BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

City of Malolos, Bulacan

1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2018-2019

College of Engineering – Electronics Engineering Department

FM Radio

By
Adlawon, Edgar P.
Constantino, Alaiza Mer E.
Gasta, Krystal Mae R.
Malaluan, Mark Bethoven J.
Mendoza, Rizza Mae C.
Pangindian, Eleazar A.
Remoroza, Renz Leo B.
Roxas, Matt
Tandang, Warren Paul P.

Instructor
Engr. Jeffrey V. Cayetano

A project submitted in partial fullfillment of requirements in ECE 453/ECE 451L –

Principles of Communications
Description
For the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering
Date
 ABSTRACT

A radio receiver is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the
information carried by them to a usable form. An antenna is used to catch the desired
frequency waves. The receiver uses electronic iters to separate the desired radio frequency
signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic ampler to increase
the power of the signal for further processing, and recovers the desired information through
demodulation. Of the radio waves, FM is the most popular one. Frequency modulation is
widely used for FM radio broadcasting. It is also used in telemetry, radar, seismic
prospecting, and monitoring newborns for seizures via EEG, two-way radio systems, music
synthesis, magnetic tape recording systems and some video-transmission systems. An
advantage of frequency modulation is that it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio and therefore
rejects radio frequency interference better than an equal power amplitude modulation (AM)
signal.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS / CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF TABLES iv

I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Project
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Theory

II. SYSTEM MODEL

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Block Diagram
2.2.1 Description of Each Block

III. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Circuit Diagram
3.3 Components Used
3.3.1 Description of Components (brief description)
3.4 Bills of Materials

IV. IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 PCB Layout
4.3 Parts Placement (with labels)
4.4 Wiring Diagram
4.5 Software Development and Implementation (if needed)
4.5.1 Program Flowchart
4.5.2 Program Subroutine Flowchart
5.1 Pictures of Project Development

V. Conclusion
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Applications
5.3 Future Scope

VI. Group Pictures

REFERENCES

APPENDICES (data sheets, Program source code)

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Project

A radio or FM receiver is an electronic device that receives radio waves and

converts the information carried by them to a usable form. An antenna is used to catch the
desired frequency waves. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio
frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic
amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the
desired information through demodulation. The circuit comprises of individual FM radio is
needed to be design, construct and test. The integration of individual circuit for complete FM
radio systems is expected to be carried out at the final stage of the project.

1.2 Objectives

At the end of the project:

• Students being able to design an individual circuit or device that make up of FM
modulation/ demodulation systems and understand the function of each subsystem.
• Students being able to construct and test their designed modulator/ demodulator circuit.
• Students become familiar with the use of design and simulation tools in design process.

1.3 Theory

Frequency modulation (FM) is the standard technique for high-fidelity

communications as is evident in the received signals of the FM band (88-108 MHz) vs. the
AM band (450-1650 KHz). The main reason for the improved fidelity is that FM detectors,
when properly designed, are not sensitive to random amplitude variations which are the
dominant part of electrical noise (heard as static on the AM radio). Frequency modulation is
not only used in commercial radio broadcasts, but also in police and hospital communicatio-
ns, emergency channels, TV sound, wireless (cellular) telephone systems and radio amateur
bands above 30 MHz
CHAPTER II
SYSTEM MODEL

2.1 Introduction

A system model is the conceptual model as a result of system modeling that describes
and represents a system. A system comprises multiple views such as planning, requirement
(analysis), design, implementation, deployment, structure, behavior, input data, and output
data views for FM Radio.

2.2 Block Diagram

2.2.1 Description of Each Block

FM RF AMPLIFIER, MIXER, OSCILLATOR

The RF amplifier selects and amplifies a desired station from many. It is adjustable so
that the election frequency can be alter., also known as tuning. The selected frequency and
the output of an Oscillator are applied to the mixer, forming a frequency changer circuit. The
FIF amplifier and the oscillator are the only two resonant circuits that change when the radio
is tuned for different stations. Since a radio station may exist 10.7MHz above the oscillator
frequency, it is important that the RF stage rejects this station and selects only the slat.
10.7MHz below the oscillator frequency, The frequency of the undesired station 10.7M.
above the oscillator is called the Image Frequency Since the FM receiver has an RF
amplifier, image frequency is reduced significantly The output from the mixer is the
Intermediate Frequency (IF), a fixed frequency of 107MHz. The advantage of the IF
amplifier is in its frequency and bandwidth are fixed, no matter what the frequency of the
signals. The RF amplifier increases the amplitude, while also providing selectivity.
Selectivity is the ability to 'pick out" one station while rejecting all others.

FM DETECTOR
The amplified IF signal is I. to the detector. The circuit recovers the audio sig. and
discards the IF Amplifier. Some of the audio is fed back to the oscillator as an Automatic
Frequency Control (AFC) voltage This ensures Mat Ne oscillator frequency is stable despite
of temperature, voltage, and other effect changes. If this occurs, the center frequency of
10.7MHz is not be maintained. AFC is used to maintain the 10.7MHz center frequency.
When the local oscillator drifts, the radio detector will produce a BC (direct current direction.
voltage. This signal is fed to a filter network that removes the audio s that pure DC voltage is
produced and changes the frequency of oscillation of the local oscillator.

AUDIO AMPLIFIER
The audio amplifier increases audio power to a IS el sufficient to drive a BO speaker.
To do this from the battery is convert by the amplifier to AC (alternating current) in Me
speaker. Dm ratio of the power delivered to the speaker and the power taken from the
efficiency of the amplifier.
 CHAPTER III
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction

Frequency modulation (FM) is the modulation technique that represents information

as variations in the frequency of the carrier wave, whereas in AM, the carrier amplitude is
varied while its frequency remains constant. ... If the data signal is a digital signal,
the FM technique is called frequency shift keying.

3.2 Circuit Diagram

3.3 Components Used

3.3.1 Description of Components (brief description)

3.4 Bills of Materials

 CHAPTER IV
IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Introduction

4.2 PCB Layout

4.3 Parts Placement (with labels)

4.4 Wiring Diagram

4.5 Software Development and Implementation (if needed)

4.5.1 Program Flowchart

4.5.2 Program Subroutine Flowchart

5.1 Pictures of Project Development

 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Applications
For generating a frequency modulated signal, change in the frequency of radio carrier is
brought to be in line with the amplitude of the given incoming audio signal. With modulation
in audio signal, there is up and down movement in frequency of the newer frequency signal.
Deviation is the amount by which the signal moves up and down.

Frequency demodulation is demodulating the signal back to its original state.

 Frequency modulation can be used for the broadcasting of FM radio. This helps in
larger signal to noise ratio.
 Telemetry, radar and seismic prospecting, EEG monitoring of newborns etc also use
the technique of frequency modulation.
 It is also used in music synthesis, some systems that use video-transmission and also
for magnetic tape-recording systems.

5.3 Future Scope

VI. Group Pictures

REFERENCES

APPENDICES (data sheets, Program source code)