NAME : NURRAHIM FATURRAHMAN .

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NPM : 91811402111009

SUMMARY

1. ECOSISTEM
The water ecosystem itself is divided into 2 types, namely fresh water and sea water.
Each ecosystem has a biome with different characters. Fresh water is water that has a low
salt concentration or less than 1%. Freshwater biomes include lakes, rivers and swamps
(wetland). Lakes or ponds are fresh waters that have a certain area. While the river is a
body of water that flows from upstream to downstream. Then, swamps themselves are
puddles that support the life of aquatic plants. Sea water dominates the earth's surface up
to 75%. The source of water that exists on earth is 97% from the sea. Seawater biomes
consist of oceans and estuaries. The ocean is the largest ecosystem in existence with high
biodiversity. The estuary biome is brackish water formed by the mixing of sea and fresh
water.Tropical rainforests Crossed by the equator makes Indonesia one of the countries
blessed with fertile tropical rainforests. Not limited to flora, the fauna also varies. That is
why Indonesia is often the center of world biodiversity. One proof can be seen with the
many ecotourism that lately began to become a favorite holiday destination. Besides
having a charming panorama, the beauty of ecotourism even has a world-class taste.
There are many rainforests in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua.

2. BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is indicated by the existence of various types of living things (animals,
plants, and microorganisms). The term biodiversity (from “biological diversity”) refers to
the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass
the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life. Indonesia is also
located between two young mountain ranges, namely the Pacific circum and the
Mediterranean circum. Based on this, Indonesia is often called the ring of fire country.
The large number of volcanoes in Indonesia causes the existing land to become fertile,
especially on the islands of Java and Sumatra. This extremely varied abiotic situation
makes Indonesia rich in flora and fauna. Indonesia has 10% of the plant species of all
plant species in the world, 16% of herpetofauna species, 12% of mammal species, and
17% of bird species in the world. Some species are endemic, which means that the
species only exists in Indonesia and is not found in any region in the world.

3. CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change that occurs in Indonesia is generally characterized by changes in daily

average temperature, rainfall patterns, sea level height, and climate variability (eg El
Niño and La Niña, Indian Dipole, etc.). This change has a serious impact on various
 sectors in Indonesia, such as health, agriculture, the economy, and others. Several
institutional studies, both from within and outside the country, show that the climate in
Indonesia has changed since 1960, although scientific analysis and data are still limited.
Changes in daily average temperature are the most common indicators of climate change.
Looking ahead, the UK Met Office projects an increase in temperature in general in
Indonesia in the range of 20 C - 2.50 C in 2100 based on the IPCC A1B emissions
scenario, which is balanced energy use between non-fossil energy and fossils (UK Met
Office , 2011). Historical data confirms this scenario, for example linear temperature
increases around 2.60 C per hundred years for Malang (East Java) based on data analysis
of the last 25 years (KLH, 2012).

4. CONSERVATION

Natural Resource Conservation To coincide with the development of a national park

management agency in 1982, management of non-national park conservation areas was
approved by the approval of national park management. The government established an
institution called the Natural Preservation and Preservation Sub-Office which was also
overseen by the Nature Protection and Conservation Center. The establishment of a
national park institution has developed a non-national park management institution that
was first developed as a Hall and Sub-Department for Natural Resources Conservation,
and finally changed to the Central Office / Provincial Hall. The Technical Implementation
Unit (UPT) of Natural Resource Conservation is a natural resource management unit and
ecosystem conservation under and is responsible to the Director General of Natural
Resource Conservation and Ecosystems. The task of the Technical Implementation Unit
for nature conservation and conservation with wildlife reserves, wildlife reserves, nature
tourism parks and hunting parks. In addition, this institution is also responsible for
conducting technical coordination regarding the management of large forest parks and
essential ecosystem areas based on existing regulations. In carrying out its duties, UPT
Conservation of Natural Resources runs to do, Inventory of potential parks, regional
planning (block distribution / zoning), and planning for management of nature reserves,
wildlife sanctuaries, natural tourism parks, and hunting parks, Conservation and
protection areas of nature reserves, wildlife reserves, nature tourism parks, and hunting
parks.

5. ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY

Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical

location and its overall impact on human existence and the environment. Ecosystem
diversity is a type of biodiversity. It is the variation in the ecosystems found in a region or
 the variation in ecosystems over the whole planet. Biodiversity is important because it
clears out our water, changes out climate, and provides us with food. Ecological diversity
includes the variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ecological diversity can
also take into account the variation in the complexity of a biological community,
including the number of different niches, the number of trophic levels and other
ecological processes. An example of ecological diversity on a global scale would be the
variation in ecosystems, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, wetlands and oceans.
Ecological diversity is the largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there
is a great deal of both species and genetic diversity.

6. CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY

Indonesia's wealth for biodiversity with its components is the future of humanity as a
source of food security, health and even energy. With this potential, Indonesia must make
conservation efforts and effective legislation to overcome the rate of damage and loss of
biodiversity that has reached a very alarming level. This paper discusses the role of law
and the conservation legal framework in Indonesia, especially the ability of conservation
laws in saving natural resources, as well as suggestions for improvements to existing
laws. At present the national legal framework for biodiversity conservation is centered on
Law No. 5 of 1990 which adopted the World Conservation IUCN Strategy in 1980 which
at the international level had undergone fundamental changes in change. Regardless of
the success of this Act, among others by reserving more than 25 million ha of land and
sea ecosystems in a system of protected areas, this law contains various weaknesses for
its current implementation and needs to be revised immediately, including deep
harmonization with related laws so that they can be implemented effectively in the field.

7. HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT THREATEN BIODIVERSITY

Humans are living collections, the same as other life collections. Therefore, humans are
also involved with the natural surroundings. Humans have the ability to attach
importance to the environment because humans have advantages that have advantages.In
ecosystems, humans are the most dominant part, because they can do anything to the
ecosystem. However, it needs to be rethought that human life is also needed from the
preservation of the ecosystem where humans live. Sustainability also means keeping
biodiversity (biodiversity). Excessive use of natural resources can reduce biodiversity or
even occur in this type of extinction. Because humans become an environment that can
be rejected, that is, nature becomes damaged (deterioration) or vice versa, that is, nature
remains sustainable. Deforestation, forests are used as agricultural land or settlements and
eventually grow into cities. This causes habitat damage which results in declining
ecosystems, species and genes. Pollution, pollutants can kill microbes, fungi, animals,
and plants. Human activities are causing major changes in biological communities
worldwide, and these changes can harm biodiversity and ecosystem function. Ecosystem
function is important for supporting plant and animal communities, and ensuring the
long-term survival of human populations. However, species do not all respond equally to
these threats.
 8. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIODIVERSITY

The Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (TRHS), Indonesia comprises three widely
separated National Parks; Gunung Leuser (GLNP), Kerinci Seblat (KSNP) and Bukit Barisan
Selatan (BBSNP), and covers a total area of 2,595,124hectares, constituting one of the biggest
conservation areas in Southeast Asia. The site is located on Bukit Barisan range and holds the
greatest potential for long-term conservation of the diverse biota of Sumatra, including many
endangered species.The biodiversity of the property is exceptional in terms of both species
numbers and uniqueness. There are an estimated 10,000 species of plants, including 17 endemic
genera. Animal diversity in TRHS is also impressive, with 201 mammal species and some 580
species of birds, of which 465 are resident and 21 are endemics. Of the mammal species, 22 are
endemic to the Sundaland hotspot and 15 are confined to the Indonesian region, including the
endemic Sumatran orang-utan. Key mammal species also include the Sumatran tiger, rhino,
elephant and Malayan sun-bear. Indonesia is the heart of the Coral Triangle, the world’s most
diverse marine ecosystem. Preserving the biological and economic value of this marine
biodiversity requires efficient and economical ecosystem monitoring. This study investigates the
effectiveness of environmental DNA (eDNA) to capture fish biodiversity across a pronounced
biodiversity gradient in Indonesia. A total of 15,219,431 sequence reads of 12S rRNA from 39
sites spanning 7 regions of Indonesia revealed 774 Amplified Sequence Variants (ASVs).