J O L R \ . \ L O F C E O P H \ S I C A L R E S E A R C H\. O L . I 0 3 .\ O . D ] ] . P A G E S. 1 : .]IS_ J ] . 1 . 3 -D. E C E \ ' I B E R] 7 .

1 9 9 8

Estimation of aerosol transport from biomass burning

areas during the SCAR-B experiment
IÍror V. Trosnikov and Carlos .\. Nobre
Centro de Previsão dc Tempo e Estudas CÌimáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais,
Chahoeira Paulista, SP. Brasil

Abstract. A transport rno<leÌfor the estimation of tracers spreadingfrom biomass

Ìlrrning areas Ììas been developedon the basis of the semi-Lagrangiantechnique.
l'hc rnõdel consistsof a three-dimerrsionalLagrangian form transport equation for
rracersancl usesthe quasi-rnonotonclocaì cubic-splineinterpoÌation for calculation
,rf lnknown values at irregular points. A mass-conserving property of the model is
5ascclon the flux-corrected transport method using the aÌgorithm of Priestley. The
transport of the smoke particles frorn Amazonia was simulated for the period from
August 20 to 29,1995. During tÌris period the air mass iocated below 2 km movecl
to ihe south and carried the smoke particles until 30"S.

- 0 for bounclary points u'ith an influx

1. Introduction taken to be X
of air,
The Smoke, CÌouds, and Radiation - Brazil (SCAR- For the intcgration of equation (1) the semi-Lagrangian
B) experirrientrvasconductcd in ccntraÌ BraziÌ anri the technìque is used. Ever,v time stcp consists frorn trvo
southcrn Am:rzon Basin frorrr August 15 to Septcmber stages.The first stageis to flrrd a soÌution of the trajec-
20, 1995,in collaborationrvith U.S. and Brazilian agen- tory problcm: detcrmine tÌre rleparturc points at tirne
cies arrclacademic institutiorrs lMcDou,qal,1995] The ú - ^ú for arrivai points of regular rnesh at time ú by
aim of the expcrirnent was to stuclv thc proprertiesof using the known ficlds for thesc instants. They are de-
aerosoÌand the effectsof biomass burlring on regionaÌ terminateclby a soÌution of tlic system of thc equatìons
arrcÌglobal climate, including estimation of the ernissioti '# :,', '#: ''' used (2)
procluct transport. In tliis strrdy a numcrirlal trans- # :,r,
port model has bcen dcveloped on thc basis of semi- with tÌrer conditiotis
Lirgrarrgian tcchniclue lStrt,niforth,un'd Côté',1991] to es-
tirnatc tÌre clispersionof gas ancl :rcrosoÌcmissionsfrom t:(t) - t:,,, l1(t) : Yn., z(t)
: tn (3)

iÌrÌ area with intensc biomass burning. TÌrc rnodeÌ has

*'here tr, n, n) àte tÌrc zorraÌ, mcridiorral, and verticaÌ
becn used for the cstimation of aerosoìtransport during
cornponents of the rvind veÌocit)', usr,,l is rrelocity of
thc SCAR-B cxPerrirnent. of the aelrosolpartitllcs, an'd Ï,,,'!,r,2,,
tÌie seclimentation
are the reguÌar rnesh coordinates (arrivaÌ point) The
2. Model system is integratcd bacÌ<warcl in tirrie bv tÌre Crank-
Nicolson scheme fWilli'amson' und Ro,sh, 1989):
The moclel is based on thc thrce-climensionalLa-
grangian form transport equation for tracers lBrasseu'r
A i ) : " , 1 1 1- f t , , " t r t + t l , t ( t - ^ ú ) ) , ( 4 )
nnrl MadronLch. 1992]: "a(t-
.la \
where Al is a time step. Thc a index ilrclicatesknown
u\ n ( 1 ) vaÌues, r/ index indicates unknown values which are de-
dt
tcrmincd bv itcrations' The samc equations are inte-
1r is the gratecl fcir y ancl z. TÌie seconclstage corisistsof compu-
wherc r)f d,t is the rnateriai clerivative, X :
poirrts and
rnixing ratio of tÌre tracer rvith mass clensitvprf p is the iations of the vtrluesof tracers on dcparture
air rnassdensitS',Dr : K aY21 is the term of Ìrorizontal the sourcesof tracers on arrivaÌ points:
macrocliffusion,I{s is constant, and Sr is thc source c_\
/
terni (expressedin mass per unit l'oÌume and time) ' x . ( ú ): x , ] ( t- a r ) + a ú ( r r , . ( t - A t ) + a ) (5)
This includes both positivc and negative contributions'
The ÌateraÌ bounclarv conditions Íbr equation (1) are The unknorvn u''ind cornponcnts and the values of
tracers for thc departure points are obtained by the
Copyright1998by úe American Union'
Geophysical quasi-monotone local cubic-spline interpoÌation (see
lBervn,elo rt"nc| Stan'it'orth,,7992]). If a dcparture point is
Papernumber 98JD01343.
I 343$09.00
I98| 98JD-0
0| 48-0227 àut of the integration area of the rnodeÌ,the boundary

32,r29
32,r30 TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORTFROMBÌOMASSBURNTNGAREAS

Figure 1. GOES-8 r.isiblcimage of sniokc c:onr:cntr:rtion (n) at 1145UTC, Augrrst 20, 1995.arrcl
( b ) a t 1 1 4 5L Ì T C . , \ r . r g r r s2t 9 , 1 9 9 5 .

r,ahrcs are ttsecì. Tht: r'aluc of tÌlc tlactlr ts st''t trtluaÌ ttl b1' sources and tÌre âerosol fllrx through the late-:..-
-
zcro for arrival poiÌÌts lor:atc<i btllou' tÌtrl srrrfactl oí thtl Ìrounciarl'consequcrrtÌyon the time intcrval (/ - ll.
E:rrtÌr.
tr: - Àt)p(r- Lt)rlrrt'uttz t
l,x't'(l
3. Conservation
A conserr,atiorr lry usirrg
aÌgorithrnltasÌtectlrlt:sigrrctÌ c -z,: Lt I srara'uaz i-
icle:rsfrorn thc fltrx-correttttt:dtlattsllort (FCT) rricthocl Jv
trartsport equa-
lPrze.stl,rry,1993] . The solutiolÌ of tÌtc f ..
C,,: f Í l,t'" ir lÍ)nv(ú - ^l)dÍ), (12
tion for eaclt poirrt rvitÌt itrcÌtlx À: is rlÌltaitretl frtlrtt tu'<'r ./,
apploxirnatirltrs of tltc: sttirtl,irltl at tlrtl tttln' tilrle 1evtll.
n is thc insiclt:rrorrnalto tÌ'relatcraÌ borrrttlarv0. Wherl
tÌre hìgÌr-orrÌcr soltttiott, 1fJ. tlÌrtainelcl lrv cr.tÌ;itlinter-
tire sources :rncl flr.tx throrrgh the latcraÌ Ìloundary are
polatiorr, and tÌrc lol,-order sttlirtìon, 1f , obtainccÌ bv
aÌrsent,tÌrc rnass of aerosolis cortservationvaÌue. The
Ììncar intcrpoÌatiott,
Priestkrt' aÌgorithrn is used for cleterrnirrationof a6 br'
\ 1 1: . t r . r [ I * ( t - r r 1 ) 1 f r (6) rnirrirnization of the clifl'erenccÌretrleen 1Àí ancl 1H n'itÌt
c o n c l i t i o n( 8 ) .
0(rip(1 (7)
u'liere crÀare to Ìrc <thosensrrr:Ìras to rrrakethc conser 4. Simulation of Aerosol TYansport
vative scherneÍbr vohrrrie l'
for SCAR-B Experiment
I
L , \' r(,l ' l P ( t1 t l ' r t l t l t=l . (' ,
For tÌic sirnulation of aerosoÌtranspclrt, the anaÌysis
(8)
I r
,J \:
ficlrlsof tÌre u,ind. teÌnperatlrre,arr<lgeopotentialheight
q'herr:r'nÌue C includcs thc tÌrrec tcrms procìucerri Ìrv tlic CPTtrC gÌobaÌ nunr:rical q'eather fore-
<:astrnodcl and avaiÌabÌe from SCAR.-B clatabaservere
C:Ct+Cz*Ct. ( 9 ) usecl.Thc grid of the anaÌ1'ses has 49 x 41 points rvith a
horizontaÌ resoÌutionof 1.87õ"x1.875oarid coversSoutÌr
C1 is the aerosoÌtrrassÍbr 1he tirtrc ÌrÌorÌÌetìtt - ^t. C2 A r n e r i c aÍ ì o n i 1 0 1 . 2 5 o \ Vt o 2 6 . 2 5 ' W a n c lÍ ì o m 6 0 o St o
ancÌC: arc tlie eLcrosoÌ
ma,ssinjectecÌin the atniosphere 15'N. Thc transport model has thc lurrizontaÌgrid colo-
 TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORTFROMBIOMASSBURNTNGAREAS

(o)

1.7
t<

1.2

0.7

0.5

na
r / ,/,,'-
0.1
t/.,
-

1,7 1,7

1.5 1.5

1.2

1 1
0.7 o.7
0.5

0.J

0.í i:!Jo.t

_rí _ïo_

Figure 2. Simulated aerosolconccntration (arbitrary units) and wind (m s 1) at 850 hPa: ( 4 ,

August 20, 1995 (initial condition);(b) August 23, 1995;(c) August 26, 1995;(d) August t a
1995.

cated with tÌre anaÌysesgritl, anrl its vertical structure rvhere AP is tÌre thickness of the air Ìaver with the
includes 22 pressureleveÌsfrom 1000 to 200 hPa, 16 of source in hPa, :rnd g is thc gravitationaÌ acceÌeration.
which are placed in the Ìayer 1000-700hPa. The time The choice of AP Íbr numericaÌ experiments was de-
integration of the rnodel 'lvascarried out with a t hour termined by SCAR-B data, which shou's layers of higÌi
time step, and hourly valucs of the meteoroÌogical eÌe- aerosolconcentrationsat 1800-2500m aÌtitude lArtaro
ments rverecalcuÌatedby linear irrterpoÌation. et a|.,1996].
The aerosolmeasurementsduring the SCAR-B exper-
4.1. Location of Aerosol Sources in Separate iment show that acrosol particles have a size distribu-
Regions
tion with a masspeak at about 0.3 pm diameter lArtaro
The sourcesof the aerosol,S(r, y, z) were set in the et al.,1996). It allows one to use the buÌk representa-
grid points and were defined by two parameters: the tion of aerosoÌparticles for transport calculations as the
interrsityof the aerosolinjection to thc atmosphere56(g first approximation. The velocity of the sedimentatiorr
--2 s-t) and tlie totai thickness of the source layer rvas taken to be 0.001 ms-L et al., 1991a]ac-
lPen,n,e'r
AP(hPa) . The simple verticaÌ changesourcemodel was corclingto this approximation. Becausethe calcuÌations
Ìlsed: s _ g,9o were carried out for a dry season,wet scavengingis not
( 1 3 ) included in the source.
p 1004P'
 TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORTFROMBIOMASSBURNINGAREAS
(o) 2s/08/e5
26/08/es
.g
.9
T
Longitude
Figure 3. SimuÌateclaerosoÌconcentrationcrosssection (arbitrary units) aÌong 25"S: (a) August
2 3 , 1 9 9 5 ;( b ) A u g u s t 2 4 , 7 9 9 5 ; ( c ) A u g u s t 2 6 , 7 9 9 5 ; ( d ) A u g u s t 2 9 , 1 9 9 5 .
The preÌiminary computations sÌrowcdthat the term
of horizontaÌ rrracrodiffrtsion in equation (1) lcads to
a marked increasc of the aerosol spreaclingarea. For
this reason the simulation of acrosoÌtransport for thc
SCAR-B experiment was conductedu,'ith Ku :0.
In the first numcrical experlrnentsthe foÌlowingsource
parameters were used: ÀP : 162.õ hPa or the source
height u'as about 1500 2000 m, So:7.5 x 10-6 g rn-2
s-1.
To Ìink,9s u,'ith Sy, the interrsitv of thc aerosoÌin-
jection to the at,mospliereÍ}orn a firc tcrritory with the
area Ay, the relation
S o A s: S7A1 (14)
can be used, where An is the modeÌ grrclceÌÌ area. For
example,for ^9y:6.993g rn-zs-1 lPe'n"nerel al., 1991b]
a n d Á n - 4 1 5 0 0 . 0 k m 2 , t h e f i r e a r e ai s Á / : 1 0 3 . 8 k m 2 .
(b) 24/08/s5
2s/08/s5
Longitude
Tire first simulation of thc aerosol spreading fro::.
four separate fire regions during thc period from Au-
gust 20 to 29,1995, is clcrnonstrated(Figures 2 and 3
The centers of the regions rvere placed at the poin-'
w i t h c o o r d i n a t e s( 1 ) 5 6 o W , 9 . 5 " S ( t h e r e g i o n o f A Ì : .
Floresta); (2) 52"W, 18.5'S (between Campo Granci.
and Brasília); (3) 55'W, 17'S (betweenCanrpo Grande
arrd Cuiabá); and (4) 48.5"W, 13.5"5 (between Portc
NacionaÌ and BrasíÌia). TÌre initial coriditions for the
srnoke concentratiorÌ \,'ere set quasi-utriformÌy rvith the
averageciensityin tÌre atrnosphericcoltrmrt about of 0.0t,
g m-2 anrÌ the geograpÌricconfiguration subjectively ex-
tracted from the GOtrS-8 visible irnageat 1145UTC or.
August 20, 1995 (seeFigures la nnd 2a). As shown ir.
Figurcs 2a and 2b, from August 20 ï,o 23,1995,initiallt'
the sirnulated acrosoÌmoved westerll' from the AIta FIo
resta region and southerly from northern Paraguay. B';
 TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORTFROMBIOMASSBURNINGAREAS 32,r33

rìì
15N
10N
5N
500
EQ
5S 400
10s
IJJ
300
20s
200
25S
JOS 1qn

i5s
40s 100
45S
50s
55S 10
60s

5N 500
EQ
5S 400
10s
300
155
20s 204
25S
JOS 150
J5S
40s 100
45S qô

50s
55S 10
60s
90!v 80w 70w 60w 50w 40w 30w 20w
Figure 4. CumuÌatir,eu,eerkÌJ' of fires in the modeÌ gri<l ceÌÌs (a) Íbr Ar.rgust18-24,arrd
rurrrrÌrr:r
( b ) Í o r A u g u s t 2 r 1- 3 1 , 1 9 9 õ .

August 29 it reached35'S" The ÌocatÌonsof tlie cliffer- Thc verticaÌ structure of thc southerlysimulatedaero-
ent aerosolsolrrces:rrc better seen in Figttre 2b. AÍïer sol currents can Ìie seenin the verticaÌ crosssectionsof
August 23, 1995,the sirnulatc<laerosoìbcgatrto spread the aerosoÌconcentratioriaÌong 25'S in Figure 3. Figure
southerly Íìom tÌrc Cuiabii rt:giortattclfortucd a rÌârÌo\v 3:r shou'sa cÌosssectioriof the sirnul:rtcrlacrosoÌcurrent
current which arrivecìat thc ìatitudc bcÌt of 30"S-35"S r,vhichirrcluciesaerosoÌ particÌcs from the Rarrdonia re-
( s e eF i g u r e 2 c ) . gion. In Figure 3Ìr one can scc tÌte aclditionaÌsimuÌatcd
 7) l?L TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORT
FROMBIOMASSBURNINGAREAS

't000

500

N
S Joo
250

200
ffi'oo
,tlil
.,o 150

100

50

10

1000 1000

500

250 250

200 200

150 150

100 100

50 50

10 't0

2A 2C

Figure 5. Sirnulatecliierosol<:oncentratiotr (p,g--3) and wind (- t-t) at 850 hPa: (a) August
20, 1995 (initi:rÌ coriclition);(b) August 23, 1995; (c) August 26, 1995;rind (cl) August 29, 1995,
fbr tÌre experiment rvith loca,tionof the aerosolsourcesin the burning aÌeiìs.

aerosolcurrcnt from the Cuiabri regiorr.Figures 3c :r,nd been useclfor the dctcrmination of aerosol sourcesrr
3d sÌrou' the evoÌrrtion of thcsc sirnuÌatcd itctrosolcur- the model grid points
rents. On account of seclimcrrtation,acrosoÌparticlcs
5 QS,
Ìiave the rìarkc(l rcclistributiori of heìghts clr:pernding
on : (1õ
their Ìifetime in thc atmospherc. , furr'(À,tp,t).

4.2. Location of Aerosol Sources in Burning u'here So : 2 . 2 5 x 1 0 - 6 g m 2 s 1 . A P : 3 0 0 h P a , a n r :

Areas
For rÌctcrrnirrationof the Ìrurrring areas during the
SCAR-B periocl,cÌiit:,1 of tÌrc NOAA operatiorraisateÌÌite
monitoring of fircs Ìravc been used. Thc fire monitoring
ciata are procÌuceclb1' the National htstitutr: for Spacc
/ IN P tr (B razil ) ancl inr:Ìuderr:rrmulativc lveekly
Rr:ser:rrr:h
number of fircs rn grid ceÌÌs of 0.5' liititrrde by 0.5"
longitude. The rlata u,ereuserl for 2 u,ccÌ<s, Àugust 18-
24 and 25-31,1995. Tirc clataÌrar.ebeerrrr:mappedonto
the modeÌ cells (scc Figurer,1). The firc rurmbershave
T r . , ( Àr,p , ú ) is the dimcnsionlessu'eiglrt function propor-
tiorraÌ to tÌre nurnbcr of fires in the morÌel grid point l:
'rLk,
trk
IUts - (16
maxj (ni,)
The vaÌue of u.,iies iri the lirnits: 0.03 ( u.' ( 1.
Figure 5 shorvs tÌrc tirne evoÌution of tlic simuÌate.:
aerosolconcentration in trrgm-3 on the pressureÌele-
850 hPa. Onc can seethat the principal featuresof tÌ:'
aerosoÌspreadingarc consisteritwith the aerosolspread-
ing Írorn the separatc sourcesin the first experimen'
 TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORTFROM BIOMASSBURNINGAREAS 32,1,35

(o) 23/08.e5 (b) 24/08/es

2 6 /0 8/e5 2e/08/s5

Figure 6. Simulatedaerosolconcentration crosssection(pg tr't 3) along5'S: (a) August 23,

1995;(b) August24, 1995;(c) August 26, 1995;(d) August 29, 1995for the experimentwith
location of the aerosolsourcesin the burningareas.

f he main differenceis that aerosolrvasaÌso carried from depthr by

'Ìrc continent to the Pacific Occan in the latitude T :1ffi, /1a\
belt \r r./
:rom 5oS to 5'N. The verticaÌ structure of this current
where 7 is a specific extinction coefficient. The optical
.s shown in Figure 6 for the vertical crosssectionof the
depth values may be compared with observations. The
.imulated aerosol concentration in pg m-3 along b"S.
value of 7:2.73rrr2 g-1 has been derivedfor the spectral
It shouÌd be noted that the values of the aerosol con-
channeÌ 0.67 p,m from measured physical characteristics
r'entration are cÌose to the observed vaÌues during the
(mass scattering and absorption efficiency, and single-
SCAR-B experiment lArtam et al.,19961.
To estimate the aerosoÌamount for the secondexperi-
rnent, the components of the aerosol balance have been Table 1. Components of Aerosol Mass Balance for
ralculated. They are representedin Table 1. shows Experiment With Source Locations in Burning Areas
:he time evolution of the simuÌated aerosol co The total
.ierosolemission,3.143 Tg, during 10 days, can be com- Component l-995 Value Units
:rareciwith annuai aerosolemission in tropical America,
Initial aerosol mass August 20 0.6930 Tg
22.0 Tg lPenner et al., l99lal. Total Aerosoì Emission August 21-29 3.1433 Tg
Total Aerosol Flux
{.3. Estimation of Optical Depth Through Boundaries August 21-29 -0.5679 Tg
The quantity of the totai aerosol mass in the atmo-
Aerosol Mass August 29 3.2684 Tg
'pheric column ^ :
I I Xpdp can be related to optical
 32,736 TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORTFROM BIOMASSBURNINGAREAS

15N

10N

e * \ t rt \\\ *

:S\\\ç-Ê-G-ee

$-1r-ê ê í\ Í\ Ê

i
i\À
\ \ \ \ t- \ *
rFÉ\ E **--
"-.-

\{ ( À ì f \
rl-tt/r\\Ì

\ | { t | Ít
\v I
'
\\\'//
\\ .y' t

n t / n, \

Ïí .L4 ->-'az-,/ -:'

-
20

0.1 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 2

Figure 7. OpticaÌ dcpth of tlie aerosolon the surfaceon August 29, 1995, for the experiment
with ìocation of tÌre ar:rosoÌsoÌrrcesin the burniÌÌc areas.

scatterirÌgaÌbedo) in regionalÌrazesin BraziÌ cluringthe agreement with the observcciÌraze on GOtrS-S r'isibÌe
SCAR-B expcrimerit lRe.itlet ol., 19g6]. Figure 7 shows image (seeFigure lb). However,the agreementof tÌrc
the estimatedoptical depth of tlic :rerosolfor Arrgust29, calculated and observed vaÌues of thc optical depth for
'n'aÌrres
1995. TÌic r:tiÌcuÌatec1 are sirniÌitr tcl tÌre vaÌues of locaÌ points is not so good. Tablc 2 shou,sthe (1) modeÌ
the obscrvations Íbr bioniass ilrrnirrg pcriocls lKo,ut',ma,n,estirnated ancÌ (2) obsert'ed optical rÌcpth for the threr.
et al., 19921.TÌre calcuÌatcrÌÌargc-scakrpattcrn of the stations. TÌre obsen'ccl data have becn taken from the
aerosolclistributiorrfor Aupiust 29, 1995,sÌiowsa good AtrRONET (Aerosol Robotic Nctu'ork) data archive.

Table 2. X,ÍocìeÌEstimated and Observed Optical Depth Values for

Stations Frorn Auqust 22 to 29. lggb

August 1995
Station 22 23 24 25 29
Alta Floresta
a 1.30 0.95 0.83 0.95 1.11 7.20 7.20 7.32
b 1.18 1.88 1.13 1.11 7.72 1.26 1.30 7.34
Brasília
a 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
b 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.09
Cuiabá
a 0.06 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.16
b 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 2 0.06 0 . 7 7 0.08 0.37
The a is model estimated and b is observed optical depth values.
 TROSNIKOVAND NOBRE:AEROSOLTRANSPORTFROMBIOMASSBURNINGAREAS
Although tÌie optical depth Ìer.el rvas simuÌatccl cor-
rectly for the stations, tlierc is a cÌiscrcpa,ncv between
estimated a,nclobservcdsm:rÌloptic:rÌclepths.It rnay be
linked rvith the Íbrrrration of aerosoÌrÌensitv for Brasíli:i
arrclCuiabií stations by locaÌ srnall-scaÌcsolÌrcesduring
August 22-29,1995.
5. Conclusions
The transport rnoclcl Íor tÌrc estintatirtriof traccrs
Íïorn biornass burning arc:rs Ìras beerr dcveloped on the
basis of the scmi-Lagrangiantcchnique. The model in-
clu<lcsprincipal processes',vhicÌrÍorrn large-scaÌetraccr
-preading for cÌrv season: hclrizoritaÌarrclverticaÌ acÌver:-
riorr, sedintentationof aerosoÌparticÌcs, and horizontal
rirrbuìcnt excha,nge. No I'erticaÌ cÌiflusiorris incÌurìed
Ln the nrodel ber:ausepoor boundart' Ìa.verlarge-scaÌe
IrnaÌysisdata have been rrscdfor aerclsoltransport com-
:,rrtiLtiorr. They cìo not make it possiblc to estirnatc
;ood parameters of thc corivoctivcborrnclarvlayer. In
:act, Íbr burning arcas thc verticaÌ turbrrkrnt cxr:Ìrangt:
l'as acideclin the transport moclcl bv :r source term
equation (15)) which includesfulÌ cornpÌexsubgrid ver-
rir:iiÌ transport frorn the surfaceto tÌre atrnospÌiere. TÌre
:rrocleÌhas the property of tracer ÌÌìasscorÌservationthat
lcrrnits its use for baÌancecalculations.
The simulatiorÌ of tlÌc acrosoÌspreacìingfor the SCAR-
i3 periocl Íïorn August 20 to 29, 1995, sÌrou''erÌtÌr:it the
;iir mass locateri beÌorv2 km moveclrnainÌy tcl tÌre south
irrrclcarricrl thc smokeurrtil 30'S. A slniiÌar tr:rnsport of
rìrc aerosolis observccìorr the GOES-8 satellite images.
.{nother significant transport of aerosoÌ n'as Íi'om the
-\1ta Floresta rcgion to the nortÌrrvest.
AlthougÌr thc rrrodeÌ seernsto Ìravr: reillisticalÌy cap-
turcd the geographicaÌdistribution of aerosolemanat-
ing from biomassburning areasduring SCAR-B, it stilÌ
rreecls irnprovementto rcprcsentthc cluarrtitativedistri-
Ìrution of opti<::rldcpth.
Acknowledgments. \!-e thank thrcc arronvrÌousÌc-
vierversfor their constnrctivccorrrrnents.TÌris researcÌrÌras
dv CNPq (Brrrzil).
l ) c c r sr p o n s o r c b
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C.Nobre and L Trosnikov, Center for W-eathcr Forecast
and Climate Studies, NationaÌ Institute for Spacc Research
- CPTEC/INPE, Roclovia Presidcnte Dutra, krn 40 - SP,
CEP 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil (e-mail:
br)
igor@cptcc.inpe.
(Received
September 9, 1997;revisedApril 3, 1998;
April 7, 1998.)
accepted