32. Water hammer problems and solutions different speeds (IN) is required as shown in Fig. 5.5 In this case itis clear that the fallin pressure is not as great and hence, with proper control valve function, the subsequent overpressures will not be as severe, , Fig. 5.5 5.24 Examine the conditions of pump failure allowing for inertia, In Fig. 5.6, some typical data representing steady state conditions for a ‘medium size centrifugal pump are included. The curves show the variation of h (head), q (discharge) and T (torque) for a number of speeds N, made dimensionless with respect to the rated Qo, Ho corresponding to the best efficiency point 1g at @ speed of No, The connecting relation for dimensionless torque is: Hy put (1) in which Qn = q/Qo, Hy = h/Ho, # = N/No and E= n/n. Its useful to recall that points may be related to each other along iso- efficiency lines by the proportionalities: Onc Hye a? and Proc a 62) Itis generally assumed that transient conditions ic. whilst a pump is rapidly ‘changing speed, can be extracted from the data shown in Fig. 5.6, provided the speed at a particular instant is known, The change in speed of a machine may be found by using the basic equation for torque as follows 63) The pump characteristic 33 oq ts os ch @ ts 16 On Fig. 56 where Fis the second moment of the area of the rotating part and day/dt is the angular acceleration. In a finite small time interval At, the average torques 7, and T; corresponding to «, and w, require: Ti+T, _ _ GD? (ag—0 z ag (ar where I has been expressed in terms of GD?, the fiywheel effect of the rotating machine parts and entrained water. ([ = WR?/g is customary in Imperial units). Equation (5.4) may be rewritten to use the dimensionless ratios as follows aya = M(B, + B2)At 63) where (4) 1790000 HoQo enone KRM) (5.6a)34 Water hammer problems and solutions and _ 91.600 H4Q0 © WR? ng No ‘The procedure involves selecting a value for the change in torque, so that the associated speed change from Equation (5.3) provides at the new speed a value of v, i (or Q, H) corresponding to the transient change propagated by a water hammer characteristic at the appropriate time. (ibs, 10) (5.6b) Fig. 8.7 Thus in Fig. 527, proceeding with graphical solution, Equation (5.5) ‘must be satisfied simultaneously with the requirement that: Co = 0,1, 5.7) Fee Pe) 67) where A” is At seconds later than A’, The simultaneous solution of Equations (5.5) and (5.7) may be by an iteration procedure, whereas others (Linton, 1954; Streeter, 1963) have developed explicit solutions Very few tests have been conducted on machines to determine their total characteristic data and it is customary to choose the closest suitable approximation from the representations for three éivergent specific speed {ypes found by Knapp (1937). An estimate for the value of GD? is alse often used since it must incorporate the combined flywheel effects ofthe pump (or turbine), the motor (or generator), the couplings and the enclosed liquid. In practice, the GD? of an installed machine may be found by measuring its stopping time from a known speed. Of course, it is necessary to isolate ‘The pump characteristic 35 the machine hydraulically from the pipeline for sucha test, An approximate formula corresponding to American design pumps (Linton, 1954) is: oD? = 912 (®) (58) q where Py is the rated power in kW and Nisin rpin. This equation has been derived from data applying to a range of power from 120 to 1500 kW and speeds varying from 450 to 1800 rpm. Ignoring friction, consider the case of a pipeline which is 0.5m in diameter and 300 m long with C = 1200ms”!. The pump data are as follows: No = 1500 rpm Calculations yield a power (P.) of 106 kW and thus GD? = 20.4 from Equation (58) and M = 0.505 from Equation (5.6) In Fig. 58 the data from Fig. 5.6 has been converted to an hv representation with scales which require the characteristic slopes to be laid at + 68°.2L (Cys 0.5 sand. time not greater than thiscan be chosen for At and a value of 0.25 will be used, Using trial and error to find a, in Equation (5.5) with , = f, = 1 and trying fy = 0.6 requires a, = 0.80 which is point X, whereas /), = 0.70 gives 2) = 0.787 and X3, neither of which lies on the characteristic through B_, onaslope of +Co/g.A further trial of f; = 0.68 gives « = 0.795 and the required condition Ag. According to the convention adopted Ag is the instant a change occurs at A and it is the intersection of the pump characteristic produced by a change of speed corresponding to a time interval of 0.25 sand the propagation alonga + Co/g characteristic (F type, ® positive from A to B). ‘A further propagation must be considered leaving B to arriveat the pump at time L/Co at A, ie. Ay. This is found in the same manner by a trial of By = 0.52, 80 22 ~ 0.795 ~ 1.20/8 = 0.645, The propagation from Ag to By ‘must intersect the boundary of an unchanged statichead at Band returns to Ag, 2L/Co (05s) later. ‘A further trial and error procedure is used to find A, with a further ‘change in speed occurring, resulting in fy = 0.35 and a, = 0.53, A, is also shown with f= 0.25, «= 0.46. It isevident that the fallin pressure head in the system will be a maximum at Ag, Subsequent pressures, with proper operation of the reflux valve, oscillate about v= 0 and h= Ho. The ‘minimum level of 30 m below the delivery tank level compares with 36 m at P which would have occurred if the pump inertia had been ignored.36 Water hammer problems and solutions Fig. 5.8 5.25 Develop a computer SUBROUTINE for the normal zone of pump operation. Appendix 3 describes the finite difference equations for analysis by the method of characteristics. The SUBROUTINE PUMP (Fig. P.5) will calculate the new values of H and V at the pump flange after the predetermined time increment DT. The associated pipeline is on the downstream side and so the pump requires a characteristic C~ to propagate conditions from the nearby interior point to the pump. The pump is at the upstream end of NP series of pipes and when the velocity goes to zer0, a non-return valve acts to prevent reverse flow. The pump dataiis provided for equally spaced values of V /a and any value can be found by interpolation. Stirling's formula was used for values of H whereas a Gauss cubic interpolation formula was used for deriving values of torque, a 9 0 5 0 30 33 The pump characteristic 37 SUBROUTINE PIN. Te HNMHORWAL PU HEAD." WetMTiAL_ VELOCITY (NORMAL) #8 ight AOE PROVIDE PREIS THRE VALUES oF SPEED YeLacrTY (do Weevil 11-aca)ec0(a)e(v(a,1)-¥(3,1-1)) (51-809) -C0(0) (409 aU 1-1) v6/60(0}9HR-FK( J)" 184951 ¥8] TE(MUE.0.) 60 TO 80 Te(e)-43,49,50 Go to 20, Coutts Rava Ueaastax RReRRL (07.2) 0 to 80 B3-aAaNl Cot) BicaanlLe2) Bias-62 2283-82681 9¢3.902-81 ds (82saROONAR™(RACL}*9Y/4.4RRO(RRH,5)*(RR-L. 1982/6. 44a? "DT (aPsE) HLsAB¥ Ze Pouzmases nny Teiexaen2en Agcuweag/io. WiPevita7 cold} /oyasee As(2e2se¥en}/2, ane pes sanne(a-2.rVex) never 1 CoYalzx)feaevtPe(2-2.Atex /2evi9ee Sosgeraetcniec ($9.7.0.)60 0 60 (AsE4.0)60 70 53 RTT SU) /2-/4 60 To 90 Cont Ae hie-c8 60 10.90 60 16.99 ConrTWue ape (a 11 *6,co1a}evRR Continue aeTvaN