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POST GRADUATE CREDIT SEMINAR
MASTER SEMINAR
ONON 1

(VM-691)
PATEL RAJKUMAR K
Reg. No:L—2015-V-35-M

MAJOR ADVISOR
Dr.D.K.GUPTA

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
GURU ANGAD DEV VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY
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LUDHIANA
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❑ Definition

❑ Cause

❑ Risk factor

❑ Pathophysiology

❑ Clinical sign

❑ Diagnosis

❑ Treatment

❑ Prevention
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  Term used to describe puppies that are
apparently normal at birth but gradually “fade”
and die within first 2 weeks of life.
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 Puppies or kitten that die soon after birth are termed as

fading puppies or kitten.

 It constitutes about 50% of the total neonatal deaths in

canines.
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• Genetic • Bacterial
• Drug induce • Viral
• parasite

congenital infectious

cause

maternal environmental

• Because of • Poor whelping box

prolong expulsion • chemical
process puppy
suffering from
hypoxia
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Infectious cause of fading puppy
syndrome

bacterial viral Parasitic

• staphylococcus • Canine Herpes • Toxocara canis
• â-hemolytic • Canine Parvo • Neospora
streptococcus • Canine Corona caninum
• brucella canis • Canine Distemper • anchylostoma
• gram-negative • Canine caninum
enteric organisms Adenovirus-2
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Infectious cause of fading kitten
syndrome

bacterial viral parasitic

• Bartonella • feline Herpes • Toxoplasma gondi
hanselae • Calci virus • Toxocara cati
• Feline leukemia • Anchylostoma
• Feline tubaefome
immunodeficiency
• Feline
panleukopenia
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Rapid fatal death syndrome

• First 3 weak of life

• cause by Canine parvo ,Canine herpes
• RX-Fluid therapy , warm, Adequate
nutrition

Umbilical infection

• first 4 day of life

• streptococcus infection
• RX-Fluid therapy, ABS, Other supportive
therapy
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Neonatal septicemia

• secondary to lack of colostrum intake

• Staphylococcus streptococcus,
• E.coli
• pseudomonas

Neonatal Dermatitis

• between 4-10 day of age

• superficial pyoderma involving the head and
neck
• caused mostly by staphylococcus.
• Lesions are irregularly shaped and crusted.
• Rx-Clean the area and apply Betadine,
antibiotics
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Toxic milk syndrome
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• 3-14 days of age

• an unsuitability to the bitch’s milk or to toxins contained in the milk.

• subsequent to either sub involution of the uterus or metritis in the bitch.

• Pup- uncomfortable, vocal and begin to bloat

• anus becomes edematous and red.

• puppy strains as if attempting to defecate.

Hemorrhagic syndrome

• between 1-4 days of age

• hemorrhage from the nose, petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhage of the lips

and the tongue and hematuria.

• due to the deficiency of Prothrombin

• 0.01 to 0.1mg of Vit K i/m or i/v.

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Neonatal isoerytholysis

• Neonatal disorder resulting from damage to neonate’s RBC

by maternal colossally acquired antibodies.
• Seen in purebred cat at 1st day of life
• Seen in kitten having type A or AB group and queen having
type B group.
• Hemoglobinuria & icterus main sign.

Opthalmia Neonatorum

• occurs prior to the time the eyes open

• characterized by acute purulent conjunctivitis.

• bilateral swelling and protrusion of the eyelids

• accumulation of exudate between the eyelids and the eyeball

• Topical antibiotics and cleansing the conjunctival sac

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 Congenital disorder
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Cleft palate PDA

Umbilical hernia

Tetralogy of folate Hydrocephalus

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Environmental

 Neonatal body temperature varies with the environment for the first
week of life making them more susceptible to become too cold or hot.
 They are able to shiver, which helps to keep them warm during the first
6 days of life.
 During this time, they develop the ability to pant in response to
overheating.
 Neonates that are too cold are unable to digest food or nurse properly.
 Hyperthermia is less common but can occur in hot climates.
 Chemicals can be more readily absorbed through the skin of neonates
which is thinner than that of an adult.
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Maternal factors

 Overweight or older dams

 problem at parturition
 poor maternal behavior
 trauma
 cannibalism
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hypovolemia

hypoxia

hypoglycemia

hypothermia

consequences
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hypoglycemia

 Hypoglycemia is common in neonates

 Occur due to following reason:
❑ inefficient gluconeogenesis and low glycogen store.
❑ At birth, hepatic glycogen stores decrease by more than 50% during the first
24 hours.
❑ Glucose absorption from the kidney is not normal until 3 weeks of age.
 so feed should be given every 1–2 hours during the first week of life.
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hypothermia

 normal body temperature of neonates is 95 to 98 F.

 Puppies are poikilothermic at birth and depend on their dam, littermates, and
environment to maintain body temperatures.
 Hypothermia cause bradycardia, neuronal injury, ileus.
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hypoxia

 Hypoxia is a serious complication for neonates.

 Clinical signs of hypoxia include cyanosis, dyspnea, abnormal thoracic
auscultation, tachypnea.
 Respiratory distress may be caused by inadequate surfactant production,
congenital defects that cause pulmonary hypertension, aspiration pneumonia,
or bacterial and viral pneumonia.
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Hypovolemia

 Hypovolemia causes decreased tissue perfusion, resulting in tissue and

cellular hypoxia.
 unable to respond with normal compensatory mechanisms.
 Cardiac output cannot be increased by increasing cardiac contractility
because only 30% of a neonate’s cardiac muscle is made up of contractile
elements
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5
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breed overweight Little size

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breed

 Dalmatian, the Great Dane, Icelandic Sheepdog, St. Bernard,Chow Chow

have highest mortality in 1st week.
 Followed by Italian Greyhound, border terrior.
 basenji, Tibetan Terrier had no early mortality

(R. Tennessean 2012)

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 bodyweight:
kittens: minimum daily gain of 7–10 g
puppies: should double in weight by 10–12 days
 Neonates that weigh less than 40% of average birth weight are at higher risk
for hypothermia, and hypoglycemia.
 Inbreeding—higher incidence of homozygous recessive genotype.
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Historical Findings

 Low birth weight, loss of weight, and/or failure to gain weight.

 Decreased activity and appetite.
 Weakness.
 Cry constantly
 Restless
 Fail to nurse
 Tendency to remain separate from the dam and the rest of the litter.
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Crying pup Pup separate from litter Pup unable to suck

Cyanotic M.M. Weight loss death

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Physical Examination Findings

 Non-specific.
 Weakness, hypothermia (newborn temperature is [96◦F]
 hypoglycemia,
 Respiratory distress,
 diarrhea
 hemoglobinuria—may be seen.
 Gross anatomic defects—may be detectable.
 Progressive dehydration.
 Cyanosis.
 Ultimately death
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How to differentiate unhealthy
neonate from healthy neonate
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Differential diagnosis based on
symptom

Mental Inadequate Abnormal Persistent

dullness food intake hair coat vomiting

Hydrocephalus Oral disease GI disease

Pharyngeal disease Hypothyroidism Renal failure

Hypothyroidism

Esophageal disease Hepatic disease

Growth hormone
deficiency
Neurological
Gi disease
disorder
Hepatic
encephalopathy
Renal disease GH deficiency Hypoadrenocortism

CRF Hepatic disease hypercalcemia

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Cardiac Pale mucous Polyuria,

diarrhea
murmur M.M. polydipsia

Diabetes mellitus

Neonatal
GI disease
isoerythrosis Hypoadrenocortis
m

Congenital heart
Hypercalcemia
disease

exocrine renal disease

pancreatic Cardiac disease
insufficiency
Hepatic disease
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Diagnostic test

 CBC:
 Hydration status and age influence results.
 Mild normocytic, normochromic anemia.
 White cell counts variable; may note thrombocytopenia and
mild to moderate
 neutrophilia (with left shift) if septic.
 Biochemistry:
 hypoglycemia
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 Urinalysis:
 Hemoglobinuria—with neonatal isoerythrolysis.
 Bacteria—with infection.
 Urine specific gravity→1.017 suggests inadequate hydration.
 OTHER LABORATORY TESTS:
 Radiology
 ultrasonography
 FeLV antigen test.
 FIV antibody test.
 Serology—Brucella canis; canine herpesvirus; canine influenza virus,
Toxoplasma; Neospora.
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PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS

 Stomach—devoid of contents: lack of nursing; consider dam-related causes

or neonatal problems.
 stomach filled with milk: suggests sudden death (e.g., trauma, per acute
illness) or gastrointestinal dysfunction.
 Urine in the urinary bladder—implies a degree of renal dysfunction or
inadequate care by the dam.
 Thymus subnormal size—not pathognomonic; can be a result of multiple
causes (e.g., viral infection, nutrition, and defective immune system).
 Petechiation—common; accompanied by hemorrhage in other organ
systems suggests coagulopathy or septicemia.
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 Multiple tissue samples—submit to a diagnostic laboratory; virus isolation,

bacterial culture and sensitivity, and histopathology;
 kitten suffering from maternal neglect usually have empty stomach and full
bladder on necropsy.
 empty stomach and empty bladder indicate starvation due to cause other
than maternal neglect.
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1).External warming procedure

A. use circulating hot water blanket, hot water bottle.
B. maintain environmental temperature above 103°F

C.Turn animal every hour

D.Record rectal temperature every hour

E. Chilled puppies should always be warmed slowly to prevent
tissue hypoxia.
2). parenteral fluid therapy
A. 5% dextrose/ Ringer lactate solution by subcutaneous route @1ml/30g bodyweight is
recommended followed by oral 5-10% glucose @ 0.25 ml/30g until urine flow is normal.
B. supplement fluid with KCL solution if plasma concentration is less than 2.5mEq/
C. maintain plasma concentration at 80-200 mg/dl
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3). Antimicrobial therapy

A. collect bacterial culture sample before initiation of antimicrobial
therapy
a). For blood culture, collect 1ml of whole blood aspeptically and inoculate
blood directly into enriched trypticase soya broth, dilute the whole blood 1;5
to 1:10 in enriched broth and examine broth for bacterial growth 6 to18 hr.
later.
b). For urine collection, collect urine by cystocentesis
B. administer antimicrobial agent
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4). Provide oxygen and nutritional therapy

A.Administer oxygen(30%–40%) by mask or intranasal catheter

B. Do not attempt to feed if body temperature < 35◦C (95◦F) and no sucking
reflex; once warmed, encourage nursing.
5). Monitor the effectiveness of medical management
A.observe for improvement in animal

B. regularly assess the cardiopulmonary status

C. weight animal 3-4 times a day to record weight gain

D. observe animal for color of mucous membrane in assessing for adequate
hydration
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5). Congenital disease: surgery and physical therapy

6). Neonatal isoerythrolysis—disallow nursing for first 24 hours after birth.
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DRUG(S) OF CHOICE

 Antibiotics—commonly used are penicillin's (penicillin G, ampicillin,

amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid) and first-generation
cephalosporin's
 Aminoglycosides, tetracycline's, fluoroquinolones,
trimethoprim/sulfonamide, and chloramphenicol—avoid during the
neonatal period.
 reduce adult dose by one-half and use same dosage interval.
 Supplement—milk replacer.
 Vitamin K1—0.01–0.1 mg SC or IM once.
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FOLLOW-UP

 PATIENT MONITORING
 Hydration status—check daily; dryness of mouth and yellow
golden urine indicate dehydration.
 Body weight—monitor daily or every other day in growing
neonates.
 Dam—check that nursing and care are adequate; supplement
with milk replacer formula, if necessary.
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prevention

 Deworming of bitches
 Culture vaginal E-coli bacteria-recommended in bitches
before breeding.
 Proper sanitation of whelping box.
 Colostrum ingestion increased serum immunoglobulin
concentrations in neonatal kittens
 The naval stump should be treated with antiseptics, such as a
weak iodine solution
 Separate affected puppies away from the other ones
 Weighing puppies regularly.
 Enough warmth ,ventilation , space for neonates.
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Thank you