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𝛍′ 𝛍
𝛍 𝛍′
O C O
χO = 3.44 χC = 2.55 χO = 3.44
𝛍′ ′
′
μ =μ
μ′′ = μ′ = μ
Δμ = 0
𝛍
Δμ = 0
𝛍
𝛍
𝛍
𝛍
𝛍
Δμ = 0
Electric dipole moments are asymmetrical and cannot be cancel.
Molecule has a resultant electric dipole moment.
𝛍′ 𝛍
O C S 𝛍 𝛉 𝛍
χO = 3.44 χ = 2.55
C χS = 2.58
μ′ > 𝜇
Δμ ≠ 0
𝜇𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 2𝜇2 + 2𝜇2 cos 𝜃
Cl
𝝁′ 𝝁′
𝝁′
𝛍
𝛍
μ′ > μ μ′ > μ
Δμ ≠ 0 Δμ ≠ 0
Δμ = μres = 1.57 D Δμ = μres = 2μ2 + 2μ2 cos θ
𝝁′
𝛍 𝝁′
μ′ > μ Δμ = μres = 0
Δμ ≠ 0
Δμ = μres = 2μ2 + 2μ2 cos θ
μres = μ2 = 1.57 D
𝛍𝐳
𝛍𝐱
μx = QiRi
𝛍𝐲 i
εr − 1 ρPM
=
εr + 1 M
where ρ is the mass density of the sample, M is the molar mass of the
sample and PM is the molar polarization, its given by:
NA μ2
PM = α+
3εo 3KT
where NA is the Avogadro constant, α is the polarizability, K is the
Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature.
PM
NA μ2 1 NA α
PM = × +
9εo K T 3εo
y = m x + c NA μ2
θ tan θ =
9εo K
NA α
9εo K tan 𝜃 3εo c 3εo
μ= α=
NA NA
1
T
εr − 1 ρNA μ2 1 ρNA α
= × +
εr + 1 9εo K T 3Mεo
εr − 1 ρNA α
If 𝜇 = 0 = Clausius-Mossotti equation
εr + 1 3Mεo
It’s a measure of the ability of a molecule to undergo a
redistribution of charge in response to the application of an
electric field.
Non-polar molecule may acquire an induced dipole moment (μ∗ )
when they are exposed to an electric field.
Induced dipole moment is given by :
μ∗ = α E
where μ∗ induced dipole moment, α is the polarizability and 𝐸 is the
applied electric field.
The SI unit of the polarizability is C 2 m2 J −1 .
Polarizability is often expressed as a polarizability volume (𝛼 ′ )
𝛼
𝛼′ =
4𝜋𝜀𝑜
Polarizability volumes correlate with the HOMO – LUMO
separation in atoms or molecules
′
1
α ∝
Separation between HOMO − LUMO
LUMO
LUMO
HOMO
HOMO
Typically high α′ Typically low α′
Polarization is the electric dipole moment density
P= μ ℵ
where μ is the mean electric dipole moment and ℵ is the number density.
moment.
M H M H
𝜒>0 𝜒<0
B B
The permanent magnetic moment arises from any unpaired
electron spins.
The magnetic moment of electron is given by:
Applied
Field M H
Diamagnetic
LUMO
HOMO