SCALE EFFECTS OF ULTIMATE PILE CAPACITY

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By George G. Meyerhof, 1 F. ASCE

ABSTRACT: Methods of estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of piles in sand

from the results of static cone and standard penetration tests are compared with
the results of load tests on driven and bored piles of different sizes and embed-
ment ratios in the sand bearing stratum. An empirical reduction factor of the
ultimate unit point resistance in sand is established, which decreases with greater
pile base diameter and with greater average static cone or standard penetration
resistance near the pile point. Similarly, for piles in stiff fissured clay an em-
pirical reduction factor of the undrained shear strength is established, which
decreases with greater pile base diameter and is greater for driven than for
bored piles. The ultimate unit skin friction of piles in a given sand or clay is
practically independent of the pile diameter.

INTRODUCTION

The increasing use of piles of large diameter in foundations of struc-

tures requires an assessment of scale effects on the ultimate bearing ca-
pacity of driven and bored piles. Since the behavior of piles depends to
a considerable extent on local soil conditions, the design and construc-
tion of pile foundations is facilitated by related field tests using static
cone or standard penetration tests, especially in cohesionless soil, and
the results of load tests on preliminary piles. The empirical data obtained
mainly from field observations will be reviewed later for driven and
bored piles of different sizes and embedment ratios in sand and in stiff
fissured clay to determine the scale effects on their ultimate bearing ca-
pacity. Since various types of penetrometers and different testing meth-
ods influence the results (25), only approximate estimates of pile behav-
ior can be expected. Accordingly, a relatively simple semi-empirical
approach is often sufficient in practice.

PILES IN SAND

Although preliminary estimates of the ultimate bearing capacity of short

piles in sand above the critical depth of about 10-20 pile diameters can
be made from conventional bearing capacity theory, below the critical
depth an empirical approach is necessary at present (12,17,29). Thus> it
is more convenient in practice to use the results of static cone penetra-
'Research Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Tech. Univ. of Nova Scotia, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada, B3J 2X4.
Note.—Discussion open until November 1, 1983. To extend the closing date
one month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Technical
and Professional Publications. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for
review and possible publication on July 8, 1982. This paper is part of the Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 6, June, 1983. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-
9410/83/0006-0797/$01.00. Paper No. 18042.
797

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 tion tests (2,10) or standard penetration tests (17,19). However, extrap-
olation of the penetration resistance to estimate the ultimate point re-
sistance and skin friction of driven and bored piles can only be made
by semi-empirical methods which take into account the scale effects re-
lating to the embedment ratio, bearing layer thickness, pile diameter,
and other factors (3,4,7,17,19).
For short piles driven into fairly homogeneous sand above the critical
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depth, the ultimate unit point resistance is roughly given (17,19) by

q, = <7i jj s fll (1)

in which D and Dc = pile embedment and critical depth, respectively;

and </i = limiting unit point resistance in sand. The value of qx is given
by the limiting static cone resistance or, approximately, by
qx = 0.4N (MPa) (2)
in which N = the average standard penetration resistance [blows/0.3 m
(1 ft)] near the pile point. For estimates in cohesionless silt, two-thirds
of the value of q-^ given by Eq. 2 should be used. It should be noted that
the ratio of the critical depth Dc to the pile diameter B, DJB, of piles of
roughly 10-20 (Eq. 1) is smaller than that of penetrometers, especially
in dense sand, due to the scale effect (21). Accordingly, the use of the
critical depth ratio of penetrometers of roughly 10-40 penetrometer di-
ameters in estimating the ultimate unit point resistance of piles is on the
safe side (4).
When piles longer than the critical depth are driven through weak
strata to a bearing embedment depth, Db, in a firm sand deposit of great
thickness, H(H/B ^ 20), it was shown that (17), approximately
Db
qv = <7n + (<7i2 - <?n) — =s qa (3)

in which qn and a12 = limiting unit point resistance in upper weak and
lower firm strata, respectively [Fig. 1(a)]. The critical bearing depth ratio
of roughly 10 in Eq. 3 for piles in a deep sand bearing stratum is the
average value obtained from an analysis of load tests on long piles driven
through a weak deposit into submerged sand. It was found that this
critical bearing depth ratio, D^/B, has a great scatter and varies on the
average from about 8 for loose sand to about 12 for dense sand (17).
Furthermore, for a thin sand bearing layer (H/B £ 20) overlying a weak
deposit, punching failure of the piles reduces the ultimate unit point
resistance (17) to approximately

qP = <?i2 + (<?n - a12) — ^ flu (4)

in which qn and a12 = limiting unit point resistance in upper strong layer
and lower weak deposit, respectively; and H ' = distance between pile
point and surface of underlying weak deposit [Fig. 1(b)]. Although the
preceding relationships are supported by earlier field data (17) and more
recent observations (7), the present analysis of published load test re-
798

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 . s-S/*?*. ///•-•<

Weak
Soil
L
Db ~10 B
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Dense
'12 Sand
(a)

Weak
Soil

FIG. 1.—Relation between Ultimate Point Resistance of Pile and Depth In Sand
Stratum beneath Weak Soil Layer: (a) Thick Sand Stratum; (b) Thin Sand Stratum
Overlying Weak Soil

suits shows (Fig. 2) that for large driven piles exceeding about 1 m (4
ft) diameter only about one-half of the previously mentioned ultimate
value of qv (Eq. 1, 3, or 4, as appropriate, for customary pile sizes of less
than about 0.5 m (1 ft) diameter) should be used, with a proportionate
reduction for intermediate diameters, especially in dense sand.
For the purpose of the present analysis of the results of published pile
load tests, the failure load was taken as that load at which the rate of
pile settlement in a load-settlement curve first reached the maximum
(3,22,23). It is believed that this failure criterion permits a simple and
consistent comparison of the ultimate load of piles of various diameters
without bias toward smaller pile capacities because of incomplete base
failure of large diameter piles. It may also be noted that this failure load
generally required a base settlement of at least about 5% of the pile di-
ameter. Furthermore, the published ultimate base loads from the field
tests had been obtained generally from measurements on instrumented
piles. In the other cases, the published ultimate base loads represented
the difference between measured failure loads of corresponding
compression and tension piles.

799

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 STANDARD PENETRATION N (blows/0-3m)
0 25 50 75
30
References;- De Beer(l971,1979) Du unless
Huizinga(l95l),Kerisel (1961) -Br > I O shown
/
£ 25 Rollberg(l978) / lshihara(l977) f? 9.
Pile Diameter (m) :- ^P_b »I0
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®B«0-5 o 0 - 5 < B < l a B » l

20

to
LU
tr

o
a.

<
2

20 25 30
STATIC CONE RESISTANCE q c (MPa)

FIG. 2.—Relation between Ultimate Point Resistance of Driven Piles and Static
Cone and Standard Penetration Resistances in Sand

As in the case of ultimate point resistance, the average ultimate unit

skin friction of driven piles in sand can conveniently be estimated from
the skin friction of cone penetrometers (1,2,3), or roughly from standard
penetration tests (17,19), using
N
;fs = — (MPa). (5)
500 v '
in which N = average standard penetration resistance (blows/0.3 m) along
the embedded pile shaft. The local skin friction varies with depth of
penetration of piles in the sand in a similar way to that indicated earlier
for the point resistance, and depends on the friction angle of the sand,
overconsolidation ratio, geometry of the pile, method of pile installation,
and other factors. The limiting value of the average unit skin friction,
/ i , is roughly 1/2% to 1% of the limiting value of q-y and can roughly be
related to some of the previously mentioned influences for preliminary
estimates of the ultimate shaft resistance (17).
The results of theory and pile load tests show (5,12,29) that for a given
initial friction angle of the sand, bored piles have an ultimate unit point
resistance of only about one-third that of similar driven piles, while bul-
bous piles driven with great impact energy in loose sand can have up
to twice the ultimate unit point resistance of driven piles of constant
section (18). The critical depth of bored piles was found to be roughly
800

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 the same as that for driven piles (8,17). These investigations also showed
that the ultimate unit skin friction of bored piles may be only one-half
of that of similar driven piles. In view of the growing importance of
bored piles, especially of large diameter, the results of published pile
load tests have been analyzed on the basis of the suggested failure cri-
terion and previously mentioned relationships (Eq. 1, 3, or 4, as appro-
priate) using the static cone and standard penetration resistances (Fig.
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3). It is found that the observed ultimate unit point resistance of bored
piles is generally in fair agreement with the preceding relationships, ex-
cept for large diameter piles when the same reduction of the ultimate
point resistance should be made, as suggested earlier for driven piles,
especially in dense sand.
The preceding conclusions have been confirmed in a general way by
previous analyses of the behavior of driven and bored piles of up to
about 2 m (8 ft) diameter (8,9,11,12,16,23,28), provided that the ultimate
load of the large diameter piles had been reached in the load tests; how-
ever, the effect of the embedment ratio, Db /B, in the sand bearing stra-
tum was not considered separately from the pile diameter. In order to
study this scale effect only of pile diameter on the ultimate unit point
resistance, qp, of driven and bored piles, the observed values of c\v at a
given embedment ratio of Db/B (Figs. 2-3) have been expressed as ra-
tios, Rb, of the corresponding theoretical value given by Eqs. 1-4 for

STANDARD PENETRATION N (blows/0-3m)

0 25 50 75
R e f e r e n c e s i - F r a n k e and DL unless
Garbrecht(l977),Reese(l978) -^•10 shown
o
Rollberg(l978), Tejchman(1979) o D./B»I0

UJ 8
Pile D i a m e t e r ( m ) : -
®B^0-5 oO-5<B<l °B»I
y
o
z
<x<5 y
<
i—
6 /
m ® y

5>-
4"
O
Q-
-A'c#B
6o
_
— t_l

^
>/„. 13 2

w.
A

•cr®^ 4
fe O- 4^- J - ^*<r^
&zi^*'
\\
'd"" a
&
20 25 30
STATIC CONE RESISTANCE q c (MPa)

FIG. 3.—Relation between Ultimate Point Resistance of Bored Piles and Static
Cone and Standard Penetration Resistances in Sand

801

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 driven piles, and one-third of this value for bored piles (Fig. 4). Al-
though there is a considerable scatter of these deduced ratios of Rb, as
had been found previously for customary pile sizes (10,17) the values of
Rb are found to decrease with greater pile diameter and with greater
density, or average static cone, or standard penetration resistance, in the
sand near the pile point. This decrease of the values of Rb of the unit
point resistance with greater pile base diameter, B, at a given embed-
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ment ratio in the bearing stratum may be explained by the reduction of

the effective angle of internal friction, especially in dense sand, at the
base with increasing overburden pressure. Moreover, a greater soil com-
pressibility and grain crushing would also lead to a more progressive
type of base failure and consequent reduction of the ultimate point
resistance.
The reduction factor, Rb, for a given base diameter, B, of driven and
bored piles in similar sand density is found to be roughly the same, and
Rh is approximately unity on the average for piles of less than about 0.5
m (1 ft) diameter. The average decrease of the value of Rb with greater
pile diameter in sands of various densities, as indicated in Fig. 4, can
approximately be represented by the empirical relationship for the re-
duction factor of
'B + 0.5
R„ = 1 for B > 0.5 m (6)
y~2B
in which B = pile base diameter in meters; and n = an index which may

J3
•25
cc
cc
o
t—
o
<C

0-75

o
Q 0-5
tu
a:
0-25
D r i v e n Piles - .- x L o o s e AMedium ADense
B o r e d Piles - .- o Medium • Dense
0 "-
0 0-25 0-5 0-75 l-0 1-25 ]-5

PILE BASE DIAMETER B (m)

FIG. 4.—Empirical Reduction Factor for Ultimate Point Resistance of Large Di-
ameter Piles in Sand

802

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 roughly be taken as n = 1 for loose sand, n = 2 for medium dense sand,
and n = 3 for dense sand, as shown in Fig. 4. In view of the limited
experience with piles of about 2 m (8 ft) diameter, it is suggested that
their ultimate point resistance, qv, in dense sand be taken as about one-
quarter of the value of qv of similar piles of about 0.5 m (1 ft) diameter,
while a corresponding reduction factor of about two-thirds may be used
for loose sand.
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The previous analyses have also shown that the ultimate unit skin
friction of driven and bored piles in sand of a given density is practically
independent of the pile diameter and that extrapolation of the shaft re-
sistance of cone penetrometers or using the standard penetration resis-
tance (Eq. 5) gives satisfactory estimates despite a considerable scatter
of the data due to the overconsolidation ratio of the sand, volume dis-
placement of the soil, pile geometry, and other factors (17,23).

PILES IN CLAY

Preliminary estimates of the ultimate bearing capacity of piles in clay

can be made from conventional bearing capacity theory (17). In fairly
homogeneous saturated clay under undrained conditions, the ultimate
unit point resistance of driven and bored piles can be expressed by
qp = cNc + p0 (7)

in which c = average unit cohesion near pile point; Nc = bearing capacity

factor with respect to cohesion; and p0 = overburden pressure at pile
point. Theory and observations have shown that the value of Nc below
the critical depth of about 4 pile base diameters varies mainly with the
sensitivity and deformation characteristics of the clay from about 5 for
very sensitive and brittle normally-consolidated clay (14,24), to about 10
for insensitive, stiff overconsolidated clay (20,26), although a value of 9
is frequently used for preliminary bearing capacity estimates of driven
and bored piles.
The unit cohesion, c, can be estimated from the static cone or standard
penetration resistance (25), but it is usually determined directly from
undrained triaxial compression tests on clay samples which should rep-
resent the conditions of the soil mass near the pile point. For a given
clay, the governing value of c depends on anisotropy, rate of loading,
progressive failure, scale effects due to soil structure, and other factors.
For intact clay, the conventional value of cohesion, c 0 , as determined
from standard triaxial compression test specimens of about 35 mm (1
in.) diameter, may be representative of the value of c of the soil mass.
However, in stiff fissured clay the shear strength decreases as the size
of test specimens increases, and corresponding representative in situ
values of c can be deduced from large diameter load tests at the bottom
of boreholes (15).
In order to study the scale effect of pile diameter on the ultimate point
resistance, qr, in stiff fissured clay, the results of published pile load
tests (6,13,22,27) have been analyzed on the basis of the suggested fail-
ure criteria. From this analysis the cohesion, c, deduced from the ob-
served values of c\v of driven and bored piles (Eq. 7 with Nc = 9) has
been expressed as a ratio, Rc, of the corresponding cohesion, c0, ob-
803

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 A «
•2 5
X A

1-0
^ oo
< o \
# Si.3m
r? ° °o~ -
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0-7 5
~ — —-_ 5 :# __ _o_

3 0-5
o Driven P i l e s : - Bored Piles •.-
A Bagnolet(Kerisel,l969) ® Houston (Reese,1978)
0-25 X Kontich(DeBeeretal,l977) oLondon(Skempton,l966)
Eq.(6) Eq.(8)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0'25 0-5 0'75 1-0 1-25 1-5 1-75
PILE BASE DIAMETER B (m)

FIG. S.—Empirical Reduction Factor for Undrained Shear Strength of Stiff Fis-
sured Clay beneath Base of Large Diameter Piles

tained from conventional triaxial compression specimens (Fig. 5). It is

found that the reduction factor, Rc, decreases with greater pile diameter,
and for a given base diameter, B, the value of Rc for driven piles is larger
than that for bored piles, which may be explained by the greater degree
of consolidation of clay near driven piles. The value of Rc depends also
on the type and structure of the fissured clay, as would be expected.
This decrease of the values of Rc of the undrained shear strength with
greater pile base diameter, B, may be explained by the greater involve-
ment of fissured material and a more progressive type of soil failure, as
had been found for large diameter triaxial compression and direct shear
tests of stiff fissured clay (15). For piles driven into stiff fissured clay,
the empirical reduction factor, Rc, can, conservatively, be represented
by Eq. 6 with an index of n = 1, as for loose sand, while for bored piles
this relationship should be modified to
B+ l
Rc = ——:sl (8)
2B + 1
in which B = pile base diameter in meters (Fig. 5).
The preceding and previous analyses have also shown that the ulti-
mate unit skin friction of driven and bored piles in stiff fissured clay of
a given cohesion is practically independent of the pile diameter because
the skin friction depends mainly on remolded and, thus, essentially non-
fissured soil near the pile shaft. The ultimate unit skin friction can thus
be estimated, approximately, from the conventional shear strength pa-
rameters of the clay using either total or effective stress analysis, with
an allowance for progressive soil failure along the embedded shaft of
long piles (17).
CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary estimates of the ultimate bearing capacity of piles in sand

804

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 can often be made conveniently by using the static cone or standard
penetration resistance directly in simple semi-empirical relationships. Such
methods for extrapolating the penetration resistance must consider fac-
tors such as the method of construction of the piles, a n d scale effects
relating to the e m b e d m e n t ratio, bearing layer thickness, a n d size of the
piles.
The results of load tests on driven a n d bored piles of different di-
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ameters and embedment ratios in the sand bearing stratum s u p p o r t the

proposed relationships for piles of less than about 0.5 m (1 ft) diameter.
For piles of larger diameter, especially in d e n s e sand, a n empirical re-
duction factor of the ultimate unit point resistance h a s b e e n established,
which decreases with greater pile base diameter a n d with greater sand
density, or average static cone, or standard penetration resistance near
the pile point. The ultimate unit skin friction of piles in sand of a given
density is, however, practically i n d e p e n d e n t of the pile diameter.
Preliminary estimates of the ultimate bearing capacity of piles in sat-
urated clay can be m a d e conveniently from conventional bearing capac-
ity theory using the u n d r a i n e d shear strength determined from triaxial
compression tests on standard size specimens with a n allowance for the
scale effect d u e to soil structure. For piles in stiff fissured clay, a n em-
pirical reduction factor of the conventional u n d r a i n e d shear strength has
been established, which decreases with greater pile base diameter and
is greater for driven t h a n for bored piles. The ultimate unit skin friction
of piles in clay of a given shear strength is practically i n d e p e n d e n t of
the pile diameter.

APPENDIX.-—REFERENCES

1. Begemann, H. K., "The Dutch Static Penetration Test with the Adhesion
Jacket Cone," Publ., LGM Laboratory of Grondmechanica, Delft, No. 13, 1969,
pp. 1-86.
2. De Beer, E. E., Etude des Fondation sur Pilotis et des Fondations Directes, Annales
Travaux Publics Belgiques, Vol. 46, 1945, pp. 229-307.
3. De Beer, E. E., Methodes de Deduction de la Capacite Portante D'un Pieux a Partir
des Residtats des Essais de Penetration, Annales Travaux Publics Belgiques, Vol.
72, 1971, pp. 1-142.
4. De Beer, E. E., "The Scale Effect in the Transposition of the Results of Deep-
Sounding Tests on the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Piles and Caisson Foun-
dations," Geotechnique, Vol. 13, 1963, pp. 39-75.
5. De Beer, E. E., "Some Considerations Concerning the Point Bearing Capacity
of Bored Piles," Proceedings, Symposium Bearing Capacity of Piles, Roor-
kee, India, 1964, pp. 178-204.
6. De Beer, E. E., et al. "Bearing Capacity of Displacement Piles in Stiff Fissured
Clays," Comptes Rendues Recherche IRSIA, Brussels, No. 39, 1977, pp. 1-
136.
7. De Beer, E. E., et al. "Analysis of the Results of Loading Tests Performed
on Displacement Piles of Different Types and Sizes Penetrating a Relatively
Small Depth into a Very Dense Sand Layer," Proceedings of the Conference
on Piles, Institution Civil Engineers, London, 1979, pp. 139-151.
8. Franke, E., "The Dependence of Point Pressure on Diameter, Length and
Settlement of Piles in Sand and Some Practical Consequences," Proceedings
of the 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics, Stockholm, Vol. 2,
1981, pp. 717-722.
9. Franke, E., and Garbrecht, D., Drei Serien von Probebelastungen and Gross-
805

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806

 bohrpfdhlen in Sand, Mitteilung Bundesanstalt fur Wasserbau, Karlsruhe, No.
41, 1977, pp. 47-77.
10. Huizinga, T. K., "Application of Results of Deep Penetration Tests to Foun-
dation Piles," Proceedings of the Building Research Congress, London, Vol.
1, 1951, pp. 173-179.
11. Ishihara, K., et al., "Blast Furnace Foundations in Japan," Proceedings of the
9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics, Case History Vol., Tokyo,
1977, pp. 157-236.
12. Kerisel, J., "Foundations Profondes en Milieux Sableau," Proceedings of the
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Mei-Chu Peng on 01/08/19. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

5th International Conference on Soil Mechanics, Paris, Vol. 2, 1961, pp. 73-
83.
13. Kerisel, J., and Adam, M., "Charges Limites D'un Pieu en Milieu Argileux
et Limoneux," Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Soil Me-
chanics, Mexico, Vol. 2, 1969, pp. 131-139.
14. Ladanyi, B., "Bearing Capacity of Deep Footings in Sensitive Clays," Pro-
ceedings of the 8th International Conference on Soil Mechanics, Moscow,
Vol. 2.1, 1973, pp. 159-166.
15. Marsland, A., "The Shear Strength of Stiff Fissured Clays," Proceedings, Roscoe
Memorial Symposium, Cambridge, England, pp. 59-68.
16. Menzenbach, E., "The Determination of the Permissible Point Load of Piles
by Means of Static Penetration Tests," Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Soil Mechanics, Paris, Vol. 2, 1961, pp. 99-104.
17. Meyerhof, G. G., "Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Pile Foundations,"
Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, 1976, pp. 195-
228.
18. Meyerhof, G. G., "Compaction of Sands and Bearing Capacity of Piles," Jour-
nal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 85, 1959, pp. 1-
30.
19. Meyerhof, G. G., "Penetrations Tests and Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless
Soils," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 82,
1956, pp. 866-1019.
20. Meyerhof, G. G., "The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations," Geotech-
nique, Vol. 2, 1951, pp. 301-332.
21. Meyerhof, G. G., and Valsangkar, A. J., "Bearing Capacity of Foundations
in Layered Soils," Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Soil
Mechanics, Tokyo, Vol. 2, 1977, pp. 645-650.
22. Reese, L. C , "Design and Construction of Drilled Shafts," Journal of the Geo-
technical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, 1978, pp. 95-116.
23. Rollberg, D., "Bestimmung des Verhaltens von Pfahlen aus Sondier-und
Rammergebnissen," Forschbericht, Technical University, Aachen, No. FBG 4,
1978, pp. 1-566.
24. Roy, M., Michaud, D., and Tavenas, F. A., "The Interpretation of Static Cone
Penetration Tests in Sensitive Clays," Proceedings, European Symposium
Penetration Testing, Stockholm, Vol. 2.2, 1974, pp. 323-330.
25. Sanglerat, G., The Penetrometer and Soil Exploration, Elsevier, New York, N.Y.,
1972.
26. Skempton, A. W., "The Bearing Capacity of Clays," Proceedings, Building
Research Congress, London, England, Vol. 1, 1951, pp. 180-189.
27. Skempton, A. W., "Summing Up," Proceedings, Symposium on Large Bored
Piles, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, England, 1966, pp. 155-157.
28. Tejchman, A., "Analysis of Safety Factors of Bearing Capacity for Large Di-
ameter Piles," Proceedings of the 7th European Conference Soil Mechanics,
Brighton, England, Vol. 1, 1979, pp. 293-296.
29. Vesic, A. S., "A Study of Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations," Report B-
189, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga., 1967.

806

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(6): 797-806