ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY

The Central Endocrine Glands

dr. Rezania Razali, M.Biomed

Bagian Fisiologi-FK Unsyiah
Endocrine System
 Comparison of Control by the
Nervous and Endocrine Systems

A hormone is a mediator molecule that is released in one part

of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of
the body
Location of many endocrine glands

Endocrine glands secrete their

products (hormones) into the
interstitial fluid surrounding the
secretory cells rather than into ducts
 Hormone activity
• Hormones  binding to specific protein
receptors
• Target cells receptors :
– Down-regulation
– Up-regulation
• Influence the activity of another hormone at any
given target cells :
– Permissiveness (thyroid-epinefrin)
– Synergism (FSH –testosteron)
– Antagonism (progesteron-estrogen)
Circulating and local hormones
Circulating hormones Local hormones
 Chemical classes of hormones
Lipid soluble hormones Water soluble hormones
• Steroid hormones • Amine hormones
• Thyroid hormones • Peptide hormones and
• Nitric oxide (is both a protein hormones
hormone and • Eicosanoid hormones ( 2
neurotransmitter) major types are
prostaglandins and
leukotrienes)

Hormone transport in the blood  bound to transport

proteins
Mechanism of hormone
action
 The effective plasma concentration
of a hormone is normally regulated
by changes in the rate of its secretion

Negative-feedback control
NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES
DIURNAL (CIRCADIAN) RHYTHMS
Negative-feedback
control
Endocrine
Disorders
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
 Relationship of the hypothalamus
and posterior pituitary
1. The paraventricular and supraoptic
nuclei both contain neurons that
produce vasopressin and oxytocin.
The hormone, either vasopressin or
oxytocin depending on the neuron, is
synthesized in the neuronal cell body
in the hypothalamus.
2. The hormone travels down the axon
to be stored in the neuronal terminals
within the posterior pituitary.
3. When the neuron is excited, the
stored hormone is released from the
terminals into the systemic blood for
distribution throughout the body.
Vascular link between the hypothalamus and
anterior pituitary
Hormones of the anterior pituitary
Functions of the anterior
pituitary hormones
 Hierarchic chain of
command and
negative feedback in
endocrine
control.
Endocrine Control of Growth
• Growth depends on growth hormone but is
influenced by other factors as well.
• Growth hormone is essential for growth, but it also
directly exerts metabolic effects not related to
growth.
• Growth hormone exerts its growth-promoting eff ects
indirectly by stimulating insulin-like growth factors
• Growth hormone/IGF-I promote growth of soft
tissues by stimulating hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
• Growth hormone secretion is regulated by two
hypophysiotropic hormones.
 Control of growth
hormone secretion

*These factors all increase growth

hormone secretion, but it is unclear
whether they do so by stimulating GHRH
or inhibiting GHIH somatostatin, or both.
 Abnormal growth hormone
secretion results in aberrant growth
patterns

GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY

GROWTH HORMONE EXCESS
Other hormones besides growth hormone
are essential for normal growth.
• Thyroid hormone
• Insulin
• Androgens
• Estrogens
Thank you…