production processes, which may
bring quality gains, higher reliability on delivery terms,
higher performance from the manual workers, bringing thus
higher productivity and cost reduction.
The civil construction productive chain, besides being very
complex and dissimilar, with a great diversity of intervening
agents and products that are created as the process goes
on with levels of different qualifications, affects the
productivity and the quality of the final product. [1]
The building sub-sector has a slower new technology
absorption process when we compare it to other sectors.
This is due to certain characteristics that pertain to this
sector of the civil construction, which make it difficult to use
these new techniques. However, when it is possible to use
these technology innovations, the productive sectors tend
to respond to the opportunity of price change, from
possible gains in competitiveness, due to quality and
productivity improvements that may put them ahead of
their competitors.
improvement in the construction process lessens people’s
work in the building site and increases the number of tasks
done in the office and in component industries. [2] A
substantial part of handwork, which is typical in civil
construction, will be replaced by the assembly of
components that require less physical effort and new
professional competences.
There are a series of hindrances inherent to the building
production which make it difficult to change the
technological basis of the companies. They range from the
material and component market, disqualification of manual
work, lack of planning, flow of information, material and
service providers, and equipments to production control.[3]
Therefore, even if the technological evolution in the
building sector is below other sectors of the economy,
recently – from the 90’s – new factors have favored this
evolution, mainly the increase in competitiveness among
the companies. This has happened as the result of the
opening of importation and the insertion of Brazil in the
globalization process of the economy. The market
retraction – people’s purchasing power has fallen – and the
increase in the level of consumer’s requirements have also
contributed to this evolution. Thus, company strategies
based on cost reduction and the improvement of quality,
and productivity have become important and have stood
out in the market.
This article analyzes the use of new materials, as the
plastic distancing devices, in the structural stage of the
buildings, and at the same time it compares the economic
productive gains as a consequence of the use of plastic
distancing devices to the use of conventional materials,
known as mortar distancing block – a small mortar square
block, as well as the productive gains inherent to the
manipulation of the distancing blocks. We also compare
the plastic distancing devices to the mortar distancing
blocks by measurement. In order to do this we make use of
an indicator related to the percentage of the difficulty
degree in the manipulation and application of the
distancing blocks.
2 TECNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
The plastic distancing devices, which are studied in this
article, although very simple components to be used, are
considered technological innovations (TI’s) according to
the opinion of several authors in their studies. The
technological innovation is considered as the main driving
force to an increase in productivity. It is very important to
raise its capacity to act on global competitiveness and
conquer new market and consumers. [4]
Although not every innovation has a high degree of
scientific knowledge, the technological innovations is
equally important when it comes to competitiveness, once,
if it is true that there is a close connection between cutting
edge technology and science, it is also true that implied
knowledge, which is common in productive environments,
company culture, which is not easily passed on, also
engenders technology. He also reminds us that technology
comes from the ability of the companies to innovate. [5]
So, science, technology and production are related to each
other in a very complex way. Concerning knowledge and its
relationship with science and technology, we can see that it
is necessary, but not enough, once there is a lot of
scientific knowledge available to promote the process of
technological innovations whether they are of the
incremental kind or the radical kind.
The knowledge advances in science are called discoveries
or inventions. When intentionally, it engenders something
useful it is called invention. The technology advances are
called inventions and innovations when they appear in the
same conditions referred to above, but when they concern
the technological area. The word innovation is used for that
invention that can be absorbed by the productive sector
and it becomes goods. [6]
In relation to this issue, an invention which is not launched
into the market is not an innovation, from the economic
point of view, not even certain innovations take part in the
technological domain. As examples he mentions the
supermarkets as a commercial innovation, but they can not
be considered technological progress. [7]
In the scope of economics, during this century, a lot has
been discussed about innovation, its nature, its
characteristics, and its sources aiming at the search for a
better understanding of its role facing economic
development, emphasizing as a main landmark Joseph
Schumpeter’s contribution in the first half of this century,
which focused the importance of innovations and the
technological advances in the development of the
companies and in the development of economy. [8]
Innovation is at the core of economic change and he
claims that radical innovations provoke great changes in
the world, whereas incremental innovations continuously fill
the change process. [9] Because of this he proposed a list
of several kinds of innovations:
o introduction of a new product or a qualitative
change in an existing product;
o process innovation that may be something new to
an industry;
o opening of a new market;
o development of new sources of raw material
supplying or other inputs;
o changes in the industrial organization.
Another classification for the TI’s is divided into three kinds:
[9]
a) Product and process technological innovations (PPT)
are considered established if they had been introduced in
the market (product innovation) or used in the production
process (process innovation). A PPT innovation makes use
of scientific, technological, organizational, financial, and
commercial activities.
b) Product technological innovation can be divided into two
kinds. The first kind corresponds to technologically new
products which involves either radically new technologies,
or a combination of existing technologies used in a new
way or which came from new knowledge. The second kind
talks about technologically improved products, this means
that the technological innovation has a significantly
improved or high performance, (even if it is a simple one)
in relation to performance or low cost. This is the case of
materials or components which can improve a subsystem
or a stage of the productive process.
c) Process technological innovation – new production
methods significantly improved. The objective of the
methods is that the products should not be delivered or
produced with conventional methods of production.
There are lots of books written about technological
innovations and the gains which result from its applications
in the production systems. In this part the productivity gains
in relation to manual work, the use of materials and the
resources from the system in general, are always evident.
3 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT PRODUCTIVITY
Productivity started being followed more intensely when
competitiveness became fiercer because of market
globalization. In the competitive scope actual, the
companies without productivity or without the efficiency of
the productive process, hardly ever will be successful or
even survive in the market. [10]
In order to know productivity and to apply its concepts so
as to identify the best possible indicators and variables for
the process that one wants to research, it is necessary to
measure, analyze, and evaluate productivity, whether
qualitatively or quantitatively, and from this pull out reliable
data in order to have a real model of the performance of
the evaluated system, with maximum security.
Several ways to look at and to define productivity. People
can not only understand productivity better according to
their perception, knowledge and experience, but can also
learn how to improve it in order to reach competitiveness
from its measurement. [11]
The concept of productivity for a physical system of
production is defined as the relation between what is
obtained in the output and what is consumed in the input of
this system. [12] The productivity is linked to the
effectiveness of a productive system, being that the relative
effectiveness the best or worst use of the resources. [4]
The increase of productivity can bring benefits for the
organizations and people and environment in general. So,
to follow productivity looking for more valuable and more
reliable indicators acts as tools when making decisions in
company management. Knowing indicators and
productivity measures help to identify problems as well as
to evaluate the right decisions made in the company daily
routine. [13]
The indicators measure, register and show the basic work
activities in an organization, acting as instruments to
identify and define measurable activities or productivity
indicators. As such one look for data to develop
productivity indicators, according to what one wants to
measure from the information availability and personal
choice. The indicators should fulfill acceptable validity and
reliability patterns.
Some characteristics must be taken into consideration
when bringing forth indicators:
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19 International Conference on Production Research

o Simplicity – easy to understand; The PDDs used in civil construction are considered
o Low cost and easy to obtain – it might be lower incremental innovation because they use new material,
that the benefit it produces; new formats, new form of acquisition, besides innovating
the manipulation process. The conventional distancing
o Representativeness – to represent the activity, the blocks, shown in picture 1 are produced in the building site,
process or result which it refers to; and they make use of mortar as raw material – cement,
o Steadiness – should be brought forth based on sand – and wire, and they are made by the workers
routine procedures that last as long as time goes themselves. The dimensional uniformity of the mortar block
by. is far from being what one might wish, because it is made
A more classical vision about productivity is analyzed according to the application needs and without any
considered three definitions: [14] precision.
a) Simple factor productivity (sfp): when it relates some
production measure to only one of the inputs used in the
productive process, such as: money, machine, energy,
worker, this last one being the most referred to in the
partial productivity measures;
b) Value added productivity: based on the association of
value concept, the productive development of which is
measured by the relation between the added value and the 20m
several production resources used. As it uses only
monetary value in its calculations, it eliminates the
possibility of determining the technical productivity of the Picture 1: Distancing mortar block – detail of its covering
factors, thence its indicators are used in economic
productivity. height (Direct research)
c) Total factor productivity: when more than one input are The plastic distancing devices present different geometrical
considered simultaneously (generally hand work and forms as seen in picture 2 and in picture 3. The PDDs are
money). developed to improve the production process of the
concrete structures. In this case, the plastic distancing
This paper makes use of the classical concept of simple
devices replace the mortar blocks and other kinds of
factor productivity. As a partial productivity measure it does
material that do not have a defined format and are made of
not show the global efficiency of all the stages of the
steel. The mortar blocks and these other kinds are
building process, but it shows precisely the structural stage
normally used in the building sites of edifices.
of the buildings, taking into consideration the use of an
innovative material such as the plastic distancing devices
and the conventional ones made on the building site.

4 METHODOLOGY
The research that produced this article is a qualitative one, 1 1
although quantitative data were used to complement the
results. It is about a multiple case study carried out in four
building companies, based in Fortaleza, Ceara.
The researched building companies had been chosen
apart from their size, however all of them worked on the
building sub sector, and at the moment of the research 2 3
they were at the point of carrying out the reinforced Picture 2: Plastic distancing devices for pillars, lamp
concrete structure. Besides the size of the buildings under posts, beam and cement slabs, of the kind
construction was from five-floor high, making it easier, DTC (1), DT (2) and DAM (3)
then, to observe the use of the distancing devices in more
significant extent.
In the production of the PDDs thermoplastic materials such
In the field research questionnaires and semi-structured as polypropylene, high density polyethylene and
interviews were used. These were applied to the engineers polystyrene are used. These materials can be recycled,
who were responsible for the buildings. Such instruments and there is no damage to the reliability and dimensional
had innovation as their main focus, taking into quality of the PDDs. The production process of the
consideration the use of plastic distancing devices and distancing devices is the molding thermoplastic
productivity. Besides systematic observation of the transformation through injection.
activities were made concerning the structural stage of the
building process, more specifically the assembly of iron
framework in the moulds, in order to carry out structural
elements such as: pillars, beams and cement slabs.
The collected information and data for the two systems (the
conventional one and the innovative one) were put in order
and analyzed. The results are presented in the next items, 1
and we started by an analyses of the distancing devices.
5 MORTAT DISTANCING BLOCK (MDBs) AND
PLASTIC DISTANCING DEVICE (PDDs)
The main function of the distancing devices is to warrant
the distance between the iron structure and the mould in a 2
way that the cover is the one projected and required by the Figura 3: Distanciadores tipo apoio para cordoalha em laje
NBR 6118:2003 rule. [15] protendida (1) e para tela dupla vertical (2).
 Table 1 - Productivity Variations – DtC x DtP
Besides the application in structural elements of the
buildings such as pillars, beams and cement slabs the
distancing devices are also used in prefabricated concrete
Productivity
blocks such as lamp posts, lattice girders, poles, tile Resources Mortar Distancing Block Plastic Distancing Device Variation Rate
setting, glass block for caulking. It is also used as electrical
material distancing devices and as EPS (Styrofoam) block [(ACPdd/PcMb)
distancing devices. Quant. Value sfp Qunt. Value sfp - 1] x 100

So it is clear that the plastic distancing devices have Output

different shapes to adapt themselves better wherever they (Un) (R$) (Un) (R$)
are used.
Cost
The dimensional variation of the PDDs is at one with the
concrete covering according to the NBR 6118:2003 rule. In
Production
the case of the cordage support used in extended slabs / Purchase 1000 72,3 1000 50 -30,84
they go from 35mm to 170mm, and they vary in height
Inputs Inputs
every 5mm according to the structural calculation.
Materials
Cement
(KG) 100 30 2,40
6 PRODUCTIVITY AND DISTANCING DEVICES
Sand (m2) 0,15 5,6 12,91
The plastic distancing devices (PDDs) replacing the mortar
distancing blocks (MDBs) bring forth different results as to Wire (Kg) 3 18 4,01 Acquisition
the productivity process and to the product. The use of this Manual- hrough purchase
1
work (hh) 9 18,7 3,80 - R$ 50,00
component in the building structural stage, specifically in
the assembly of the moulds, show that the users point out Total 72,3 50
the distancing device functions so as to warrant the Source: Drect Research
required covering, to keep the iron structure in its central
position, and to give uniformity to the cover. [16] Besides
they justify the replacement of the mortar distancing block The analyses and evaluation of the productivity variation
by pointing out an improvement in the quality of the cover, rate show the low performance in economic productivity
quicker assembly process, cost reduction, taking into with the use of the conventional mortar distancing blocks.
consideration that the PDDs which are not made in the The factors related to this low performance, even
building site also bring the reduction in manual work. considering them for measurement and evaluation, the
smallest number of men hours related to the production of
The quantitative measure of productivity, as has already
MDBs, which were collected in the inquiries, are due to
been shown, was based on simple factor productivity (sfp).
both the hand work production process and to the cost of
This article presents the results of the economic
the material used. As there are not data referring to the
productivity rate for which the following indicator was
PDDs inputs in a discriminated form, the comparison was
defined:
made among the total known costs in order to measure
EPR = ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY RATE and evaluate the variation of the productivity rate.
EPR= [(PcMb / AcPdd) -1] x 100 From these considerations, one can say that being
PcMd= production cost of the mortar distancing block. productivity a measure of efficiency and effectiveness,
AcPdd= acquisition cost of the plastic distancing devices. already mentioned in this article, the use of plastic
distancing devices (PDDs), because productivity variations
The identification of the economic productivity rate from the have favored them, should replace the use of mortar
comparison of the conventional distancing blocks and the distancing blocks (MDBs). The calculation of the simple
innovated ones, shows that this particular indicator factor productivity of the capitalized resources show that,
measures the productivity in such a way that it indicates even in using purposefully more favorable data in the
the money value of the technical relations that form a production of the MDBs, it is better to use the innovation in
production process. In this indicator resources and results, the building sub sector of the civil construction industry, by
inputs and outputs respectively are transformed into measuring and evaluating productivity, because there are
money. visible gains.
This article still shows an indicator which refers to the
If the PDD production process were done by the same difficulty in setting the distancing devices (RDD – Rate of
company the simple factor productivity of both processes difficulty degree in the distancing devices setting). If the
would be measured. However the PDDs are industrialized productivity measure related to the use of plastic distancing
and obtained by the building companies through suppliers devices (PDDs) compared to the use of the mortar
where as the MDBs are made at the building sites. distancing devices (MDBs) is enlarged we can see that the
The economic productivity measure between both PDDs are easier to set, according to the professional
components is made from direct comparisons between people interviewed for the research already mentioned.
both inputs, which are manual work cost and material used In order to make the calculation of the rate of difficulty
in the production of the mortar distancing block, and the degree (RDD) feasible, scales, referring to the data
costs of buying the plastic distancing devices or both collected in the research, were built.
outputs, which are the monetary values of the MDBs and of These scales quantified the use of the distancing devices
the PDDs. This simple factor productivity measure can be in low, medium, and high degree of facility, and speed, and
useful to guide the costs related to manual work, and other the difference in assembly time. [16]
costs, if one wants to investigate these component costs,
period by period divided by floor or by work done by the RDD = RATE OF DIFFICULTY DEGREE IN THE
company. Table 1 shows the sfp rates and the productivity DISTANCING DEVICE SETTING
variation In the identification of the indicator, the formula below was
used, so that in a simple way, through the information of
the people interviewed about the degree of difficulty in the
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19 International Conference on Production Research

setting of both kinds of distancing devices, to calculate the

difficulty degree (RDD). Table 3: Equivalência do grau de dificuldade – DtC’s
RDD = (NADD / NAQ) x 100 Conventionnal
Equivalence Table
NADD = Number of answers referring to the difficulty Distancing Block
degree in the manipulation in a scale of: low, medium, or Number of
high degree of difficulty. Intensity scale of the answers
Indicator
NAQ = Number of applied questionnaires =10 facility degree in the referring to the
scale
distance devices setting difficulty degree
(NADD)
Table 2: Equivalence table of the difficulty degree – DtC’s Grau Designação % Grau % unidade
Igual
Plastica Distancing Device Equivalence Table 0 0 - - 0
facilidade
Number of Pouca Alta
1 30 100 6
answers facilidade dificuldade
Intensity scale of the facility
Indicator referring to Média Média
degree in the distance 2 50 50 3
scale the difficulty facilidade dificuldade
devices setting
degree
(NADD) Muita Baixa
3 100
facilidade dificuldade 30 1
Degree Designation % Degree % Unity
0 Equal facility 0 - - 0
The rate referring to the difficulty degree can be seen in
High table 3, in the column about the number of answers related
1 Little facility 30 100 1
difficulty to the difficulty degree pointed by the interviewed people
Medium Medium and calculated according to the following formula.
2 50 50 3
facility difficulty
Low (1) High difficulty - RDD(1) = (6 /10) x 100 = 60%
3 High facility 100
difficulty 30 6 (2) Medium difficulty - RDD(2) = (3/10) x 100 = 30%
(3) Low difficulty - RDD(3) = (1/10) x 100 = 10%
(1) High difficulty - RDD(1) = (1/10) x 100 = 10%
(2) Medium difficulty - RDD(2) =(3/10)x 100 = 30% Looking at both scales one can see that the difficulty
(3) Low difficulty - RDD(3) = (6/10) x 100 = 60% degree of the mortar distancing blocks is the reverse of the
difficulty degree of the plastic distancing devices. So, one
can say that, due to the material and the geometrical form
It can be observed, from the collected data, that 60% of the the PDDs have flexibility when it is set and settled, bringing
professional people interviewed say that the plastic forth innovation growth and productivity growth.
distancing devices are much easier to set in the iron
Taking into account the weighed average of the difficulty
structures. The degree was identified as 100% easier, so
degree between both kinds of distancing devices, the
the setting difficulty degree of the plastic distancing devices
PDDs are approximately twice more flexible as to its
is much lower than when the conventional distancing
manipulating facility than the MDBs. This can then avoid
device is used.
longer manipulation time because of less difficulty degree,
Chart number 1 shows in a visual and direct format the as well as long waiting periods, and, therefore, higher
setting difficulty degree of the plastic distancing devices costs.
according to the interviewed people.
The differences in material and geometrical forms lead to
Chart 1 : RDD – Difficulty Degree in the PDD Setting variations in the manipulating performance between both
kinds of distancing devices.
RDD - Rate of the difficulty degree in the PDD When defining productivity there are efficiency and
effectiveness. So, the higher the difficult level, the bigger
60 the effort. Then it becomes clear that, when comparing
50 both kinds of distancing devices, the proportion between
40 the settled distancing device and the effort made has a
NAQ - RDD 30 higher rate when the plastic distancing device is used.
20 Taking into account, as example, the settling of 1000
10 distancing devices and the level of the effort made being
0 equivalent to a weighed average of the difficult degree in
Low Medi Hig
the setting of both kinds of distancing devices, that were
NAD 6 3 1
shown by the interviewed people, there is the productivity
NAQ 10 10 10
rate (PR).
RDD( 60 30 10
DD- Difficulty Degree PR = Number of settled distancing devices / Level of effort
made.

Table 4: Weighed Average of the RDD (WARDD)

The data about the difficulty degree related to the setting of
the mortar distancing block are shown in Table 3 that Plastic Distancing Device Mortar Distance Block
follows. NADDxDD NADDxDD
DD% NADD DD (%) NADD
% %
High 100 1 100 High 100 6 600
Medium 50 3 150 Medium 50 3 150
Low 30 6 180 Low 30 1 30
Total 10 430 Total 10 780
WARDD 43 WARDD 78
 mai.2000.pp.177.Disponívelem:<http://www.mct.gov.b
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