BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY

SCIENCE: A way in which we get knowledge with the help of experiment and
observation is called Science.
 There are three major branches of science;
1. Chemistry
2. Biology
3. Physics

CHEMISTRY: It is the branch of science in which we study about matter, is

called chemistry.
 There are few branches of chemistry which are given below;
1. Inorganic Chemistry
2. Organic Chemistry
3. Physical Chemistry
4. Bio Chemistry

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: The branch of chemistry, which deals with the

study of all elements and their compounds except hydrocarbons ( Composed
of carbon and hydrogen ) and their derivative compounds.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: The branch of chemistry, which deals with the

study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives except its oxides, carbonates and
carbides.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: The branch of chemistry, which deals with the

study of laws and principles which are required for physical or chemical
reactions.
BIO CHEMISTRY: The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of
those compounds which are generally use for human beings and their
interaction in living things.

MATTER: Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter.
 There are some conditions of matter which are given below;

COMPOSITION OF MATTER: Constitution of kind of atoms, ions or

molecules of matter is called Composition of matter.

STRUCTURE OF MATTER: Three dimensional arrangements of atoms, ions

or molecules in space is called Structure of matter.

LAW & PRINCIPLES OF MATTER: Condition of temperature, pressure,

electricity etc which are responsible for physical & chemical change which may
occur during chemical reaction.

STATES OF MATTER: It means a matter which present in different states.

 There are three states of matter which are given below;
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas

SOLID: A state of matter which has both definite volume as well as definite
shape is called Solid.

LIQUID: A state of matter which has only definite volume but not definite
shape is called Liquid.

GAS: A state of matter which has neither definite volume nor definite shape
is called Gas.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER: A matter which express qualities or

characteristics by which one substance is distinguished from other substance.
 There are two types of Properties of matter which are given below;
1. Physical Properties
2. Chemical Properties

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: The properties of matter which associated with

physical change or phenomenon is called Physical properties.

PHYSICAL CHANGE: A change in which chemical composition of a

substance remains same before and after change or reaction is called Physical
change.
 It is temporary change, which can easily be reversed.
 In this change no new substance is formed.

Example: Density, Melting point, Boiling point, Solubility, Hardness, Colour

etc.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: The properties of matter which associated with

chemical change or phenomenon is called Chemical properties.

CHEMICAL CHANGE: A change in which chemical composition of a

substance changes before and after change or reaction is called Chemical
change.
 It is permanent change, which can’t easily be reversed.
 In this change at least one new substance is formed.

Example: Combustion reaction, redox reaction, decomposition reaction,

reaction with acids, reaction with bases ( Alkalis ) etc.

IONS: The charged substance are called ions.

 There are two types of ions which are given below;
1. Cations
2. Anions

CATIONS: The ions which carry positive charge that is called cations. ( +1, +2,
+3 …. )
 They are formed by loss of one or more electrons.
 Endothermic energy is required for produce positive ions.

ANIONS: The ions which carry negative charge that is called anions. ( -1, -2, -
3 …. )
 They are formed by gaining one or more electrons.
 Exothermic energy is produced during formation of negative ions.

ENDOTHERMIC REACTION: A reaction in which the energy is take in that

is called Endothermic reaction.

Example: Frying of egg, Photosynthesis etc

EXOTHERMIC REACTION: A reaction in which the energy is give out that is
called Exothermic reaction.

Example: Reaction b/w Iron & Sulphur ( Fe + S - FeS ), burning of gas,

petrol , oil etc.

ATOMIC ION: The ion which is formed either by losing one or more
electrons or by gaining of electrons.

MOLECUALR ION: The ion which is formed when any one of the molecular
atom lose or gain electron.

ATOM: The atom is the combination of two Greek words ( A means Not and
tomos means divisible )
 Atom is the smallest particle of matter.
 Now-a-days more than 140 sub atomic particles have been discovered in an
atom.
 But there are three major sub atomic particles of atom, which are given
below;
1. Electron
2. Proton
3. Neutron

ELECTRON: The negatively charged particles are present in an atom that is

called Electrons.
 They revolve around the nucleus in different orbits or shells or energy
levels.
 They attract to the positively charged particles ( Protons )

PROTON: The positively charged particles are present in an atom that is

called Protons.
 They lie in the nucleus of an atom.
 They attract to the negatively charged particles ( Electrons )

NEUTRON: The neutral charged particles are present in an atom that is

called Neutrons.
 They also lie in the nucleus of an atom.
 They hold to the protons.

COMPARISON OF ELECTRONS, PROTONS & NEUTRONS

Comparison of Electrons & Protons:
 Proton is 1836 times heavier than electron.
 Electron is 1836 times lighter than proton.
Comparison of Neutrons & Electrons:
 Neutron is 2000 times heavier than electron.
 Electron is 2000 times lighter than neutron.
Comparison of Protons & Neutrons:
 Neutron is almost equal to the proton.
 Sometimes neutron is heavier than proton.
REPULSION: When two same type of charges react with each other then the
repulsion is produced.

Example: Proton react with Proton then both charges are repel to each
other ( +ve   +ve )

ATTRACTION: When two different type of charges react with each other
then the attraction is produced.
Example: Proton react with Electron then both charges are attract to each
other ( +ve -ve )

BINDING OF PROTONS & NEUTRONS: Neutrons hold protons due to

repulsion.
 Neutrons hold Protons in such a way ( ©+©+© )

ELEMENT: The pure form of matter containing same type of atom is called
Element.

MOLECULE: It is the smallest particle of an element or compound, which has

independent existence.
 Combination of the same atoms by applying chemical process that is also
called Molecule.
 There are few types of molecules which are given below;

MONO ATOMIC MOLECULE: Those molecules which are composed of

only one atom is called Mono Atomic Molecule.

Example: Mono Atomic Molecules of Nobel gases ( He, Ne, Kr etc )

DI – ATOMIC MOLECULE: Those molecules which are composed of two
atoms is called Di-Atomic Molecule.

Example: H2, Cl2, CO, O2 etc.

POLYATOMIC MOLECULE: Those molecules which are composed of more
than two atoms is called Polyatomic Molecule.

Examples: H2O, NH3, C6H12O6 etc.