1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 NEED FOR A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
The Five most essential elements for the existence of human life are air,
water , food , heat , light. Next to air, Water is the most important requirement for the
human life to exist. In-spite of apparent abundance of water, less than one percent is
available for remaining is locked up in Icecaps and glaciers.

It is necessary that the water which is to supply to the public must be invariably free from
all types of impurities both suspended and/or dissolved in it, any kind of bacteria and any
other contamination which may cause serious harm to the health of the public. It is,
therefore, imperative to plan and build such a water supply scheme which would provide
potable water free from any kind of contamination.

Therefore, care must be taken that a public water supply system should be such that it is
able to provide an adequate and reliable supply of water catering to all the public needs
and also ensure that the supplies so made are not only potable but also fully protected
against any infection which might pollute the water and cause epidemics resulting in
human sufferings and loss.

India’s huge and growing population is putting a severe strain on all the country’s
natural resources. Most of the water sources are contaminated by sewage and agricultural
runoff. India has made progress India has made progress in the supply of Safe Water to
its people, but the gross disparity in the coverage exist across the country. Although
accident drinking water has improved, the World Bank estimates that 21% of
communicable diseases in India are related to unsafe water. In India, call this more than
1,600 deaths daily. Hygiene practices also continue to be a problem in India. Latrine
usage is extremely poor in rural area of the country, only 14% of the rural population has
access to proper Sanitation. Hand washing is also very low, increasing the spread of
disease. In order to decrease the amount of disease spread through drinking water, latrine
usage and hygiene must be improved simultaneously.

Our project “Analysis of Water Distribution System Using EPANET Software” also
aims at satisfying the water demand
1.2 LOCATION
The selected site Vengal Rao nagar is locted at S.R.Nagar, Hyderabad.
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Water distribution systems consist of pipeline networks and associate components,

most of which is underground and exposed to soil corrosion and mechanical
stress from the surrounding soil, surface traffic, and internal water pressure
(Ahammed and Melchers 1997). Pipe failure in water distribution systems disrupts
the water supply to consumers and reduces the reliability of the system. It is found
that about 35% to 60% of the supplied volume is wasted due to pipe leakages
(Babovic et al 2002).Therefore, inspection, control and planned maintenance and
rehabilitation programs are necessary to properly operate existing water
distribution systems (Saegrov et al 1999).

2.1 DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

A water distribution network must be designed so that it can supply the desire
quantity of water to the consumers at sufficient pressure. The design involves
specifying the sizes of different elements of the distribution network and checking
the adequacy of this network (Mays 2000). Significant effort has been placed in
developing approaches to solve for optimal designs of water distribution systems.

2.1.1 Pipe Characteristics

A large body of literature exists on the optimization of the pipe network design,
reporting the application of classical optimization methods (including linear
programming, dynamic programming and nonlinear programming). These
methods have been used, sometimes at the cost of considerable simplifications of
the optimization models. One of the earliest optimization approaches, the linear
programming gradient method was proposed by Alperovits and Shamir (1977).
Other authors followed this innovative course and introduced alternative
derivations from the linear programming-based gradient expressions (Quindry et
al 1981, Fujiwara et al 1987, Lansey and Mays 1989, Kessler and Shamir 1989,
Fujiwara and Khang 1990). These approaches lead to solutions in which pipes
have one or two fixed diameter segments. For practical implementation this type
of solution is unrealistic.

Goulter and Coals (1986) developed two quantitative approaches to the

incorporation of reliability measures in the least-cost design of water distribution
networks. In both approaches Linear Programming technique is used to obtain an
optimal layout design

Fujiwara and Silva (1990) proposed a heuristic method to obtain a least-cost water
distribution network design with a given reliability. The method first determines
an optimal design without the consideration of reliability. The reliability of the
network design is then assessed. An iterative feedback procedure is then
employed, which improved the reliability with a small increase in cost.

A redundancy-constrained minimum-cost design of water distribution networks is

presented by Park and Liebman (1993). Redundancy is quantified using the
expected shortage due to failure of individual pipes as a measure of reliability that
permits incorporation of some considerations of frequency, duration and severity
of damage.

Liong and Atiquzzaman (1994) proposed a powerful optimization algorithm,

Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) linked with EPANET, the network simulation
model to solve water distribution network design optimization problems.

Wu and Simpson (2001) applied a Genetic Algorithm to the optimal design and
rehabilitation of a water distribution system. Two benchmark problems of water
pipeline design and a real water distribution system are presented to demonstrate
the application of the proposed technique.

A self-adaptive fitness formulation for solving constrained design optimization of

water distribution networks is presented by Farmani et al (2005). The method has
been formulated to ensure that slightly infeasible solutions with a low objective
function value remain fit. The method does not require an initial feasible solution,
this being an advantage in real-world applications having many optimization
variables.

A least-cost design of water distribution networks under demand uncertainty is

developed by Babayan et al (2005). A new approach to quantifying the influence
of demand uncertainty is proposed. The original stochastic model is reformulated
as a deterministic one, and it is coupled with an efficient genetic algorithm solver
to find robust and economic solutions.
Branch and Bound integer linear programming technique is used by Samani and
Mottaghi (2006), for optimum design of municipal water distribution networks.
The constraints include pipe sizes, reservoir levels, pipe flow velocities and nodal
pressures. This procedure helped to design a water distribution network that
satisfies all required constraints with a minimum total cost.

Lejano (2006) developed a method for determining an optimal layout for a

branched pipeline irrigation water distribution system given only the spatial
distribution of potential customers and their respective demands. A mixed integer
linear programming (MILP) algorithm is applied to optimize an empirically
derived objective function.

Reca et al (2008) evaluated the performance of metaheuristic techniques such as

Genetic Algorithms, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search and iterative local search
used in the design optimization of water distribution networks. It is observed that
Genetic Algorithm is more efficient when dealing with a medium-sized network,
but other methods outperformed it when dealing with a real complex one.

2.2 OPERATION OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2.2.1 Leak Detection and Monitoring

Leakage in water supply networks can represent a large percentage of the total
water supplied, depending on the age and deterioration of the system. As a result
of water losses and increasing population, urban areas may experience shortages
of water. Coulbeck and Orr (1993) presented a reliability perspective of the
required systems and activities for control of water distribution networks with an
objective of cost control, quality control and leakage control. The ways in which
computers are being used for control purposes are described.

Reis et al (1997) have addressed the problem of appropriate location of control

valves in a water supply pipe network and their settings via Genetic Algorithm to
obtain maximum leakage reduction for given nodal demands and reservoir levels.
Vitkovsky et al (2000) used Genetic Algorithm technique in conjunction with the
inverse transient method to detect leakage locations and magnitudes while
simultaneously finding the friction factors in water distribution systems.

A model to support decision systems regarding quantification, location and

opening adjustment of control valves in a network system, with the main objective
to minimize pressure and consequently leakage levels is developed by Araujo et al
(2006). EPANET model (Rossman 2000) is used for hydraulic network analysis
and Genetic algorithm optimization method for pressure control and leakage
reduction. A case study is presented is used to show the efficiency of the system
by pressure control through valves management.

Alvisi and Franchini (2009) have presented a procedure for optimal medium-term
scheduling of rehabilitation and leakage detection interventions in a water
distribution system given predetermined budget constraints. The objectives are to
minimize the lost volumes of water and break repair costs.The optimizer used is
the NSGA II multi-objective genetic algorithm.

2.3 RELIABILITY OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2.3.1 Failure Analysis and Prevention

The deterioration of pipes may be classified into structural deterioration which

diminishes their structural resiliency and their ability to withstand various types of
stress, and internal deterioration resulting in diminishing hydraulic capacity,
degradation of water quality. The deterioration processes as well as pipe structural
failure models are therefore very complex and difficult to model. Although
significant work has been done in modeling the physical process of pipe
deterioration and failure (Doleac et al 1980, Ahammed and Melchers 1994, Rajani
et al 1996), the complex processes, lack of pertinent data and highly variable
environmental conditions posed severe challenges to these research efforts and a
comprehensive model is required.

Damelin et al (1972) considered water supply pump inter-failure times and repair
times as random variables, and assumed them to be exponentially distributed and
lognormally distributed respectively. They studied pumps with different capacities
and presented statistical data on mean time to failure (MTTF) and mean time to
repair (MTTR). The failure data were based on inter-arrival times of working
hours, not including times when the pumps were inoperative due to scheduled
outages for maintenance. Shamir and Howard (1981) used these data for
computing mean annual number of failures, presuming that pump operates 8400 h
per year with some 20 to 44 h per month for preventive maintenance and other
scheduled outages.

O’Day (1982) has presented an overview of the various causes of water-main

breaks and leaks, and listed the rate of water main breaks in 15 U.S. cities. Clark et
al (1982) suggested a model that combines two equations, one to predict the time
of first break and the second to predict the number of subsequent breaks, which
are assumed to grow exponentially over time in an attempt to account for the
relative impacts of various external agents.

Kettler and Goulter (1985) proposed regression equations for the number of
breaks versus diameter and time for cast iron and asbestos-concrete mains. They
observed a linear relationship between pipe breaks and age.

Andreou et al (1987) used two different approaches for modeling a pipe

failure pattern: a proportional hazard model for early states of deterioration,
and a Poisson-type model for later stages.

Constantine and Darroch (1993) proposed a time-dependentPoisson distribution,

in which the cumulative number of breaks in the pipe is a power function of the
pipe age. Herz (1996) developed a new probability distribution function to be
applied in a cohort survival model to an entire stock of pipes in a distribution
system. Deb et al (1998) applied the Herz (1996) model to several water
distribution systems.

Various studies (Rajani and Makar 2000, Katano et al 2003) have reported
different methodologies used to predict the lifespan of metallic underground
pipeline networks and all of them are dependent on data related to corrosion attack
of the pipes. Visual inspection of the metallic surface, characterization of the
pitting attack, and metallurgical analysis are required to complete the data
necessary to establish a data driven pipeline maintenance program (Doyle and
Grabinsky 2003, Srikanth et al 2005).
 3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 SOURCES OF WATER

3.1.1 RAIN WATER

The catchment surfaces are made of impervious by suitable lining material, the
suitable slope is provided and rain water is stored in moderate size reservoirs this
water is mainly used for drinking purposes.

3.1.2 SURFACE WATER

The water that is available in the rainfall precipitation in the form of runoff from a
catchment area. It can be either stored in the reservoir or can be directed to water
supply channel.
The usual forms of surface sources are as follows
a) Lakes and Streams
b) Ponds
c) Rivers
d) Storage Reservoirs

3.1.3 GROUND WATER

It is the largest available source of freshwater . The main source of groundwater is
precipitation. A portion of Rainwater falling on the ground surface infiltrates into the
ground. When it is checked out by impervious layer ground water is formed

Following are the four forms of underground sources are found

a) Infiltration Galleries
b) Infiltration Wells
c) Springs
d) Wells
3.1.4 WATER OBTAINED FROM RECLAMATION
Water that is obtained from desalination processes or the wastewater that is treated
suitably can be used for various activities.

3.1.5 WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

The main objective of municipal corporation is to collect the water from the best
available source it to processing in order to remove unpleasant taste and odor and other
elements which are detrimental to human health. The municipal water system caries out
following works

1) collection works
2) transmission works
3) purification works
4) distribution works

Collection works: It is meant to collect the water from either surface water or ground
water source, whenever there is large quantity of water required an intake structure is
build directly on the river bank or near the dam where water is stored.

Transmission works: whenever the collection water system is far away from the city
where the water is necessary to supply during such case water is conveyed to the city
through the transmission work. These from the connecting links between the collecting
and the purification units.

Purification works: the water that is collected from the source may not be adequate due to
the presence of any physical, chemical and biological impurities, hence it should be given
a proper treatment before supplying the water for consumption.

Distribution works: the treated and purified water is finally sent to consumers for
consumption through the suitable distribution system. The purified water is normally
stored in elevated service reservoirs in order that the water may flow in the water supply
pipes under pressure.

The objectives of the water supply system scheme are:

  to supply wholesome and safe water to the people for domestic use.
 to supply sufficient quantity of water.
 supplied water should be easily available to the consumer.
 pure and hygienic water to be supplied.
 provide a sufficient quantity of water for fire

3.2 QUALITY OF WATER

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION
The quality of water plays an important role, to know the water is pure
or not. Absolutely pure water is that which contains only two parts of hydrogen
and one part of oxygen by volume. But the water found in nature contains number
of impurities. The rain water which is absolutely pure also absorb various gases,
dust, and other impurities while reaching earth these water when moves on the
ground further carries silt, organic and inorganic impurities, therefore, the runoff
water has large number of impurities. So this water before supplying to the public
should be treated and purified removes impurities only up to certain extent so that
it may not be harmful to the public health. The water treated in this way is called
wholesome water, in other words, this water does not contain anything harmful to
human health.

3.2.1.1 PURPOSE FOR THE WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

1. To ascertain if the supplies maintain the required degree of purity and to find out
the extent of purity and to find out the extent of any variation this occurs.
2. To ascertain the quality of the proposed supply to the new consumers
3. To decide the suitability of water for feeding boilers, hot water pipes etc.,
4. To examine the effect of pumping of well waters, especially when the wels are
located near the sea or an estuary.
5. To find out the organisms responsible for the spreading of water borne diseases.
6. To study the process of self-purification of streams and rivers.
7. To know the characteristics of water at various depths of deep wells and tube
wells.
8. To know the quality of water submitted to the various purification processes.
9. To classify the water with respect to the general level of mineral constituents.
10. To know whether water from a particular supply of water is suitable for specific
purpose such as paper making, tanning, dyeing etc.,
11. To suggest the best method of purifying of softening or of preventing action on
mains and supply pipes etc.,

3.2.1.2 REQUIREMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE

1. It should be free from harmful salts and bacteria

2. It should be free from objectionable dissolved gases such as separated
hydrogen.
3. It should be in god taste and free from odor.
4. It should be free from objectionable minerals.
5. It should be fresh and cool

3.2.1.3 REASONS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF WATER

1. To decide that the water obtained from some additional source will be from
the risk of any pollution.
2. To ascertain the quality of proposed supply to the new consumers.
3. To ensure that required degree of purity is to be maintained or not.
4. Water is analyzed to determine its fitnesss for the purpose for which it is
desired.
5. To suggest the best method of purifying of softening or preventing actions
in mains and supply pipes etc.,
6. To find out organisms responsible for the spreading of the water borne
diseases.

The following are the requirements for the water to be drinkable

1. It should be free from bacteria which may cause disease.
2. It should be colorless and sparkling which may be accepted by the public.
3. It should be tasty, odor free and cool.
 4. It should not corrode pipes.
5. It should be free from all objectionable matter.
6. It should have dissolved oxygen and carbonic acid so that it remains fresh.

For the safety of public health, economy and protection of various industrial process, it is
most essential for the water work engineer to thoroughly check and analyses and do the
treatment of the raw water obtained from the source, before its distribution the water
supplied for the public should be strictly according to the standards laid down from time
to time.

3.2.2 IMPURITIES IN WATER

Suspended impurities: these impurities are dispersion of solid particles that are
large enough to be removed by filtration by surface and heavier one settles down.
The suspended particles which has the same specific gravity as that of water, are
mixed in the water suspended impurities include clay, algae, fungi, organic and
inorganic matter etc., these all impurities are macroscopic in nature and cause
turbidity in the water.

Colloidal impurities: it is very finely divide dispersion of particles in water. These

particles are so small that these cannot be removed by the ordinary filters and are
not visible to the naked eye, as a matter of fact all the colloidal impurities are
electrically charged and remain in continuous motion.

Dissolved impurities: some impurities are dissolved in the water when it moves
over the rocks, soils etc., solidities liquids and gases are dissolved in natural
waters, these dissolved impurities may contain organic compounds, inorganic
salts and gases etc., the concentration of total dissolved solids is usually expressed
in ppm and is obtained by weighing the residue after evaporation of the sample
from a filtered sample.

3.2.3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. Turbidity: if a large amount of suspended matter such as clay silt or any other
finely divided organic water is present in water, it will appear to be muddy or
cloudy or turbid in appearance. The turbidity depends on the fineness and the
 sand concentration of particles present in water. Although clay or other inert
suspended particles may not be harmful, yet are to be removed or reduced for
aesthetic and psychological reasons.
2. Color: is due to the presence of colored substances in the solution, such as
vegetable matter and iron salt. It does not necessarily have detrimental effects
on health. Color intensity could be measured through visual comparison of the
sample with distilled water.
3. Odor: odor should be absent or very faint for water to be acceptable fro
drinking. Pure water is odorless, hence, the presence of undesirable odor in
water is indicative of the existence of contaminants.
4. Taste and odor: the dissolved organic materials an inorganic salts, or dissolved
gases may imparts taste and odor which generally occur together.
Odor: odor should be absent or very faint for water to be acceptable for
drinking. Pure water odorless hence the presence of undesirable odor in the
water is indicative of contaminants.
Taste : pure water is tasteless hence the presence of undesirable taste in water
indicates the contaminants. Algae decomposing organic matter, dissolved
gases, and phenolic substance may cause.

3.2.4 CHEMICAL ASPECTS

Chemical analysis of water is carried out in order to determine the chemical

characteristics of water. This involves tests for determining the total solids and
suspended solids, ph value, hardness, chloride content, nitrogen content, etc.,

1. PH value
It is the measure of degree of alkalinity or the acidity of the water if the ph
value is <7 then it is called acidic solution and if the ph value is more than >7
then it is called alkaline solution.
The ph value scale varies from 0-14 it is desirable to maintain the ph value
near 7 potable water its value should lie between 6.5 to 8.5.
Press the ph key to display the flashes after a few seconds it displays the ph
value.
 2. Alkalinity

It is the measure of its capacity to neutralize acid. It is caused due to the

presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. Mainly in water
alkalinity is caused due to the hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates.

3. Hardness
Hardness is due primarily to calcium and magnesium carbonate and
bicarbonate (which can be removed by boiling) and calcium and magnesium
sulfate and chloride (which can be removed by the chemical precipitation
using lime and sodium carbonate). Hardness in water is objectionable for the
following reasons:

 Calcium and magnesium sulfate have a laxative effect.

 Hard water makes lathering more difficult, and so it increases soap
consumption.
 In boilers, pots and kettles, hardness causes scaling resulting in the
reduction of the thermal efficiency and restriction of flow.

Mainly two types of hardness are there:

1) Temporary hardness
2) Permanent hardness

Temporary hardness is due to the presence of the bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium
and magnesium which can be removed by boiling.

Permanent hardness is due the presence of the sulfate, chlorides, nitrites of calcium and
magnesium.

4. CHLORIDES
Chlorides are the salts resulting from the combination of gas chloride
affects the taste of the food products. Therefore the chloride used in the
industry, they only use the recommended max chloride. Some common
chlorides include Sodium Chloride(NaCl), Magnesium Chloride(MgCl2). The
 Chloride concentration above 250mg/l causes salty taste and hence is
objectionable.

Quantity of water depends on

(i) Design Period
(ii) Rate of Demand

3.2.5 DESIGN PERIOD

Generally, water supply projects are designed for a design period of 20 to 40
years, after their completion. The time period between design and completion
should not be more than 2 years. In specific components of the projects, the
design period may be modified. Different segments of water treatment and
distribution systems may be approximately designed for different periods of time
using different capacity criteria so that expenditure far ahead of the utility is
avoided.

Table no. 1 Design period for project components

Components Design Period

(in years)

Storage by Dams 50 Years

Pump House 30 years

Water Treatment Units 15 Years

OHBRs/GLBRs/OHSRS 15 Years

Pipe lines 30 Years

 3.2.6 FUTURE POPULATION
Population Forecast
The data about the present population of a city for which a water treatment system
is to be designed can always be obtained from the records of the municipality or
civic body. However, a water supply project is designed to cater the needs of the
community upto the end of the design period which may extend upto 2 to 4
decades, before the abandoned or enlarged by reason of inadequacy. There are
several methods for Population forecast, but the judgment must be exercised by
the engineer as to which method is most applicable for particular location.
The increase in the population of the city depends upon several factors such as
living conditions of the city and its environs, industrial potential, State of
development, location with respect to road and rail links and climatic conditions
etc. The entire population of a city may not be evenly distributed, due to
variations in the land use pattern and available facilities etc. The population
density, indicating the no. of persons per unit area, and distribution of the
population should also be studied for efficient design of the distribution system.

3.2.6.1 Various methods for estimation of future population population are listed
below

1. Arithmetical Increase method.

2. Geometrical increase method.
3. Incremental increase method.
4. Decreased rate of growth method.
5. Graphical Extension method.
6. Graphical Comparison method.
7. Zoning method or Master plan method.
1) Arithmetical Increase Method
Here we assume the actual increase per decade is constant. The average increase
in population per decade is added for each successive future decade to obtain the
prospective population of future decade.
Where the prospective Population Pn after n decades from the year corresponding
to the latest known population P0 is given by the expression
Pn=P+n*c
This method is suitable for old towns and for a rapidly growing town, it gives a
lower figure.

2) Geometrical Increase Method

Here we assume the percentage increase from decade to decade is constant. An
average percentage increase (r) in the last decade is taken and added to the present
population
𝑟
Pn=P0(1+ )n
100
The value of r is taken as either arithmetic mean or the geometric mean of these
percentage increase in population for each decade.
Thus if r1, r2, r3 …….. rt is the percentage increase in the population for each of the
past 2 successive decades, then the value of r is taken either the arithmetic mean
i.e.,
𝑟1+𝑟2+𝑟3+ ……+𝑟𝑡
𝑟= or the geometric mean i.e., r= (r1*r2*r3* …….*rt)1/t
𝑡

The value of the arithmetic means is slightly higher than the obtained geometric
mean

Govt. Of India Manual on Water and Water Treatment recommends the use of the
geometric mean for determining the value of r

3) Incremental Increase Method

To overcome the deficit of the first method, the incremental increase is also taken
into the account. This is more suited for a town which is rapidly but steadily
growing .
Population = (Present population) + (Average increase per decade ) * n +
(Incremental Increase per Decade) *n
4) Decreased rate of growth Method
 This method is similar to the geometrical increase method except that instead of a
constant value of the percentage increase in population per decade a decreasing
valve of the percentage increase in population per decade is adopted for each
future decade. For determining the decreasing value of the percentage increase in
population per decade for each future decade, the average decrease in the
percentage increase in population per decade is worked out and it is subtracted
from the latest for each successive future decade percentage increase in per decade

3.2.7 WATER DEMAND

Whenever an engineer is given the duty to design a water supply scheme for a
particular section of the community, it becomes imperative upon him, too, first of
all, evaluate the amount of water available and the amount of water demand by the
public.
Various types of water demand:
While planning a water supply scheme, it is necessary to find out not only the total
water demand but also to assess the required average rates of flow (or draft) and
the variability in these rates. The following quantities are generally assessed.

1. Total annual volume in liters or million liters.

2. Annual average demand in liters in liters per day.
3. The annual average rate of liters per day per person, i.e., Per capita demand
It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demand by the public
since there are many variable factors affecting water consumption. Certain thumb
rules and empirical formulas are therefore generally used to assess this quantity.
Per capita demand: It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one
person, and includes the domestic use, industrial and commercial use, public use
wastes, thefts, etc. It may be therefore expressed as

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Per Capita Demand =
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛∗365

The Various types of demand(as per our design)

1. Domestic Water demand
2. Institution and Commercial Water Demand
3. Fire Demand
 As per IS 1172-1993, the minimum domestic consumption for the colony is 100
lpcd
1. Domestic Water Demand: This includes the water required in private
buildings for Drinking, Cooking, Bathing, Sanitary Purposes, etc,
2. Institution and Commercial Water Demand: The Water Demand of
institutions, such as Clinics, Schools, and Offices.
3. Fire Demand: Water that is required for Fire Breakdowns if Any

Table no 2 Design Parameters

Assumed population 45,323

Geometric increase per year 0.8
Design Population 1,54,099
Per capita Demand 150
Water Quantity 23.114MLD

3.2.8 DESIGN PERIOD AND FACTORS GOVERNING IT

Water Supply Scheme involves structures which cannot be replaced or increased
in their capacity easily. Thus a Provision is made in designing the capacitates, this
provision in a number of Years is called Design Period.
Factors:
1. Amount available for investment
2. Life Span of Material's used.
3. The Rate of interest of borrowing of the additional money invested.
3.3 COLLECTION & DISTRIBUTION

After the quality analysis of the water, the water is to be supplied to the village
according to its demand. For this purpose, we need to design the rising main,
capacity of the service reservoir and distribution main
The distribution System consists of system of a network of pipes with the
appurtenances for transporting water from the purification plant to consumer tap.
It also includes the design and operation of the storage or service reservoir. A
good distribution system should satisfy the
following requirements:
1. The system should be capable of supplying water at consumers top at
reasonable pressure head. Also the head should not be excessive
2. It should be capable of meeting the fire demand simultaneously.
3. It should maintain the degree of purity the distribution systems should be
completely
watertight
4. Water should be available even during the breakdown period
5. It should easy to operate and maintain.
6. It should be laid that during repairs; it does not cause obstruction to traffic.
7· The initial cost of the distribution should be as low as possible.

3.3.1 METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION

Method of distribution depends upon the topography of the area. The following
methods may
be adopted for distribution
 Gravity system
 Combined gravity and pumping system
 Pumping system

3.3.1.1 Gravity system

In the gravity system, the sources of water supply are also located with respect to
the area of distribution that water is available with sufficient pressure at various
points in the area. No pumping is normally required. This is the most reliable and
economical distribution system.
3.3.1.2 Pumping system
In this system, water is pumped into the distribution system to achieve the required
pressure. Generally, double pumping is required, first to pump raw water from the
source to the treatment works and then to pump purified water direct it into
distribution mains.

3.3.1.3 Combined Gravity and Pumping system

This is the most common system adopted in most of the cases. Generally, the
water purification works are located at the same level as the area of distribution. In
order to obtain sufficient distribution pressure filtered water is pumped into a clear
water reservoir located on elevated point. The water from the elevated reservoir,
then flows under Gravity

3.3.2 COMPONENTS

The components of water distribution system are

1. Pipelines carry water from the treatment facility to the users
2.Transmission mains: the largest pipes which carry flow from the water treatment
facility to the network. These pipes are often greater than (D>600)
3.Feeder mains: pipelines which feed flow from the transmission main to the
individual pipe networks of every service.
4.Distribution mains: the grid of pipelines which provides service to all users
5.Service lines: pipelines which go from the distribution mains to the individual
house or facility. The individual lines are sized as per momentum equation (Darcy
weisbach) and energy equation (head loss equation).
6.Pumps : maintain required pipelines service pressure because of the variable
demand requirement multiple pumps are pumping with variable motor all often
required
7. Booster pumps: maintain required service pressure along long pipes.
8. Fire service pumps: provide additional capacity for emergency situations pumps
often at the intersection of pump performance and network system curves and
must adjust to highly variable demand. As such, multiple pumps may be required
for steady and emergency demands.
9. Storage facilities: accommodates fluctuation by storming excess water until it is
necessary.
10. Ground storage: ground level storage, which discharges water to the system
with a
11. Elevated storage: storage tank at the elevation required to deliver water at the
required pressure (or head)
12. Meters: required for monitoring flows
3.3.3 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT

SOURCE

River Godavari

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT

LINGAMPALLY

RESERVOIR

HMWS&SB ERRAGADDA

WATER
DISTRIBUTION
3.3.4 DESIGN PERIOD
The scheme is designed for 30 years for 2019 to 2049
3.3.5 SOURCE
The water from the River Godavari is first channelized to the water treatment plant
at Lingampally.
From lingampally the water is transmitted through pipelines to the Reservoir
located near Erragadda.
The total storage capacity of the reservoir is 6960 cu.m and the requirement per
day is 6364 cu.m
3.4 WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Water treatment is a process of making water hygienically safe, aesthetically

attractive and palatable in an economical manner. The goal of water treatment is to
remove existing contaminants in the water to make it suitable for desired end-use.
Physical processes such as settling and filtration, chemical processes such as
disinfection and coagulation and sometimes biological processes such as aerated
lagoons, activated sludge are used for treatment of water. Unit processes in water
treatment include aeration, flocculation, filtration, disinfection, softening,
deferrization, defluoridation and water conditioning and many different
combinations of these processes. The selection will be based on the raw water, the
desired characteristics of the treated water and the economics involved.

Figure.2 Water Treatment Plant

3.4.1 Process
The treatment plant in Lingampally consists of an
a) Aeration Fountain: Aeration is done by circulating sir through the water. It is
done to add oxygen, remove gases such as carbon dioxide and remove metals
such as iron and manganese in the form of precipitate.

Figure.3 Aeration Tank

b) Flash Mixer: Flash mixer is used for rapid mixing and complete mixing of
coagulants in the water

Figure 4 Flash mixer

c) Clarifocculator: Clariflocculator has two concentric tanks with inner tank

serving as flocculation basin and outer tank serving as clarifier
Coagulants are added in the process of flocculation. Coagulants are metal
salts such as aluminum sulphate or iron sulphate. These metal salts have positive
charge salts which neutralize the negative salts of dissolved and suspended
impurities. When the reaction occurs, the particles combine to form bigger
particles know as coagulates. This process is called flocculation Alum is used for
flocculation in the water treatment plant
 Figure 5 Sedimentation Tank

d) Rapid Sand Filter: Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other
granular media remove particles and impurities that have been trapped by the use
of flocculator. Water flows through the filter medium under gravity or under
pumped pressure and the flocculated material is trapped in the sand filter
e) Disinfection: Bleaching powder is used for disinfection

Figure.6 Rapid Sand Filter

 Figure 7 Chlorination Chamber

f) Pure water sump and Pump House: The pure water sump of 900 kl capacity is situated
and pump house consist of 2 150hp motors

Figure 8 Clear water Sump and Pump house

3.4.2 SERVICE RESERVOIRS AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Service Reservoirs are structures which are built at any convenient point in the
distribution between the original source and the consumer end. The function of the
reservoir varies between the original source and the consumer end. The function of
the reservoir varies considerably depending upon their type and need. The general
functions of a reservoir are
 To equalize the rate of flow, adjusting a variable demand rate to the rate of
supply not equal to it. This allows the sumps to work at a steady constant
rate, which not only improves their efficiency but also reduces the cost of
their operation and maintenance.
 To equalize pressure and to make it possible to pump water at an average
constant head and thereby reducing the size of the pump and also pumping
cost, since peak pressures are taken over from the pump.
 To provide and maintain the desired pressure in remote areas
5.2.1 Location Of Reservoirs
The three possible locations of Reservoirs are:
1) Locating the reservoir in central point with respect to the distribution area. This
will reduce the size of distribution mains and will cause better equalization of low
during peak demand periods. More uniform pressure will prevail in the system.
2) Locating near the beginning of the system. This is adopted where the
distribution area is at a lower level compared to the general alignment of the
pumping . Then the length of the main becomes shorter, but the length of the
distribution system mains becomes more
3) Locating the reservoir site at a suitable altitude. It depends on the availability of
land at suitable altitudes. It is necessary that bottom water level shall be at such a
height that allows for frictional losses in the distribution mains and required
residual head in any part of the system. This can be ensured either by locating the
reservoir on the high ground or by building a tower.
3.4.3 TRANSMISSION LINES
Conveyance of water may be by gravity flow and/ or Pressure flow. Pipe Lines
used for transmission of water,normally follow the profile of the ground surface
closely. Gravity pipelines have to be allied below the hydraulic gradient. RCC,
Pre-stressed Concrete, HDPE, AC, DI, CI, MS, Gl and GRP pipes are used for
pressure lines ie, pumping/raising mains.
HDPE/PVC/Pre stressed Pipes are normally used for gravity mains in rural water
supply schemes.
MS/CI/GI pipes shall be used at all road crossings and in hard rocky strata regions.

3.4.4 WATER HAMMER

An understanding of the physical picture of the water hammer phenomenon is of
vital in dealing with the particular piping system under design. Water hammer
requires consideration because it can damage the pipe and piping equipment.
Any sudden change in the flow velocity or pressure in a liquid line will
produce hydraulic shock (water hammer). It is like a long rigid spring being
stretched at a uniform speed is suddenly released. A pressure wave would travel
back along the spring as it compressed at the point of stoppage.

Causes of Water Hammer

 Stoppage of pumps due to power failure
 Sudden closure of valve
 Pulsation problem due to hydraulic ram and reciprocating pump.
 Apart from above, certain deliberate change in the velocity is brought about
when the pumps are started or switched off

The pressure due to water hammer depends on the elastic properties of the pipe
material.
𝐶𝑉
Hmax =
𝑔
1425
C=
√1+𝐾𝑑/𝐸𝑡

Where
Hmax - Maximum Water Hammerhead over the working pressure in m.
C -Velocity of pressure wave travel in m/sec
 g -Acceleration due to gravity in m/scc
V -Normal velocity in the pipeline before sudden closure in m/sec.
K -Bulk modulus of water (2.07x 108 Kg/sqm)
d -Inner diameter of the pipe in m
t - Wall thickness of pipe in m
E -Modulus of elasticity of pipe material

3.4.5 SPECIAL DEVICES FOR CONTROL OF WATER HAMMER

The philosophy is
1. To minimize the length of returning water column causing water hammer.
2. To dissipate energy of the water column length by air cushion valve.
3. To provide quick operating pressure relief valve any rise in pressures in
critical zones.

3.4.6 PIPELINES
Pipelines are major investments in water supply projects and as such constitute a
major of the assets of water authorities. Pipes represent a large proportion of the
capital invested in water supply undertakings and, therefore, are of particular
importance. Therefore pipe materials shall have to be judiciously selected not only
from the point of view of durability, life and overall cost which includes, besides
the pipe cost, the installation and maintenance costs necessary to ensure the
required function and performance of the pipelines throughout its designed
lifetime
1.Gravity Pipelines
2. Pressure Pipelines
Gravity pipelines are those in which the water flows under the action of gravity.
These pipelinescannot go up and down hills and valleys as per the available
topography. In pressure pipelines water flows under pressure above the
atmospheric pressure. The pressure pipes can follow naturally available ground
surface and can freely go up and down hills and valleys.

3.4.6.1 The Various types of Pressure Pipes are

(A) Ductile Iron (DI pipes
(B) Cast Iron (CI) pipes
(C)Mild Steel (M.S) Pipe
(D) R.CC pipes
(E) Poly Vinyl Chlorine (PVC) pipes.
(F)Density PolyEthylene (HDPE) pipes.
(G) GRP pipes.
The Various Types of Gravity Pipes are
R.C.C Pipes
Prestressed Concrete Pipes
Asbestos Cement (AC) pipes.
Polyvinyl Chlorine (PVC) pipes
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes

Selection of pipe materials must be based on the following considerations

 The initial carrying capacity of the pipe and its reduction with use, defined,
for example by the Hazen-Williams coefficient C. Values of C vary for
different conduit materials and their relative deterioration in the serve. They
vary in size and shape to some extent.
 The strength of the pipe as measured by its ability to resist internal
pressures and external loads
 The life and durability of pipe as determined by the resistance to corrosion,
to erosion, disintegration and to cracking.
 The case is the difficulty of transportation, handling and laying and jointing
under different conditions of topography, geology and other prevailing
local conditions.
 The safety, economy, and availability of manufactured sizes of pipes and
specials.
 The availability of skilled personnel in construction decommissioning of
 pipelines.
  The ease is of operations and maintenance.

(A) Cast Iron Pipes

Most of the old Cast Iron Pipes were cast verically but this type has been largely
suspended by the centrifugally spun cast iron type manufactured up to a diameter
of 1050mm (IS 1536-1989). Though the vertically cast iron pipe is heavy weight,
low in tensile strength, and liable to defects of inner surface, it is widely used
because of its good lasting qualities
Centrifugally cast iron pipes are available in diameters from 80mm to 1050
with protective coatings. Pipes are supplied in 3.mm and 5.Sm lengths and a
variety of
are available including socket and spigot and flanged joints
The pipes have been classified as LA, A and B according to their thickness. Class
LA pipes have been taken as the basis for evolving the series of pipes. Class A
allows a 10% increase thickness over class LA, Class B allows a 20% increase in
thickness over class LA.
C.I.pipes can be used in corrosive soils and for waters of slightly aggressive
character. They are well suited for pressure mains, Roads crossings, Hilly areas,
Valleys, for OHSR vertical connections and laterals.

(B) Ductile Iron Pipes

Ductile Iron is made by a metallurgical process that involves that addition of
magnesium into molten iron of low sulfur content. The magnesium cause the
graphite in the iron to precipitate in the form of microscopic(6.25 micron) spheres
rather than the flakes found in ordinary cast iron. The spheroid graphite in iron
improves the properties of ductile iron. It possesses properties of high mechanical
strength, excellent impact resistance and good casting qualities of gray cast iron.
Ductile iron pipes are normally prepared using the centrifugal cast process. The
ductile iron pipes are usually provided with cement mortar lining at the factory by
centrifugal process to ensure a uniform thickness throughout it length. Cement
mortar lining is superior to bituminous lining as the former provides a smooth
surface and prevents tuberculation creating a high pH at the pipe wall and
ultimately by providing a physical and chemical
barrier to the water
Ductile Iron pipes have excellent properties of machinability, impact resistance,
high wear resistance, high tensile strength, and ductility and corrosion resistance.
DI pipes having same composition of CI pipe, it will have same expected life as
that of CI pipes. The both inner and outer surfaces are smooth, free from lumps,
cracks blisters and scars. Ductile Iron pipes stand up to hydraulic pressure tests as
required by service regulations.These pipes are approximately 30% lighter than
conventional cast iron pipes
Ductile Iron Fittings: The ductile iron fittings are manufactured conforming to IS
9523-1980. This standard covers requirements for ductile iron fittings (specials
castings) to be used with pressure pipes for carrying water, gas and sewage for
sizes from 80 to 2000 mm nominal diameter.
This standard is applicable to fittings meant for mechanical joints (bolted gland),
push on joints and flanged joints for jointing by means of various types of gaskets.
The design of socket and the gasket are not within the scope of this standard. If
required fittings fabricated from spum pipes and plain ended fittings can also be
used.
Joints: In the case of push-on joints for sizes 'DN 600" and above the sockets may
be with or without centering rings. In case of push on joints the spigot end of
fitting, if any, shall be suitably chamfered to facilitate smooth entry of spigot in
the socket of the pipes or fittings fitted with rubber gasket.
Hydrostatic Test
For hydrostatic test, the fittings shall be kept under pressure for 10 seconds. They
shall withstand the pressure test without showing any sign of leakage, sweating or
other defect of any kind. The test shall be conducted before the application of
surface coating.
(C) Asbestos Cement Pipes
Asbestos cement pipes are made of mixture of asbestos paste and cement
compressed by steel rollers to form a laminated material of great strength and
density. Its carrying capacity remains substantially constant as when first laid,
irrespective of the quality of water. It can be drilled and tapped for connecting but
does not have the same strength or suitability for threading as iron and any leakage
at the thread will become worse as time passes. However, this difficulty can be
overcomed by screwing the ferrules through malleable iron saddles fixed at the
point of service connections, as is the general practice. These pipes are not suitable
for use in sulfate soils. Due to expansion and contraction of black cotton soil,
usage of these pipes may be avoided as far as possible in Black Cotton Soils,
except where the depth of B.C. soil is clearly less than 0.9 meter below ground
level.
(D) Concrete Pipes
Reinforced concrete pipes used in water supplies are classified as pl, p2 and p3
with test pressure 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 Kg/cm2 respectively. For use as gravity mains, the
working pressure should not exceed 2/3 of test pressure. For use as pumping
mains, the working presure should not exceed ½ of the test pressure.
Generally concrete pipes have corrosion resistant properties similar to those of
prestressed concrete pipes although they have their own features which
significantly affect their performance. Centrifugal spinning of vibratory process
makes concrete pipes. Centrifugally, spun pipes are subjected to high rotational
forces during manufacture with improved corrosion resistance properties.
(E) Polyethylene Pipes
Rigid PVC and high density polyethylene pipes have been used for water
distribution systems mostly ranging from 15-150mm dia and occasionally up to
350mm
Among the recent development is the use of High-Density polyethylene pipes.
These pipes are not brittle and as such a hard fall at the time of loading and
unloading etc, may not do any harm to it. HDPE pipes as per IS 4984-1987 can be
joined with detachable joints and can be detached at the time of shifting the
pipeline from one place to another. Though for all practical HDPE pipes are rigid
and tough, at the same time they are resilient and conform to the topography of
land when laid overground or in trenches. They are coilable, easily be bent.
HDPE pipes are easy to carry and install. They are lighter in weight and can
carried to heights as on hill. They can withstand movement of heavy traffic. This
would not cause damage to the pipes because of their flexural strength. HDPE has
excellent free flowing properties. They have non-adherent surface which
reject(not attract) any foreign materials, which would impende the flow. HDPE
pipes are anticorrosive, have smooth inner surface so that there is less friction and
pressure loss is comparatively less.
3.4.7 PIPE APPURTENANCES
In order to isolate and drain the pipeline sections for tests, inspections, leaning and
repairs, a number of appurtenances such as valves, manholes, insulation joints,
expansion joints, anchorages etc are provided at various suitable places along the
pipeline. Appurtenances are valves, which are installed in a pipeline to isolate and
drain pipeline sections for test, inspection, cleaning and repairs, and for expulsion
of air.
1. Controlling appurtenances such as Sluice valves, butterfly valves etc
2. Protective appurtenances such as air valves, non return valves/ Reflux
valves
3. Data collecting appurtenances such as pressure gauge and recorders,
venturimeter, piezometer gauging points.
4. Miscellaneous appurtenances

A)Sluice valves
Sluice valves on main line are provided to stop and regulate the low of water in the
course of ordinary operations and in an emergency. The principal considerations in
location of the valve are accessibility and proximity to special points such as
branches, stream crossings major summit points etc
Sluice valve of the same size as per diameter of the mainline pipe are nomally
used for isolating the section of pipeline. Sluice valves are sometimes used for
continuous throttling which may cause erosion of seats and lead to body
cavitations. Wherever small flows are required, the bypass valve is more suitable
for this purpose as compared to throttling the mainline valve

Figure 9 Sluice Valve Sectional View

 (B) Scour Valve
Scour valves of the same size located in valley portions in the alignment of pipe
lines, so as to facilitate emptying of the pipeline whenever required for
maintenance of the pipeline. The outlet of the scour valve has to be connected to a
natural drain. However, precautions must be taken to ensure that the waste water
from the drains does not enter the water supply pipelines.
During installation of the valve, it should be ensured that it is always accessible
for operation. A proper valve chamber with locking arrangement is required to
protect the valve and prevent misuse. The size of scour valve shall be normally be
equal to half of the diameter of the main line.

Figure.10 Scour Valve Plan View

(C) Air Valve

Air release valves are designed to expel air automatically from the pipelines,
which tends to accumulate at high points in the pipeline. Normally in gravity flow
pipelines, when the pressure of the pipe falls below the atmospheric pressure, air
has to be drawn in, to prevent the collapsing of the pipe. To prevent the pipe from
such collapse (vacuum). additionally Air valve are also have also to release any
entrained air which might works and pumping practice, two types of air valves are
required. These are know as 1) Large orifice air valve and 2) Small orifice air
wale.
(D) Large Orifice Air Valve
The purpose of this type of valve is to discharge air during filling or charging of
mains and to admit air to mains while they are being emptied. They pass air at
high rates of flow with small pressure difference either in to or out of the pipes on
which the valve is fixed. The ball, which forms the valve element although
buoyant, is rigid being covered with vulcanite.

(E) Small Orifice air valve

The purpose of this valve is to discharge air which may accumulate in sections of
main under working conditions, that is under the running pressure in the main. The
orifice is relatively quite small and is sealed by a floating rubber covered ball at all
pressures above atmospheric pressure except when air accumulates in this valve
chamber. When air has accumulated to depress the water level sufficiently the ball
falls away from outlet orifice and the air escapes through this orifice until the
water level rises again causing the ballot re seal the orifice

(F) Reflux Valves

Reflux wall also called check valves or non-return valves, which automatically
prevent reversal of flow in a pipeline. They are useful in pumping mains when
positioned near pumping station to prevent backflow when the pump is shut down.
The reflux valve is normally provided on delivery side of each pump to prevent
back flow into pump impeller and to avoid rotation of impeller in reverse
direction. The size of the valve is equal to the same size as the pipeline on which it
is installed. Reflux valves shall have bypass valves, which can be used for priming
or suction line before starting of the pumps.
Location of the valves
One sluice valve shall be located at the starting point of the distribution system
near the OHSR to cut off or restore the flow from OHSR into the distribution
system, Each branch is also provided within sluice valve for controlling the flow
into that branch. Valves on the main line are not recommended. However, main
line valves may be installed where it is necesary to isolate the supply of water to
the various zones. The need for Scouring a distribution system arises rarely
However, in an intermittent supply, water stagnates in valley portions, which has
to be drained out so that stagnant water is not supplied to the consumers. Hence
scour valves are provided in the valley portions. The size of scour valve in
distribution system of rural water supply shall not normally exceed 50mm. Further
this valve must be protected against misuse and provided with a masonry chamber
and a cover with a locking arrangement. The outlet of scouring valve shall be
connected to a drain. It should be ensured that wastewater from the drain will not
contaminate the drinking water through the scour pipe. All drain crossings of the
distribution system pipes shall be provided with an outer casing pipe to prevent
contamination by the drain water.

3.4.8 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The purpose of distribution system is to convey wholesome water to the consumer
at adequate residual pressure in sufficient quantity at convenient
points. The requirements for the distribution systems are network of pipes
connected to reservoirs with valves at suitable locations for efficient operations
and maintenance. Adequate residual pressure at maximum demand depending
upon the hydraulic capacity of the system should be provided. Normally, water
supply is intermittent in a rural water distribution system. Usually water supply is
made twice a day @ 4 hours each time, which is equal to 8 hour per day.

3.4.9 ZONING
In order to equalize the distribution of water throughout the area, zoning is
necessary in the distribution system. In the area under consideration zoning,
sometimes there are trade and manufacturing zones in the central portion of the
city where there are large and lofty shops and public buildings.Voluminous
supplies are necessary for trade purposes, including hydraulic lift and large tanks
for feeding boilers, breweries, laundries, aerated water manufacturers and many
other purposes besides there being the necessity for immense volume of water at
fire hydrants in case of extensive fire break out
The residential zones, however, require pipes of sample sizes, as they are liable to
very heavy drawn for street washings as well as domestic supplies. The residential
zones vary much in character, some part being densely populated with small
tenements closely packed together, where the drawn is very heavy, while other
portions have far fewer houses to a given area, yet in the latter case the residences
will often be large and costly, requiring a very ample supply of water and every
provision in case of fire.

3.5 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

General Design Parameters for Distribution System

Peak factor: The distribution system should be so designed that its capacity is
adequate enough to meet the maximum hourly flow which can be calculated by
multiplying the average flow with the peak factor. The CPHEEO manual
recommends the peak factor as 3 for rural
with population less than 50,000 (where water supply is affected through
stand posts for only 6 hours)

Pressure requirements: The following minimum residual pressures should be

available in the distribution system as per recommendations of the CPHEEO
manual.

Single storey building(Direct Supply) - 7m

Two storey building - 12m
Three storey building - 17m
The distribution system should not ordinarily designed for residual pressure
exceeding 22m. Boosting arrangements should be made for high rise buildings
requiring higher pressure
Capacity (Minimum pipe sizes): The distribution system should be capable of
providing fire fighting demand as a coincident draft along with normal supply of
water to the consumers. Minimum size of 100 mm dia pipes for villages having
population upto 50,000 and 150mm pipes for those above 50,000 and for dead
ends less than 100 mm can be considered. In case of grid where no further
expansion is contemplated, less than 100mm pipe sssize can be used.
Layout of distribution system-zones : In laying out a distribution system, very
important question is of level and it is necessary to carefully consider these in
planning out the system. In those parts of zones which are on a comparative level,
the more the mains are in circulation having regard to avoidance of undue
complication, the better will be the supply, but where the levels vary considerably,
it if were not for the excessive cost, it would be desirable to lay a seperate set of
leading mains to each range of levels

3.5.1TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

The various types of distribution system are
a) Grid area System
b) Dead End system
c) Compromised System

3.5.2 METHODS OF NETWORK ANALYSIS

The network analysis method in the design of water distribution system consists of
sizes of pipes, sizes of reservoir, sizing of reservoirs and fixing the location of
reservoirs and pumps etc suitable for the proposed layout. The modified Hazen-
Williams formula is popularly used for finding out
the size of the pipe for a given flow.
1) Trial and Error Method : In this method the heads or flows are assumed in the
pipe system and the corresponding heads and flows obtained by the use of tables
in CPHEEO manual, based on modified Hazen- williams formula, the nearness of
assumed heads or flows is tested. The process is repeated till the time the head
losses and flows agree within 0.3m and 2% respectively when a correct solution is
found.
2) Computation in Dead End System: The design of dead end distribution system
is done taking into consideration of present & prospective population,
topographical map of the town and the layout of the piping etc.
3) Hardy Cross Method (Balancing Heads): The methods discussed above can be
employed to any distribution system. The problems becomes more complex when
there are series of inter connected endless lines in the layout of the system. For
such systems, a method developed Professor Hardy Cross is most widely used.
The Hardy Cross method is a trial and error process in which the heads are
balanced. Inlayout of a system like grid iron, water travels and reaches different
points by more than one route. It is therefore necessary first of all, to find out the
quantities of flow passing via each route
3.5.3 H YDRAULIC NETWORK ANALYSIS

A pipe network map corresponding to the road network of the village is prepared
for hydraulic analysis. The total length of present pipe network is calculated. The
estimated population/households for the design period are arrived at. From this
date the households per running meter of network is calculated and hence the
demand per running meter of the pipe network is calculated. The demand for each
pipe section is arrived calculating from the endpoint as per the number of the
households per running meter. The cumulative demand is calculated for each
branch and for the trunk main. This demand is average demand, however the
network is to be designed for the peak flow. The pipe network is then analyzed for
the estimated demand using the suitable peak factor

3.5.4 PUMPING STATION

Various pumping units required for pumping water are housed in a building
known as pumping station or pump house. Serious thought must be given to this
aspect as a properly designed layout will not only give a neat and pleasant
appearance but also results in ease of operation and maintenance. The material for
the construction of pumping station should be fire proof
The building of the pump house should offer an attractive look which arouses
public faith and confidence in the water supply scheme. Care should be taken to
avoid dampness in case of construction of pump house. The building should be
very well tightened and ventilated. The height of roof should be sufficient to
accommodate the functioning of overhead crane. The door openings should be
large enough so that the machinery can be taken in and out without any difficulty.
 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

HYDRAULIC DESIGN
The Hydraulic Design is estimated to Calculate the future population, capacity of
the the tank to design the future population and the horsepower of the motor at the
pump houses. We have designed the Hydraulic Design in EPANET
EPANET is a computer program that performs extended period simulation of
hydraulic and water quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks. A network
consists of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or
reservoirs. EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each
node, the height of water in each tank, and the concentration of a chemical species
throughout the network during a simulation period comprised of multiple time
steps. In addition to chemical species, water age and source tracing can also be
simulated.

EPANET is designed to be a research tool for improving our understanding of the

movement and fate of drinking water constituents within distribution systems. It
can be used for many different kinds of applications in distribution systems
analysis. Sampling program design, hydraulic model calibration, chlorine residual
analysis, and consumer exposure assessment are some examples. EPANET can
help assess alternative management strategies for improving water quality
throughout a system. These can include: • altering source utilization within
multiple source systems, • altering pumping and tank filling/emptying schedules, •
use of satellite treatment, such as re-chlorination at storage tanks, • targeted pipe
cleaning and replacement.

Running under Windows, EPANET provides an integrated environment for

editing network input data, running hydraulic and water quality simulations, and
viewing the results in a variety of formats. These include color-coded network
maps, data tables, time series graphs, and contour plots.

Hydraulic Modeling Capabilities

Full-featured and accurate hydraulic modeling is a prerequisite for doing effective
water quality modeling. EPANET contains a state-of-the-art hydraulic analysis
engine that includes the following capabilities:
• places no limit on the size of the network that can be analyzed
• computes friction headloss using the Hazen-Williams, DarcyWeisbach, or
Chezy-Manning formulas
• includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.
• models constant or variable speed pumps
• computes pumping energy and cost
• models various types of valves including shutoff, check, pressure regulating, and
flow control valves
• allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with height)
• considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern of time
variation
• models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads)
• can base system operation on both simple tank level or timer controls and on
complex rule-based controls.

Water Quality Modeling Capabilities

In addition to hydraulic modeling, EPANET provides the following water quality

modeling capabilities:
• models the movement of a non-reactive tracer material through the network over
time
• models the movement and fate of a reactive material as it grows (e.g., a
disinfection by-product) or decays (e.g., chlorine residual) with time
• models the age of water throughout a network
• tracks the percent of flow from a given node reaching all other nodes over time
• models reactions both in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall
• uses n-th order kinetics to model reactions in the bulk flow
• uses zero or first order kinetics to model reactions at the pipe wall
• accounts for mass transfer limitations when modeling pipe wall reactions •
allows growth or decay reactions to proceed up to a limiting concentration
• employs global reaction rate coefficients that can be modified on a pipe-by-pipe
basis
• allows wall reaction rate coefficients to be correlated to pipe roughness
• allows for time-varying concentration or mass inputs at any location in the
network
• models storage tanks as being either complete mix, plug flow, or two-
compartment reactors.

By employing these features, EPANET can study such water quality phenomena
as:
• blending water from different sources
• age of water throughout a system
• loss of chlorine residuals
• growth of disinfection by-products
• tracking contaminant propagation events.

Figure.9 Cholrine quality

Figure.10 Variation of Demand with Time

Figure 11 Pressure at node 29

Figure 12 Pressure at node 5
 Figure 13 Time vs Age

Figure 14 Variation of Velocities in each pipe

Figure 15 Distribution network of Vengal Rao Nagar

Figure 16 Skeletionization of Network

Figure 17 Skeletionization of network (ii)
 5. CONCLUSION

This project mainly deals with water source, design of distibution network of
water and the process indulged in water treatment plant. In this work, hydraulic
design and hydraulic statement were considered for work
The Distribution system is been developed in EPANET for precise accuracy, the
hydraulic design gives
(i) The estimate of population forecasting
(ii) Capacity of water tank
The hydraulic statement was also designed which deals with the
(i) friction losses (ii) total head (ii) hydraulic gradient line (iv) velocity to be
maintained.
The Project provides a secured drinking water with residual head at
6kg/cm
There are some disadvantages like due to a grid patem water distribution network
there are
problems in water distribution while repairing i.e. pipes at Dead end will get filled
with sour. But overall project is very useful for the area considered and hope to
serve all people
REFERENCES

Water Supply Engineering by B.C.Punmia.

CPHEEO Manual, published by Central government.

EPANET 2 USERS MANUAL By Lewis A. Rossman