EE 2803

Applied Electricity

Dr. Saranga K. Abeygunawardane

Dept. of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa

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INDUCTION MOTORS

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 Construction
• Stator

• Rotor
– Squirrel cage rotor
– Wound rotor

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 Squirrel Cage Induction Machine

• Rotor consists of a series of conducting bars

shorted at either end by large shorting rings

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 Wound Rotor Induction Machine
• The rotor has three-phase
windings
– Usually Y-connected
– Ends are tied to slip rings on the
rotor's shaft
– Shorted through brushes riding on
the slip rings
• Advantages
– Rotor currents are accessible at the stator brushes
– Can modify torque- speed characteristics
• Disadvantages
– Expensive, large in size, high maintenance cost
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 Operation
• The stator is connected to a three phase voltage source.
• A three-phase set of currents is flowing in stator windings.
Rotor
Stator

iB
Stator
poles

1200

2400
iA

iC

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N
• Stator currents produce a magnetic field B, which
is rotating in a counter clockwise direction.

• The speed of the magnetic field (synchronous

speed, 𝑛𝑠 ),
120𝑓
𝑛𝑠 =
𝑃
𝑓 is the frequency and 𝑃 is the number of poles per
phase 7
• The rotating magnetic field (B) passes over the
rotor conductors and induces a voltage in them
• According to the Faraday’s laws, the voltage
induced in a rotor bar (𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 ),
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑣 = velocity of the rotor conductor relative to the
magnetic field
𝐵 = magnetic flux density
𝑙 = length of the conductor in the magnetic field

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 nm
• The rotor winding is shorted, a
F
high current (𝐼) in the rotor i

windings B

• When a current carrying ns

conductor is placed in a
magnetic field a force
(torque)
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙
• The rotor starts rotating
• The speed of the rotor is called
the mechanical speed ( 𝑛𝑚 )
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• Initially,
– Magnetic field is rotating, rotor is stationary
– High relative speed
• Rotor starts rotating and try to catch up with the
magnetic field
– Relative speed decreases
– current in the rotor decreases
• If the rotor succeeds in catching up with the
stator field
– No relative speed, No flux cutting effect
– No induction of the current in the rotor
– No force for the rotor to move
• This does not happen in practice and there is a
difference between 𝑛𝑠 and 𝑛𝑚
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 Slip
• Slip is the term used to define the relative
motion between of the rotor and the
magnetic field
• Slip(s),
𝑛𝑠 − 𝑛𝑚
𝑠=
𝑛𝑠
• Slip can take a value from 0 to 1.

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 Example 1
• A three phase induction motor has 20 poles
per phase and operated from a 50 Hz three
phase source. What is the synchronous
speed?
• What is the maximum synchronous speed of a
induction motor that is excited from a f Hz
source?

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 Example 2
• A six pole induction motor is excited from a 50
Hz three phase source. The full load speed is
1140 rpm. Calculate the slip.

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 The voltage induced in the rotor and
the rotor frequency
• The voltage induced in the rotor (𝐸𝑟 ),
𝐸𝑟 = 𝑠 𝐸𝑟,𝑂𝐶
𝐸𝑟,𝑂𝐶 is the voltage induced in the rotor at stand
still condition
• The rotor frequency (𝑓𝑟 ),
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠 𝑓𝑆
𝑓𝑆 is the frequency of the stator current

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 Example 3
Calculate the frequency of the rotor currents of a 4
pole, three phase, 50 Hz induction motor for the
following conditions.
a) At standstill
b) Motor is running at 500 rpm in the same
direction as the field
c) Motor is running at 500 rpm in the opposite
direction as the field
d) Motor is running at 2000 rpm in the same
direction as the field

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 Three Modes of an Induction Motor
• Braking operation
• Motoring mode
• Generating mode

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 Torque-Speed Characteristics
Torque

Pull down torque

Breakdown torque

Starting torque

Locked rotor torque

Speed
0 ns

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 Operating Zones
• Stable and unstable operating zones
Torque generated
by the motor

Unstable zone Stable zone

Load torque (TL)

Speed
0 ns

• The motor should be operated in the stable

operating zone 18
 Effect of Rr on Torque-Speed
Characteristics
• When the resistance of the rotor (Rr) increases,
– Starting torque, operating speed range , power dissipation in the
rotor- increases
Torque
– Efficiency decreases Rr=Rr,3>Rr,2
Rr=Rr,2>Rr,1

T=Tmax
Rr=Rr,1

Speed
0
• In wound rotor IMs, ns
– At the start up, an external resistor is connected to the rotor (T , speed -
high)
– Later, it is removed (efficiency- high)
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 Active Power Flows
Ps Pr Pm
Stator
Rotor Pshaft

PL,s PL,r PF
PC
• Ps = Active power input to the stator
• PL,s = Power loss due to the resistance in stator winding
• Pc = Core losses
• Pr = Active power input to the rotor
• PL,r = Power loss due to the resistance in rotor winding
• Pm = Power converted into mechanical power
• PF = Power loss due to friction
• Pshaft = Active power supplied to the load 20
 Efficiency (η)
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
η= × 100%
𝑃𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
η= × 100%
𝑃𝑠

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Torque Generated by the Motor(𝑇𝑔)

𝑃𝑟
𝑇𝑔 =
ω𝑠

𝑃𝑚
𝑇𝑔 =
ω𝑚

Ps Pr Pm
Stator
Rotor Pshaft

PL,s PL,r PF
PC
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The Per Phase Equivalent Circuit
R1 jX1 I1 Ir R2 jsX2

I0
VS
Es Er=sEr,OC
Rc jXm

1:S
R1 jX1 I1 Ir R2/s jX2

I0
VS
Es Er=Er,OC
Rc jXm

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1:1
 The Per Phase Approximate Equivalent
Circuit

R1 jX1 I1 Ir R2/s jX2

I0
VS
Rc Es Er,OC
jXm

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The Per Phase Approximate Equivalent
Circuit Referred to the Stator

Is R1 jX1 I1 jX2

I0
R2/s
VS
Rc jXm

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 Power Flow Equations
𝑉𝑠 2 𝑅2
1. Active power absorbed by the motor, 𝑃𝑠 = + 𝐼1 2 𝑅1 +𝐼1 2
𝑅𝑐 𝑠

𝑉𝑠 2
2. Reactive power absorbed by the motor, 𝑄𝑠 = + 𝐼1 2 (𝑋1 +𝑋2 )
𝑋𝑚

3. Apparent power absorbed by the motor, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑃𝑠 2 + 𝑄𝑠 2

𝑃𝑠
4. Power factor, 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅ =
𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐴
5. Line current, 𝐼𝑠 =
𝑉𝑠
𝑅2
6. Active power supplied to the rotor, 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐼1 2
𝑠
7. Power lost in the rotor, 𝑃𝐿,𝑟 = 𝑠𝑃𝑟 = 𝐼1 2 𝑅2
8. Mechanical power developed by the rotor, 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑟 − 𝑃𝐿,𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑚
9. Torque developed by the motor, 𝑇𝑔 = =
ω𝑠 ω𝑚
𝑃𝑚 −𝑃𝐹
10. Efficiency, η = × 100%
𝑃𝑠
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 Stator Voltage Speed Control
Torque • As the stator voltage (Vs)
decreases,
VS=V3 – Maximum torque
VS=V2>V3 decreases
VS=V1>V2 – Operating speed range
increases
– Current (required to
generate the same flux)
0
Speed increases, I2R losses
ns
increases, η decreases

• At the start up, stator windings are star connected.

Later, they are delta connected.
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 V/f=Constant Type Speed Control
Torque

• Im= Es /(2 Π f Lm) f=fs,2>fs,1

• If Es /f=constant, f=fs,1 f=fs,3>fs,2
flux=constant T=Tmax f=fs,4>fs,3

• Constant torque zone

– Es /f=constant
– Flux=constant 0 n
s,1 ns,2 ns,3 ns,4
Speed
– Torque is constant
Constant Constant
• Constant power zone torque zone power zone
– Frequency is greater than the base frequency
– Es = Erated =constant
– Flux decreases, field weakening zone
– Torque decreases
– Power is constant 28
 Single Phase Induction Motors
• Operates using a single-phase source
• Stator has a single phase winding
• Not self-starting
– Must provide some external means to start
– For self-starting,
• Must have at least 2 phase windings
• Must be excited by a 2-phase source
• Phase difference between the currents in the 2 phase
windings should be large (≅ 900 )
• Used in heating, cooling and ventilating systems
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 Types of Single Phase Induction
Motors
Different types of single phase IMs - based on
the starting method used in the motor
1) Split-phase motor
2) Capacitor-start motor
3) Capacitor-start capacitor-run motor
4) Permanent split-capacitor motor
5) Shaded-pole motor

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 Split-phase Motors
• Used in fractional horse power range
• Employs 2 separate windings
– connected in parallel to a single-phase
source

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• Main winding
– low resistance and high inductance.
– carry current (IM) and establish flux
• Auxiliary winding
– high resistance and low inductance, carries a
current (IA)
– disconnected from the supply when the motor
attains 75% of its synchronous speed
• Phase difference between the 2 currents may
be around 600
V
IA

IM I
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 Capacitor-start Motor
• Capacitor is included in series with the
auxiliary winding

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• Capacitor can be chosen such that
– main winding current lags the auxiliary current by
exactly 900

• Auxiliary winding & capacitor

– disconnected from the supply when the motor
attains 75% of its synchronous speed
• At rated speed
– operates just like a split-phase motor
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 Disadvantages of Types 1 and 2
• The first two types of motors have low power
factor at the rated speed
• Lower power factor
– high power input for same output power
– efficiency is low
• To improve efficiency
– another capacitor can be used at the rated speed

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 Capacitor-start Capacitor-run Motor
• Two-value capacitor
motor
– Start capacitor
• for starting torque
requirements
– Run capacitor
• for running performance
• Auxiliary winding stays in circuit at all the times
• Centrifugal switch
– closed at the start up
– Opened, when the speed is about 75% of the
synchronous speed 36
 Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
• Same capacitor is used for
starting and running
• No centrifugal switch is
needed
• Capacitor is selected to have
high efficiency at rated load
– not properly matched for the
starting
– starting torque is lower
• Suitable for low starting torque applications
• Used in applications that require frequent starts (other
types tend to overheat when started frequently)
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 Shaded-pole Motor
• Auxiliary winding is in
the form of a copper
ring (around the salient
poles)
• Simple construction ->
less expensive
• Efficiency is low
compared with other
types
• Develops low starting torque

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Comparison Between Different Motor
Types

1. Capacitor start – capacitor run

motor
2. Capacitor start motor
3. Permanent split capacitor motor Performance,
cost decreases
4. Split phase motor
5. Shaded pole motor

All types are not available for all size ranges

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 References
• “Principles of Electrical Engineering and
Electronics”, V. K. Metha
• “Electrical Machinery Fundamentals”, Stephan J
Chapman
• “Electric Machinery & Transformers”, Irving L.
Kosow
• “A Textbook of Electrical technologh, Volume II,
AC and DC Machines”, B. L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja
• “Alternating Current Machines”, M. G. Say

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 Assignment 2
1. Describe the starting methods of induction
motors
2. Explain the speed control methods of three
phase induction motors.
3. What are the important ratings mentioned on
the nameplate of a three phase induction
motor?
4. Discuss possible abnormal conditions in the
operation of a three phase induction motor.
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 Assignment 2
5. A three phase source supplies 80 kW to a
three phase induction motor with a
synchronous speed of 1200 rpm. Copper
losses and core losses of the stator is 5 kW. 2
kW of power is lost due to friction losses. If
the motor runs at 1152 rpm,
a) Find the power flow for the motor
b) Calculate the efficiency of the motor
c) Find the torque generated by the motor

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 Assignment 2
6. A 440 V, 1760 rpm three phase squirrel cage
induction machine is operated as a generator
to supply a stand alone load. The rated
current of the machine is 41 A. At full load,
the power factor is 0.84. If the reactive power
is supplied using a delta connected capacitor
bank, calculate the capacitance required per
phase.

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