CHAPTER I

Introduction

Breakfast kick-starts a person’s metabolism, helping him burn calories throughout

the day. It also gives the person the energy he needs to get things done and helps him
focus in school. These are just a few reasons why it’s the most important meal of the day.
Many studies have linked eating breakfast to good health, including better memory and
concentration, lower levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol, and lower chances of getting diabetes,
heart disease, and being overweight.

Breakfast likewise allows a person to get in a few nutrients and supplements from
healthy foods like dairy, grains, and organic products. On the off chance that one doesn't
eat breakfast, he would not probably get the majority of the supplements the body needs.
Numerous individuals skip the morning. feast since they're hurrying to get outdoor. People
requires food in their framework sometime in the afternoon. In the event that people don't
eat first thing, but they may get so eager later on that they nibble on high-fat, high-sugar
nourishments.

In our today’s generation many students are skipping their breakfast because they
chose to rush going in the school in the early. Students nowadays have no time eating
breakfast because they prefer waking-up late rather than eating a meal in the morning. A
study from Harvard University in July 23, 2013 found that men who skipped breakfast had a
27% greater risk of heart attack or heart disease than those who dug in. Although they
haven’t pinpointed a direct cause, researchers suspect that remaining in a fasting state for
longer is stressful and makes the body work harder, causing metabolic changes. According
to Christian J. Gastelum, MD a internist in Los Angles “The changes in hormones to help
maintain blood sugar levels and the trend toward weight gain in patients who skip breakfast
has been linked to heart disease,”. This shows that skipping breakfast in the morning have
an impact in the lifestyle of the students who are habitually doing it.

. The researchers would like to investigate the relationship between skipping

breakfast and the nutritional status of the Senior High School Students in Montessori De
Sagrada Familia. Similarly, they would also explore some common reasons why students
tend to skip breakfast.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers will investigate the association between the frequency of

skipping breakfast and the health status of the Senior High School Students and identify
some reasons why they opt to skip breakfast. Specifically, this research aims to answer the
following questions:

1. What percentage of the population are students who skip breakfast?

2. What are the health status of the students who skip breakfast in terms of their
physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and meal consumption frequency?

3. What is the frequency of skipping breakfast among senior high school students?

4. What are some reasons why students skip breakfast?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the frequency of skipping breakfast and

the health status of the students?

Significance of the Study

This study will greatly help to the contribution in the knowledge about the effects of
skipping breakfast and why are they skipping breakfast not only in this school but also in
other universities locally and internationally. The researchers hope that this research will
encourage the students and also the teachers to be drawn to eating breakfast every day
since it is our first meal of the day and it is very important in an individual’s health. Let this
study be an eye opener to the students and whoever reads this that breakfast plays an
important role in our health and lifestyle.

Students: The direct recipients of the output of this research are the senior high
school students who skip breakfast. Any improvement of their knowledge about the effects
of skipping breakfast can pave the way of producing better health and lifestyle.
 Parents: The research benefits the parents of the senior high school students with
bad breakfast habit. As parents enrolled their children in this institution, comes with self-
assurance that their children are given more education that would make them a functional
individual in the society.

Teachers: This study will be very beneficial to the teachers, especially to the
teachers who are still newbie in the teaching profession. Through this research, teachers
may purposefully discover how their students are in lack of energy.

School: This study can be used as basis for implementing the regularly taking of
breakfast and on how to enhance the nutritional status for the 21st generation senior high
school students.

Scope and Delimitation

The Senior High School Students of Montessori de Sagrada Familia will be the
participants of the study, the researchers will use 50 senior high school students. The study
will happen in second semester of school year 2018-2019. The researchers chose the SHS
of MDSF because the students are already in exact age that they prioritize more school
works rather than eating a breakfast in the morning. This will determine their reasons why
they skip meals in the morning and to emphasize the effect on it in their health and lifestyle.
It delimits that the study may not be generalizable to other senior high school students who
ate their breakfast normally.
 Chapter II

Theoretical Framework

Review of Related Literature

The literature cited in this chapter tackle the different concept,

understanding, and ideas, generalization or conclusions and different
development related to study of the enrollment from the past up to the
present and which serves as the researchers guide in developing the
project.

 Benefits of Eating Breakfast

Ariba Khaliq stated in 2014 that kids who eat the equivalent
solid nourishments that their folks eat are more beneficial, and this
examination underscored the significance of three suppers per day.
Children as often as possible skipping dinners would in general make
up those calories – to say the very least – with undesirable tidbits. It
additionally affirmed something that the greater part of us presumably
definitely know: our children are not eating the most beneficial eating
routine.

According to Arka Roy Chowhury in 2012, delayed fasting has

been observed to be the reason for which one's mind longs for higher
calorie sustenance. On one of the days, the volunteers needed to
skip breakfast before their sweeps; and on the other, they were given
a 750-calorie breakfast of oats, bread and stick an hour in advance. It
was discovered that when the volunteers had skipped breakfast, they
ate around 20 percent more at lunch (and evaluated the fatty
sustenances as more engaging than when they are nourished),
contrasted and days when they had an ordinary breakfast.

Based on Editorial Team of 2017 everyday occupied practice

and boisterous ways of life, we barely inspire time to spoil ourselves
by having solid breakfast. What's more, we wind up with a simple
arrangement, drive-thru food. As opposed to experimenting with
some sound formulas at home, the greater part of us lean toward
eating in the closest accessible junk food joint and unwind for
whatever is left of the day without considering the impacts of drive-
thru food over the long haul. Here we get a few hints for solid
breakfast for each morning.

Breakfast eaters tend to have healthier habits. It's true, many

studies show that breakfast eaters tend to be healthier. For example,
they are less likely to be overweight/obese, and have a lower risk of
several chronic diseases. For this reason, many experts have
claimed that breakfast must be good for you. However, these studies
are so-called observational studies, which cannot demonstrate
causation. These studies show that people who eat breakfast
are more likely to be healthier, but they cannot prove that the
breakfast itself caused it. Chances are that breakfast eaters have
other healthy lifestyle habits that can explain this. For example,
people who eat breakfast also tend to eat a healthier diet, with
more fiber and micronutrients. On the other hand, people who skip
breakfast tend to smoke more, drink more alcohol and exercise less
.Perhaps these are the reasons that breakfast eaters are healthier, on
average. It may not have anything to do with the breakfast itself. In
fact, higher quality studies called randomized controlled trials suggest
that it doesn't really matter whether you eat or skip breakfast.
Bjarnadottir, A. (2017).

Nazario, B. (December, 2018) Stated that breakfast intake

helps you boost your energy for the whole day. Without breakfast, a
person might suffer poor memory, inability to concentrate properly,
diabetes, heart disease, and obesity could also take place. If you are
dieting on the other hand, studies show that most people who lose
weight eat breakfast on a regular basis. Remember to monitor your
breakfast intake because most of the people who eat a lot in the
morning tend to eat more in the next meal intake. In addition,
breakfast intake for the students is a must so that the brain will be
able to function well. One example is that, you have a higher chance
of getting a high grade if you will eat breakfast.
 According to the Buzz (2018) since all of us sleep at night and
at least get 8 hours of sleep a day, we do not take any food. This
means that our body will be needing food intake earlier on the next
day. If not, your body won't get concentrated and might affect the
mood and the weight of a person. Our body needs nutrients and
depriving it from achieving so won't help you from maintaining your
weight. Eating nutritious meals for breakfast helps you maintain your
blood sugar level. All in all, the article stated that the key to a healthy
lifestyle is planning since this will help you control and monitor what
you are eating.

By skipping breakfast, you are raising a higher risk of obesity.

However, if you are regularly eating, you are lowering the risk of
being obese and attracting heart disease. Some research studies
also included that people who skip breakfast have unhealthy habits
such as smoking, drinking alcohol and exercising less. Eating in the
morning helps one person in restoring glycogen and stabilize insulin
levels. You can also burn your calories a day if you will eat breakfast
every day. Eating a meal in the morning can have a positive effect on
cortisol (produced by adrenal glands) since its levels are highest at 7
am. When these levels are too high, you will most likely get anxious.
(Razzie)
 Nutritionists advise us that we should take our breakfasts within
two hours of waking. Breakfast foods are a good source of nutrients
such as Vitamin B, protein, calcium, and iron. Studies also suggest
that we should include fruits during our breakfast intake since fruits
are good nutrient providers. Furthermore, it restores glucose levels.
For students like us, breakfast is mandatory so that our brain could
function well in class, with proper behavior and grade improvement. It
is true that all of us need energy in order for the body to work but
children are more likely needing it more. For example, boys aged 7-
10 should achieve 1970 kcals per day while girls aged 7-10 should
consume at least 1740 kcals. (Razzie)

Zilberter, Tanya. (2017) stated that staying away from late

eating is viewed as a solid conduct while skipping breakfast is
generally disliked. In the meantime, they have a typical metabolic
hidden coming about because of the medium-term quick prolongation
and both enhance wellbeing results diminishing dangers of infections.
Current suggestion with respect to skipping breakfast are presently
observed as the most authoritative yet metabolically baseless
wellbeing rule. Constant breakfast skipping renders a similar medical
advantages also archived impacts of calorie limitation, discontinuous
fasting and time-confined sustaining/eating. Basing on the developing
learning, it is sensible to propose breakfast skipping as a simple to
follow, solid way of life convention having an incredible potential as
an enemy of maturing intercession.

According to Wilhelm Jackson, Lisa. (2013). We as a whole

ordeal that morning hurry to get some place - to work, to class, or to
 finish various critical errands previously we achieve those last goals.
Numerous grown-ups skip dinners for an assortment of reasons. Kids
and young people are the same. Eating practices can advance or
decrease sound nourishment. A kid expending breakfast with
relatives all the time is perfect yet not constantly sensible. An ever
increasing number of youngsters have two working guardians who
are hurrying out to work toward the beginning of the day, have
restricted salary or an absence of solid choices at home, or have an
absence of training on the advantages of breakfast.

 Dangers of Skipping Breakfast

Shatabdi Goon (2014) stated that numerous investigations

have announced that prepared to-have breakfast oat and other fibre-
rich sustenance’s are related with lower danger of obesity. Intake of
fibre-rich breakfast nourishments may enhance glucose control and
conceivably avert abundance eating for the duration of the day
advancing weight management. Breakfast utilisation is identified with
satiety and decreased danger of stoutness, type 2 diabetes and
perhaps of cardiovascular sickness and malignancy. Breakfast is
viewed as the most critical supper of the day for different reasons,
however a large portion of the grown-up used to avoid their morning
meal having adverse wellbeing spin-off. This is first reported
investigation in Bangladesh to decide the pervasiveness of breakfast
skipping in urban grown-ups with huge relationship of corpulence.
 Based on Agency New (2013) the investigation additionally said
that men who detailed not having breakfast were more youthful than
the individuals who and were in reality bound to be smokers, utilized
full time, unmarried, less physically dynamic and drank more liquor.
Likewise those men who ate late around evening time, eating in the
wake of going to bed had a 55 percent higher coronary illness hazard
than the individuals who didn't. Be that as it may, the specialists
weren't generally persuaded about this being a noteworthy open
worry as just a couple of men had detailed this conduct. Men who
detailed having breakfast ate all things considered once again every
day than the individuals who skipped breakfast. This suggests the
individuals who refrained from having breakfast were not gobbling
extra make up suppers later in the day.

Breakfast is a very important meal of the day when you skip

breakfast there’s a lot of consequences that might happen like being
expose to heart diseases, getting diabetes, gaining weight instead of
losing weight because you didn’t eat, metabolism is slowing down, it
can also affect the emotional state like getting “Hangry” or Hungry
and Angry mixed in together because when you’re hungry you’re
more likely to get angry a lot faster, your energy might run out easily
because breakfast is the fuel to start everyone’s day, skipping
breakfast ensures that stinky bacteria continue to thrive in your
mouth, this are just some of the diseases you might get when you
skip breakfast. Donvito, T. (2017).
 According to Scrudato, L. (2017). Breakfast remains “the most
important meal of the day,” according to a new study that found
people who skipped out on it had double the risk of developing
atherosclerosis compared to people who consumed energy-rich
meals every morning. Atherosclerotic plaques are found in the walls
of arteries and first appear at a young age, but don’t show symptoms
in their early phases, hence the term “subclinical.” As part of the
study, more than 4,000 adults in Spain, ages 40 to 54 and who all
work in an office setting, completed a detailed questionnaire on their
daily eating habits. The results suggest that skipping breakfast is an
indicator of more generally unhealthy lifestyle habits, associated with
a higher prevalence of generalized atherosclerosis,” wrote the
researchers.

Smith, B. (2016) stated that breakfast is quite literally the meal

meant to “break the fast” from all the hours you spend sleeping, and
skipping it is known to cause a slew of bad chain reactions
throughout the body. And yet, 31 million Americans (28% of whom
are men ages 18-34) don’t eat a morning meal, according to
a study conducted by NPD Group, a marketing research company.
One of the most common reasons people skip breakfast is because
they’re just not hungry in the morning, says Josh Axe, D.N.M.,
a board-certified doctor of natural medicine and nutrition specialist. If
you can relate, Axe suggests trying to start small with a liquid shake
or healthy smoothie, keeping your dinner smaller, and cutting back on
alcohol or snacks right before bed.
 Skipping breakfast is perceived to be a simple way of losing
weight or saving time while rushing off to work. The reality is – if you
are in a habit of skipping breakfast, you are living an unhealthy
lifestyle. A study at the Helsinki University revealed that starting the
day without food suggests an unhealthy lifestyle. The habit seemed to
trigger bad eating habits in the subjects. The extensive
research studied 5,500 teenagers and their parents in Finland,
primarily on whether they ate breakfast and how often. Moreover,
surveyors retrieved details about education, weight and drinking
habits. Sharma, H. (2013).

Review of Related Studies

This section contains a number of studies that are related to the

present study. This section can be helpful which serves as the researchers
guide in developing the project. Those that were also included in this
chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the
present study.

 Breakfast Benefits

According to the study conducted by Jeonsoo Kim last 2013 this

study describes non-obese female university students' experiences with
HBF and their lifestyles. The findings have important implications for
health promotion for non-obese female university students with HBF and
must be considered when developing education courses for preparing
adults.

The findings suggest that a high-quality breakfast, characterized

by consumption of cereal and dairy products, is associated with a better
HRQOL and lower levels of perceived stress and depressive symptoms
in adolescents. The positive contribution of breakfast to nutritional status
and subjective health in children and adolescents has been previously
linked to the quality of breakfast and the type of food consumed.
(Rosario Ferrer-Cascales, Miriam Sánchez-SanSegundo, Nicolás Ruiz-
Robledillo, Natalia Albaladejo-Blázquez, Ana Laguna-Pérez and Ana
Zaragoza-Martí, 2018)

According to Kamrul Hasan Joy in 2013 the study is been

observed that majority of the university students were conscious about
their health and they took their breakfast regularly. But many students
also found that they did not take their breakfast timely and many of them
also did not take their breakfast. Though taking breakfast regularly helps
us to maintain blood glucose level, reduce risk of heart disease, boost
our energy level etc. some people still think that skipping breakfast is
good

 Amount of Children Who Skips Breakfast

 According to the study of Meenakshi Garg, Vidya Rajesh and
Pawan Kumar last 2014 the prevalence of breakfast skipping among
school going children aged 10-16 years old is 23.50 per cent in selected
areas of Udupi district. Other studies have reported that 20 per cent of
the children and 31.5 per cent of adolescents were breakfast skippers
and 78 per cent of children usually had breakfast, but 22 per cent
reported skipping breakfast. Habits of skipping breakfast were observed
among 41 per cent of subjects in a study of lifestyle of adolescent girls in
Chandigarh. Around 20–30 per cent of the children and adolescents skip
breakfast in the developed world.

 Bad sides of Skipping Breakfast

Findings show us that prevalence of breakfast skipping higher and

it will affect the children health outcome. Previous study mentioned that
children who leave breakfast will has long screen time and make less
children satiety, increase appetite and having large portion at
subsequent meals. Consequently total energy density higher and
become overweight and obesity ultimately 12. (Hasanuddin Nuru and
Fardiana Mamang, 2015)

Breakfast consumption was associated with many factors, most

importantly monthly expenses, sleeping quality and the learning
process. The prevalence of skipping breakfast is significantly higher
compared recently reported figures for medical students in western
countries and other areas of China. Improvement of breakfast education
should be considered for students in which higher monthly expenses,
poor sleeping quality, or a laborious learning process have been
identified. According to Sun, J., Yi, H., Liu, Z. et al. BMC Public Health
(2013)

H.A. Thushanthi Perera stated in 2012 that discoveries from this

cross sectional study recommend that supper and eating recurrence
assumes an essential job in arrangement of sufficient macronutrients
and micronutrients for youth. Breakfast skipping is related with lower
utilisation of certain imperative supplements
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The effects of skipping breakfast to the

health of senior high school students of
MDSF

Lived Experiences

Questionnaires

Survey Questionnaires
Randomized Sampling

Case Study

Collecting Analyzing
Interpretation of data

Coding and Thematic

Analysis

Evaluation of Result
Hypothesis

Many students tend to skip meals in the morning just to wake up

late in. The result of this action is causing higher unhealthy students going
in the school every day. The purpose of this study is to lessen all the
students that are skipping in meals in morning and to provide awareness of
what the effects of the student’s actions. This study expects that students
are more likely skipping meals in the morning because they heavy load if
school works so the students prepare sleeping late in the evening that
eating meals in the morning. This study looking forward to the results that
skipping meals in the morning have an effects to the student’s health.
 Chapter III

METHODS OF RESEARCH

This chapter consists of methods that the researchers will be using to

help accomplished the study. It will include the techniques, respondents,
instruments for data collection and also this chapter will show how data is
processed with the use of statistical treatments.

Methods and techniques of the study

The researchers chose descriptive research because it best served to

answer the questions and the purposes of the study. The goal of
descriptive research is to describe a phenomenon and its characteristics.
This research is more concerned with what rather than how or why
something has happened. Therefore, observation and survey tools are
often used to gather data (Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2007). In such research, the
data may be collected qualitatively, but it is often analyzed quantitatively,
using frequencies, percentages, averages, or other statistical analyses to
determine relationships.

The researchers will get data using survey questionnaires by answer,

the result or the data that the researchers will gather will be analyze by
using Likert scale. Correlation will be used here as a nature of study to
describe the frequency of skipping breakfast and the nutritional status of
the Senior High School Students of Montessori de Sagrada Famillia and
investigate the relationship between the variable. The study will be
conducted by using exploratory research to seek and gather information
and establish a reliable data to improve the final research design.
Exploratory research helps to determine the best research design, data
collection method and selection of subjects.

Population and Sample of the Study

The research population for this study consists of the senior high
school students of Montessori de Sagrada Familia. Eligibility criteria specify
the characteristics that people in the population must possess in order to
be included in the study. The sampling techniques that will be used are
purposive technique and simple random technique. These techniques are
chosen by the researchers to make the variables truly reliable in the study.
Subjects in the population will be asked if they are skipping breakfast, the
non-eater of breakfast will be used in the research. After we know who do
not eat breakfast the subjects will sampled by a random process, using
either a random number generator or a random number table, so that each
person remaining in the population has the same probability of being
selected for the sample.

Instruments of the Study

 The instrument that the researchers will use for the data gathering is
a survey questionnaire. The questions that will be on the survey will be
based on the main research question of the study and is also based in the
literature reviews and studies.

Construction of Questionnaire:

In order to formulate survey research questions that will be

incorporated on the survey questionnaire, the researchers talked about the
principle matters that will be required in analyzing the information. Some of
these issues are the problem of the respondents, how do they often skip
breakfast and reason for skipping breakfast. Likert scale will be used here
to formulate the data that the researcher will gather on the questionnaires.

Validation and Approval of Questionnaire:

The survey questionnaire will be intended for an investigation and it

will go to an approval procedure for face and substance legitimacy. After
this, the questions will be confirmed by the Research Adviser. After the
procedure of adjustment, it will be regulated to a sample of five students as
a fundamental test. The purpose is to guarantee that they will have the
capacity to comprehend the questionnaire or it needs further modifications.
Additionally by that, the researchers will have the capacity to know how the
respondents will respond to the questions, regardless of whether the
inquiries are suitable and sufficient, and whether there are things which
they might not want to reply. The information that will be submitted will be
separated, to know whether the appropriate responses are predictable.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The data that will be gathered will be processed, analyzed and

interpreted. The researchers will find if there is an effect to the health of the
students who skips breakfast from the given information from the result of
research questions.

Since this study aims to describe and find out the relationship of
skipping breakfast to the health of students, the researchers will use
statistical tests to know if there is a relationship of skipping breakfast to the
health. It is also because the Quantitative Research is considered to have
as its main purpose the quantification of data. This allows generalizations
of results from a sample to an entire population of interest and the
measurement of the incidence of various views and opinions in a given
sample.
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter consists of all the important data and information that

underwent prudent and careful analysis and interpretation to provide

answers to the research’s problem. The arrangement of the data is based

on the order of statement of the problem.

1. What percentage of the population are students who skip breakfast?

SHS Strands Population Sample

STEM 124 25

ABM 54 10

HUMSS 39 15

Total 217 50

Percentage 100% 23%

Table 1.0

The researchers surveyed the senior high school students in

Montessori De Sagrada Familia on who among them skips breakfast. After
the survey questionnaires was answered by the respondents the following
data are gathered. Out of 124 students in STEM strand 25 students
answered that they skip breakfast which is 20.16% of the population in
STEM. ABM which consists of 54 students has only 10 students who skips
breakfast consisting 18.52% of the population. Lastly the HUMSS strand
that has 39 students have 15 students who skips breakfast which is
38.46% of the population. Summarizing it all up out of the 217 students in
senior high school of Montessori De Sagrada Familia 50 students within
that population is skipping breakfast which is 23% of the population.

According to the study of Meenakshi Garg, Vidya Rajesh and Pawan

Kumar Last 2014 the prevalence of breakfast skipping among school going
children aged 10-16 years old is 23.50 per cent in selected areas of Udupi
district. Other studies have reported that 20 per cent of the children and
31.5 per cent of adolescents were breakfast skippers and 78 per cent of
children usually had breakfast, but 22 per cent reported skipping breakfast.
Habits of skipping breakfast were observed among 41 per cent of subjects
in a study of lifestyle of adolescent girls in Chandigarh. Around 20–30 per
cent of the children and adolescents skip breakfast in the developed world.

We can say that most of the breakfast skippers, in the student’s are
senior high school students within the reasons of their hectic schedules
because of the academics or getting up late and sometimes when they
wake-up they just feel full and doesn’t have the appetite to eat.

2. What are the health status of the students who skip breakfast in terms
of their body mass index (BMI) and Physical Activity?
Respondent BMI(Number) BMI Net-minutes Physical Activity

1 21.08 Normal 10860 Vigorous

2 18.73 Normal 11298 Vigorous

4 22.58 Normal 5746 Vigorous

9 21.67 Normal 2385 Moderate

10 22.49 Normal 2533 Moderate

11 22.58 Normal 3378 Vigorous

12 18.82 Normal 1676 Moderate

14 22.68 Normal 819 Low

15 18.75 Normal 3072 Moderate

16 23.03 Normal 1836 Moderate

Table 2.0
19 24.9 Normal 1399 Low

20 21.8 Normal 1338 Low

21 22.04 Normal 9390 Vigorous

22 20.55 Normal 1593 Moderate

23 19.48 Normal 1115 Low

24 20.28 Normal 2076 Moderate

25 21.91 Normal 3497 Vigorous

27 19.48 Normal 1746 Moderate

29 20.28 Normal 3964 Vigorous

30 24.39 Normal 8433 Vigorous

Table 2.1
31 19.1 Normal 11780 Vigorous

32 24.61 Normal 6619 Vigorous

34 20.2 Normal 3456 Vigorous

35 21.22 Normal 6446 Vigorous

36 21.72 Normal 1440 Low

38 23.29 Normal 1497 Low

40 20.42 Normal 4992 Vigorous

42 19.17 Normal 720 Low

44 20.96 Normal 2239 Moderate

45 24.48 Normal 2718 Moderate

Table 2.2
46 22.28 Normal 4087 Vigorous

48 25.4 Normal 2097 Moderate

49 21.08 Normal 2416 Moderate

13 30.11 Obese 7272 Vigorous

33 32.46 Obese 2272 Moderate

50 31.09 Obese 5078 Vigorous

3 27.85 Overweight 19512 Vigorous

17 25.6 Overweight 9390 Vigorous

18 26.35 Overweight 16180 Vigorous

26 25.1 Overweight 8670 Vigorous

Table 2.3
28 27.75 Overweight 3516 Vigorous

39 29.97 Overweight 7842 Vigorous

41 27.55 Overweight 1120 Low

43 25.61 Overweight 1113 Low

5 16.41 Underweight 25391 Vigorous

6 16.01 Underweight 705 Low

7 13.6 Underweight 1598 Moderate

8 18.38 Underweight 1398 Low

37 16.96 Underweight 11056 Vigorous

47 18.25 Underweight 1348 Low

Table 2.4
 The responses are gathered from 50 participants who meet the
requirements that are needed for the study, the table’s shows that normal
BMI dominates the whole table which consist of 33 students while some
says that they are obese with the count of 3 students, overweight with the
count of 8 students and underweight with the count of 6 students.
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) BMI
does not directly measure muscle to fat ratio, yet the study has
demonstrated that BMI is decently associated with more direct proportions
of muscle to fat ratio got from skinfold thickness estimations, bioelectrical
impedance, densitometry (submerged gauging), double vitality x-beam
absorptiometry (DXA) and different strategies. Moreover, BMI seems to be
as unequivocally related with different metabolic and illness result similar to
these more straightforward proportions of body heftiness.

Not only the societal but also the functional and indirectlythe
medicinal results of an inordinate gathering of fat likewise have been
perceived for centuries. In any case, the idea that "body building" (fatness)
is a noteworthy populace based medical issue picked up popularity in this
nation just right away before 1900. (Nuttall, Frank Q. MD, PhD, 2015)
 3. What is the frequency of skipping breakfast among senior high school
students?

Skipping Breakfast

0% Always

28% 24% Usually

Frequently
Often

14% Sometimes
10%
Seldom
16% 8%
Hardly Ever

Figure 3.0

Frequency of skipping breakfast is also asked among the 50 students

who skip their breakfast. The Largest part in the pie graph shows that 14
out of the 50 students that is surveyed answered that they hardly ever skip
their breakfast meaning they only skip their breakfast once a week which
consists 28% of the population. The 5 students who said that they seldom
Askip their breakfast consists 10% of the population meaning that they do
not eat their breakfast at most twice a week. Students who sometimes skip
their breakfast or in other words students that skip their breakfast thrice a
week are 8 students out of the 50 surveyed which consists 16% of the
population. 4 students that answered that they skip their breakfast 4 times
in a week fall into the category of skipping their breakfast often making up
8% of the population. Students who frequently skip their breakfast are 7
students which consists 14% of the population means that they do not eat
their breakfast 5 times in a week. The last 12 students who answered they
usually skip their breakfast means that they skip their breakfast 6 times in a
week which consists 24% of the population. Lastly no one answered that
they always skip their breakfast, no one in the population is skipping their
breakfast 7 times in a week which means it is 0% in the population.

The study looked at the eating habits of 42,000 students from 87

secondary schools in Alberta and Ontario during the 2014/15 school year. It
found that 39 percent of students reported having a breakfast less than
three days in a typical school week. The discoveries were steady with
national information that indicated across the country, 48.5 percent of pre-
adult skipped breakfast in any event once every week. (University of
Waterloo, 2018, March 14).

4. What are some reasons why students skip breakfast?

Reasons of Skipping Breakfast

30

25

20

15
28

10

13
5
6 5
4
0
Lack of time Loss of Appetite No Variety of Food No Food is Available Others

Reasons of Skipping Breakfast

 Figure 4.0
Asking the reason why the students skip their breakfast is also
part of this research and the table above shows us the answers of the
students whom have answered the survey questionnaire. The data
gathered is that 28 out of 50 students has no time to eat their
breakfast which is 56% of the population. Loss of appetite is the
second leading reason why students skip their breakfast, it is
indicated that 13 students has no appetite to eat their breakfast
causing them to skip their breakfast and it takes 26% of the
population. Third reason that is prevalent is that there is no food
available for them, maybe there is no cooked food in the morning
that’s why they skip their breakfast 6 out of 50 students answered this
making up 12% of the population. 4 students answered no variety of
food meaning they don’t like eating the same food over and over
again thus resulting to skipping their breakfast, this makes up 8% of
the population. Lastly 5 students answered others which means they
have other reasons why they skip their breakfast this makes 10% of
the population.

A kid expending breakfast with relatives all the time is perfect

yet not constantly sensible. An ever increasing number of youngsters
have two working guardians who are hurrying out to work toward the
beginning of the day, have restricted salary or an absence of solid
choices at home, or have an absence of training on the advantages
of breakfast. (Wilhelm Jackson, Lisa 2013).
 It proves that the children who doesn’t take any breakfast is
been affected by the people who surround him/her and it affect
his/her decision making that’s why he/she chooses not to eat
sometimes.

5. Is there a significant relationship between the frequency of skipping

breakfast and the health status of the students?

Correlations

BMI
Skipping (weight
Breakfast status)
Spearman's Skipping Correlation 1.000 -.035
rho Breakfast Coefficient

Sig. (2-tailed) . .808

N 50 50

BMI (weight Correlation -.035 1.000

status) Coefficient

Sig. (2-tailed) .808 .

 N 50 50

Figure 5.0

Correlations

Skipping Physical
Breakfast Activity
Spearman's Skipping Correlation 1.000 -.037
rho Breakfast Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .801

N 50 50

Physical Correlation -.037 1.000

Activity Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .801 .

N 50 50

Figure 5.1

The Spearman's rank-order correlation is the nonparametric version

of the Pearson product-moment correlation. Spearman's correlation
coefficient, (ρ, also signified by rs) measures the strength and direction of
association between two ranked variables. (Lund Research Ltd, 2018)
 It needs two variable that are either ordinal, interval or ratio. In this
study the researchers use ordinal scale to gather the data that are needed.
In spite of the fact that it would ordinarily want to use a Pearson product-
moment correlation on interval or ratio information, the Spearman
relationship can be utilized when the presumptions of the Pearson
relationship are especially violated. Be that as it may, Spearman's
relationship decides the strength and direction of the monotonic
relationship between your two factors instead of the quality and bearing of
the straight connection between your two factors, which is what Pearson's
relationship decides. (Lund Research Ltd, 2018)

There is no significant difference in skipping breakfast because based

of the figure 5.0 it shows that the value of the significant difference is .808
which is cannot be accepted because there is more than 80.8% chance
that the strength of the relationship you found happened by chance if the
null hypothesis were wrong.

There is no significant difference in BMI status of the students

because based of the figure 5.0 it shows that the value of the significant
difference is .808 which is cannot be accepted because there is more than
80.8% chance that the strength of the relationship you found happened by
chance if the null hypothesis were wrong.

There is no significant difference in skipping breakfast because based

of the figure 5.1 it shows that the value of the significant difference is .801
which is cannot be accepted because there is more than 80.1% chance
that the strength of the relationship you found happened by chance if the
null hypothesis were wrong.
 There is no significant difference in physical activity of the students
because based of the figure 5.1 it shows that the value of the significant
difference is .801 which is cannot be accepted because there is more than
80.1% chance that the strength of the relationship you found happened by
chance if the null hypothesis were wrong.

Therefore we can say that skipping breakfast doesn’t affect the health
status of the senior high school students of MDSF and we can also say that
the null hypothesis will be rejected within the reasons of the significant
difference doesn’t meet the value of .05 or less than .05 and also it can be
reason that the students health status can’t be affected is because of their
metabolism, According to David Gauxin, (2016) Teenagers will likely lose
more weight easily and can be based upon their activity level. At that age
they don't have as many duties and their digestion is as yet revving on
high. Most of the food that they consume (even junk food) is used to body
build and not to maintain. With a higher rate of digestion, it should make
sense that any admission will be spent all the more rapidly to assemble and
preparing in the body instead of being put away as fat stores. Of course, for
the most part young people aren't restrained by occupations that are
basically sedentary, making losing excess weight more difficult as we age.
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter of the research study summarizes the data gathered,

important phases, and encapsulates the results found. Furthermore, this
part also emphasizes the conclusions, outcomes, and generated
recommendations based on the result of the study.

The researchers focused on pursuing for the significant relationship

existing between effects of skipping breakfast in the health status of Senior
High School Students of Montessori de Sagrada Famillia. This study also
intends to search for the solutions, reasons, and approaches that can
lessen the students to skip breakfast.

In achieving this study, the researchers made use of descriptive-

correlational design, incorporated the purposive sampling technique in
determining the main respondents after the preliminary questionnaire and
statistically analysed the collected data.

The researchers used frequency analysis and Spearman’s Rho to

determine if there is a significant relationship between effects of skipping
meals to the health status of students.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. What percentage of the population are students who skipped

breakfast?
A number of 23% out of 100 % from the Senior High School
students of MDSF are skipping breakfast and became the study
sample respondents. Half of the sample respondents are from the
 STEM strand which has a number of 25 respondents that has a
percentage of 50% out of 100%. A number of 10 respondents are
from ABM that has a percentage of 20% out of 100%. Last is the
strand of HUMMS which has a number of 15 respondents that has a
percentage of 30% out of 100%. The number of our sample
respondents 25 from STEM, 10 from ABM, And 15 from HUMMS in a
total of 50 sample respondents of the study.
2. What are the health status of the students who skip breakfast in
terms of their physical activity, and body mass index (BMI)?

Based from the answered questionnaire, the health status of the

students who skip breakfast are all almost normal. In terms of Body
Mass Index (BMI) normal is the most common BMI of the students who
skips breakfast although there are still some few respondents who are
obese, overweight, and underweight. The highest intensity of physical
activity that students do is vigorous second is moderate and third is low
intense physical activity.

3. What is the frequency of skipping breakfast among senior high

school students?

A number of 14/50 students that has a percentage of 28% is

hardly ever skip breakfast meaning that they only skip once in a week.
The 5 students who said that they only occasionally avoid their morning
meal comprises 10% of the population implying that they don't have
their morning meal at most two times every week. Understudies who
skip their morning meal or at the end of the day and avoid their morning
meal thrice in seven days are 8/50 students which comprises 16% of
the population. 4 students that addressed that they avoid their morning
 meal multiple times in seven days fall into the class of skipping their
morning meal regularly making up 8% of the population. Students who
often avoid their morning meal are 7/50 students which comprises 14%
of the population implies that they don't have their morning meal
multiple times in seven days. The last 12 students who addressed they
skip for the most part in their morning meal implies that they avoid their
morning meal multiple times in seven days which comprises 24% of the
population.

4. What are some reasons why students skip breakfast?

The most common reason why students skip breakfast is lack of

time. A number of 28/50 students which comprises of 56% of population
said that they do not eat breakfast due to lack of time. Loss of appetite
is the second leading reason why students skip their breakfast, it is
indicated that 13 students has no appetite to eat their breakfast
causing them to skip their breakfast and it takes 26% of the
population. Third reason that is prevalent is that there is no food
available for them, maybe there is no cooked food in the morning
that’s why they skip their breakfast 6 out of 50 students answered this
making up 12% of the population. 4 students answered no variety of
food meaning they don’t like eating the same food over and over
again thus resulting to skipping their breakfast, this makes up 8% of
the population. Lastly 5 students answered others which means they
have other reasons why they skip their breakfast this makes 10% of
the population.
5. Is there a significant relationship between the frequency of
skipping breakfast and the health status of the students?
 Results established from Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation, is a form
of nonparametric version of the Pearson product-moment correlation. There
is no significant difference in physical activity of the students because
based of the figure 5.1 it shows that the value of the significant difference is
.801 which is cannot be accepted because there is more than 80.1%
chance that the strength of the relationship you found happened by chance
if the null hypothesis were wrong.

CONCLUSIONS

As a result of the throughout evaluation and analysis by the

researchers, they were able to successfully conclude the following:

1. The STEM strand is the one who have more students who skip
breakfast other than ABM and HUMMS strand.

2. Students who skip breakfast Body Mass Index (BMI) are likely to be
normal and healthy for their height and weight.

3. Physical activity does not really affect the health status and the meal
consumption of the students who skips breakfast. It does not have
relationship as well if the students are active or inactive, intense or
low physical activity to their BMI as well.

4. The main reason why students skip their breakfast is because of lack
of time to prepare and eat meal in the morning.

5. Skipping breakfast does not really affect the health status of the
Senior High School students of MDSF

6. More students rarely skip breakfast in the morning. They are only
skipping breakfast once in a week.
7. Many students skip breakfast because they have no appetite to eat
their breakfast in the morning.

8. Some of the students conclude that there’s no available food for

them in the morning. They said that there’s no one to cook for them
that’s why they skip breakfast.

9. There are no students answered that they always skip their

breakfast.

10. Almost only ¼ in the population of MDSF Senior High School

Students are skipping breakfast. Most of the students eat their
breakfast because they need it to focus on their life as a student and
to have energy on a whole day classes.

RECOMMENDATIONS

For the Students

1. Give some time eating breakfast because it can help them to

focus in their classes. Always make sure to fix their schedule in
the morning to save time in eating breakfast.

2. Make sure to wake early in the morning to have time eating

breakfast because they need it to store some energy in their
whole day classes.

3. Always check the intensity of their physical activity and their meal
consumption are aligned when skipping breakfast because it may
affect their health as a student.

For the Parents

1. The parents must prepare meal to their child every morning to
help their child gain some energy to focus on their classes.

2. Remind their child what are the effects of skipping breakfast

and how will affect their studies just because they are not
eating meals in the morning.

For the Teachers

1. Encourage the students to eat breakfast in the morning.

2. Encourage students to sleep early and wake up early to have

enough time to eat breakfast.

For the School

1. Adjust the time schedule to give some time for students to eat
their breakfast.

2. Give the students at least 30 minutes before the class starts for
them to eat breakfast in school if ever they are petty late.

For the Future Researchers

1. Try to get some respondents at least a number of 80-100 to

have a more answer and data about your study. The more the
merrier and adding some respondents can definitely change
the results of your study.

2. Get more Review Related of Literature (RRL) and Review

Related of Studies (RRS) to support and indicate the flow of
your study.