CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Project Report
entitled “Design of a UWB Antenna for microwave imaging application” by
Nisha, sakshi gangal and ishika garg in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
award of degree of B. Tech. (Electronics and Communication Engineering)
submitted in the Department of E.C.E. at G.B. Pant Government Engineering
College under Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi is an authentic
record of our own work carried out during the period from January to May 2018
under the supervision of Professor Dr. Smiriti Aggrawal. The matter presented in
this Project Report has not been submitted by me or anyone else in any other
University/Institute for the award of B.Tech Degree.

Date: 05 May, 2018 Signature of Student(s)

Nisha : 03320902815
Sakshi gangal : 04420902815
Ishika garg : 40120902815
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “Design of a UWB Antenna for
microwave imaging application” submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering at G. B. Pant Government Engineering College, New Delhi is an
authentic work carried out Nisha, Sakshi gangal, Ishika garg under my
supervision and guidance. I wish them success for their future endeavors.

Date: 21 dec 2018 Professor (Dr.) Smiriti Aggrawal

Mr Sanjay Kumar
(Head of Deptt – ECE)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to Professor (Dr.)
Smiriti Aggrawal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, G.B. Pant
Government Engineering College, New Delhi for his valuable guidance, help and
useful suggestions. We express our sincere gratitude to Professor (Dr.) Smiriti
Aggrawal (Incharge - Minor Project), ECE department for his stimulating
guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of
present work. We also wish to extend our thanks to Mr. Sanjay Kumar (HOD-
ECE), Professor Smiriti Aggrawal and other faculty members of the department
for attending our seminars and for providing insightful comments and
constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this Project work. We are
extremely thankful to the Principal, GBPEC, New Delhi for providing us
infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been
possible.

Name of Student(s):
Nisha
Sakshi Gangal
Ishika Garg
 INTRODUCTION

Microstrip antenna is metallic patch placed on dielectric material and supported

by ground plane & is mostly used in telecommunication (also known as a printed
antenna) usually meaning an antenna fabricated using microstrip techniques on a
printed circuit board (PCB). They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. This
is because they have advantages such as low cost, low weight and conformal.
They received considerable attention starting in 1970’s in a paper written by R.
Munson (1974) and they become well established as the years went by.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems have the promise of very high

bandwidth, reduced fading from multipath and low power requirements.
Ultra wide band (UWB) communication systems allow high bandwidth
reducing the multipath effect which may cause fading. The Federal
Communications Commissions (FCC) has approved the license-free UWB
usage with in the frequency range (3.1-10.6) GHz and power spectral density
of -41.3dBm/MHz. Therefore the aim for both military and commercial
applications is low cost UWB systems.

The main concept behind UWB radio system is that they transmit pulses of very
short duration, as opposed to traditional communication schemes, which send
sinusoidal waves. The role that UWB antennas play in all of this is that they have
to be able to transmit these pulses as accurately and efficiently as possible.

The paper is organized in the following sections: in section 2, the configuration of

the slotted triangular microstrip patch antenna and circular patch antenna will be
explained. Designed Parameters are presented in section 3. The measurement of
the bandwidth, return loss, voltage signal wave ratio, radiation efficiency and gain
is presented in section 4.Simulated results in section 5 and finally conclusion is
presented .
 LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section, the literature review of UWB microstrip patch antennas is that
the uwb microstrip patch antenna exhibits many noticeable advantages like light
weight, low cost, low profile, planar configuration, easy of conformal, superior
portability, suitable for arrays, easy for fabrication, and easy integration with
external circuitries etc. which make it as obvious choice. Though the typical
microstrip antennas have many advantages but it also suffers from three basic
disadvantages: narrow bandwidth, low gain, and relatively large size and many
times these factors create an adverse impact in the antennas efficiencies.

The narrow bandwidth is one of the main drawbacks of these types of antennas.
The direct method to improve the bandwidth can be done by increasing substrate
thickness, but the major disadvantage of increasing thickness is the reduced
efficiency since the large portion of the input power is dissipated in the resistor
which takes away the available Power that can be radiated by antenna.
Furthermore, reducing the height of the structure may appear to be a suitable
solution, but it may lead to a reduced impedance bandwidth and lower radiation
efficiency.

This is often a tradeoff in realizing compact antennas while maintaining

performance characteristics. Thus, different other improved techniques are
adapted to provide wide-impedance bandwidths of microstrip antennas, including
using high permittivity dielectric resonators for microstrip patch antenna but high
permittivity substrate has a poor choice for antenna bandwidth, since the
bandwidth of a microstrip antenna is best.

For low dielectric constant substrates as a portion of the total available power
for direct radiation becomes trapped along the surface of the substrate. Compared
to this single-pin-shorted three-dielectric layer substrate is used to improve the
radiation efficiency and bandwidth without sacrificing, the cost and operational
advantages. Another use of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures have
attracted much attention in the recent years in the microwave community for its
unique properties. These structures are periodic in nature that forbids the
propagation of all electromagnetic surface waves within a particular frequency
band.

ANTENNA DESIGN

A. SLOTTED TRIANGULAR ANTENNA

The geometrical configuration of a proposed UWB slotted triangular microstrip

patch antenna structure is shown in the figure. The antenna is simulated using the
High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) software with FR-4 substrate. The
design has 3 layers consisting of ground plane, substrate and the patch.

Fig(a).Front view of antenna Fig(b). Side view of antenna

The ground plane and proximity feed line is placed on the both side of feed
substrate. In the present paper, a slotted microstrip patch antenna for ultra wide
band applications has been designed. We are using slotted triangular patch
because it provide comparatively larger bandwidth than others.

Fig(c) Ground plane Fig(d) Patch antenna

In above figure, shown ground plane and patch antenna. A rectangular shaped
feed line is placed between the antenna substrate and feed substrate.
 B. CIRCULAR PATCH ANTENNA

The design of an ultra-wide band (UWB) circular patch antenna with microstrip
line feed and optimization of various antenna parameters are presented. The
dimension of (33 x 30 x 1.5) mm3 is fabricated on FR-4 epoxy substrate having
permittivity constant 𝜺r=4.3.The designed antenna has the capability of
operating in the bands (2.5-6) GHz, (6.0-10) GHz and (10-14) GHz. The
antenna performance was modified by inserting a slot in the ground plane to
achieve impedance bandwidth (S 11 -10dB) in (2.0-18) GHz. The modified
antenna was designed and simulated using HFSS software. The simulated
results are presented. The microstrip feed line used has characteristic
impedance of 50Ω. The design has 3 layers consisting of ground plane, substrate
and the patch.

The modes supported by the circular patch antenna can be obtained by

considering the patch, ground plane and the substrate between them as a circular
cavity. The modes of the antenna can be controlled by the radius of the patch.
The cavity model can be used to analyze the antenna. The vector potential can
be used to find the field configuration within the cavity. There is an effect of
variation of dimensions of inner radius, outer radius, length and width of
feedline, length and width of ground on the performance of the antenna

Fig (f). Front view of circular Fig (g). Side view of circular
patch antenna patch antenna
 Fig(h).Slotted Ground Fig(i).Cirular Patch with microstrip

III. DESIGNED PARAMETERS

Table1. Parameters of triangular slotted antenna
Components Length Breadth Thick- Material
ness
Substrate 26.8m 23.6m 1.6mm FR4
m m
Ground 26.8m 23.6m 1.6mm Copper
m m
Patch 14mm 14mm 0mm Copper
Microstrip 8mm 3mm 0mm Copper
Slot 4mm 0.5mm 0mm

Table2. Parameters of circular patch antenna

Components Length Breadth Thickness Material

Substrate 33mm 30mm 1.5mm FR4
epoxy
Ground 30mm 11mm 0.035mm Copper
Patch Inner radius=4mm Copper
Outer radius=7.9mm
Microstrip 12.2m 2.4mm 0.035mm Copper
feedline m
Slot 0.5m 4mm 0.035mm
m
IV. EQUATION AND SYMBOLS
FOR TRIANGULAR SLOTTED ANTENNA:-

Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W) -

Step 2: Calculation of the Effective Dielectric Constant. This is based on the

height, dielectric constant of the dielectric and the calculated width of the patch
antenna.

Step 3: Calculation of the Effective length

Step 4: Calculation of the length extension ΔL

Step 5: Calculation of actual length of the patch

Where the following parameters are used:-

f0 is the Resonance Frequency
W is the Width of the Patch
L is the Length of the Patch
h is the thickness
εr is the relative Permittivity of the dielectric substrate
c is the Speed of light: 3 x 108

FOR CIRCULAR PATCH ANTENNA:-

For circular patch antenna, the time average poynting vector can be
written as
Sav = (1/2) Re [ExH] W/m2 (1)
where
E is the electric field V/m
H is the magnetic field A/m
The characteristic impedance can be expressed by

The vector potential can be used to find the field configuration with in the
cavity. The magnetic vector potential Az must satisfy the homogenous wave
equation
Az(ѱ,Ø,z) +K2Az(ѱ,Ø,z) =0
Whose solution can be written as
Az = -Bmnp Jm (K ρp- )[Az cos(m ) +Bz sin(n )] cos(KZ )
With constraint equation of
(K ρ)2 +(Kz)2 = ωr2μϵ
Therefore, the electric and magnetic fields can be expressed as

(6)
And the resonant frequency for TM mno modes can be written as

(fr)mno= =

𝜺reff = +
𝜺reff is effective dielectric constant
Wf is the feeder width
h is the height of the substrate