Categorical data:

Only 2 variable: 0: unmarried, 1: married. The mode is the category with the greatest number of cases.

Nominal data: Categorical data where there is no inherent order to the categories. For example, a job
category of sales is not higher or lower than a job category of marketing or research.

Ordinal data: Categorical data where there is a meaningful order of categories, but there is not a
measurable distance between categories. For example, there is an order to the values high, medium,
and low, but the "distance" between the values cannot be calculated. the median (the value at which
half of the cases fall above and below) may also be a useful summary measure if there is a large number
of categories

Scale: Data measured on an interval or ratio scale, where the data values indicate both the order of
values and the distance between values. For example, a salary of $72,195 is higher than a salary of
$52,398, and the distance between the two values is $19,797. Also referred to as quantitative or
continuous data.

About SPSS

1) To decode the data: transform  recode into the same variables… old and new values….
Old value existing data….. new value the coding that you want..
2) bar charts/pie charts/ box plotsgraphschart builder  okchoose fromgallery the one
that suites youdrag the variables on x axis and respective ones on y axis select color
according to which variable drag that one.
3) One new and important graphgraphslegacy dialogspopulation pyramid
4) To draw pie chart u can use 123 first to get percentage of all groups from 123.
Analysedescriptive statistics123.
5) Mean and standard deviation can be found out by Analysedescriptive statiticsdescriptives.
6) For box plot u can also use Analysedescriptive statiticsexplore.
7) For huge list of test Analysedescriptive statiticscross tab.
8) For

Std. Harmonic Std. Error of Geometric

age Mean N Deviation Range Kurtosis Mean Skewness Skewness Mean
Analyse compare meansmeans
9) For one sample t test analyse compare means one sample t test.
10) For F test and independent t test analyse compare meansindependent t test.
11) For paired t test analyse compare meanspaired t test.
12) For one way anova analyse compare meansone way anova.
13) For correlation analysecorrelate bivariate
14) For proximity analysecorrelate distances.
15) Very useful For visual correlation by nearest neighbor analyse classifynearest neighbor
16) For factor analysis, variance explained analysedimension reduction factor.
 http://www.cs.uu.nl/docs/vakken/arm/SPSS/spss7.pdf for detailed info

17) For cronbach alpha, analysescalereliablity analysis.

18) For chi square, analysenon parametric testchi square.
19) Binomial test can be applied where there are only two options. Observed proportion can be
known from binomial test. analysenon parametric testbinomial test.

20) Select Histograms and With normal curve.

Click Continue, and then click OK in the main dialog box to run the procedure .

If one value is more mean does not give a proper result median to be used for such cases.

21) Crosstabulation tables (contingency tables) display the relationship between two or more
categorical (nominal or ordinal) variables. The size of the table is determined by the number of
distinct values for each variable, with each cell in the table representing a unique combination of
values. Numerous statistical tests are available to determine whether there is a relationship
between the variables in a table.

22) for better picture by cross tabs and better analysis analysedescriptive
analysiscrosstabput in rows and columnscellspercentagerowscontinue.

statisticschi-square take value of pearson chi square The significance value

(Asymp. Sig.) has the information we're looking for. The lower the significance value, the less
likely it is that the two variables are independent (unrelated).

23) If in case we want to find the effect of intervening variable i.e like in tutorial ownership
depends on level of income because of education. Put education as layer 1 of 1.

24) to change the color, text style and other of the graph double click chart editor window
opensclick on the bar or text u want to change editpropertieschoose whatever needs to
be edited

25) for displaying the data values: the graph double click chart editor window opensclick on
the bar or text u want to change elementsdata label mode.

26)to find out the correlation between 2 variables analysecorrelate bivariateput the 2
variables tick the pearson test see output.
 Correlations

age marital

age Pearson Correlation 1 .024

Sig. (2-tailed) .958

N 7 7

marital Pearson Correlation .024 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .958

N 7 7

R= 0.024
P value= 0.958
N= 7
Put r in formula on page 488 in stats book.

27) To check for normality of any data normal probability plot

Analyze-- descriptive analysis-- Q-Q-- Put the variables - ok.
If S curve then data is constant (flat)
If distinct pattern then data skewed
If pts spread around diagonal line on both sides n no specific pattern then data is normal.

28)to check for variance:

http://academic.udayton.edu/gregelvers/psy216/SPSS/1wayanova.htm
29) to check for independence:
http://academic.udayton.edu/GregElvers/psy216/spss/nominaldata.htm