Formulas in Physics (MIDTERM) Equation of Continuity: Formulas for Temperature:

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 5
𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑇𝐶 = 9 (𝑇𝑅 −491.69)
Pascal’s Principle 𝑣2 =
𝐴2 𝑇𝐶 = 𝑇𝐾 − 273.15
𝑚 5
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 mass rate flow 𝑇𝐾 = [ (𝐹 − 32)] − 273.15
𝑡 9
𝐹 𝑉
𝑃= = 𝐴𝑣 volume rate flow 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15
𝐴 𝑡 5
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑇𝐾 = (𝑇𝑅 − 764.84)
= **𝐴𝑐 = 𝜋𝑟 2 9
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇𝐹 + 459.69
𝐹2 𝐴1 Bernoulli’s Principle:
𝐹1 = 5
𝐴2 1 1 𝑇𝑅 = (𝑇𝐾 + 764.84)
𝐹1 𝐴2 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 9
𝐹2 = 2 2 9
𝐴1 𝑇𝑅 = (𝑇𝐶 + 491.69)
5
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 **𝐼𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ↓; 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ↑; 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ↓ 9
𝑊1 = 𝑊2 𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32)
5
𝐹1 𝑑1 = 𝐹2 𝑑2 Surface Tension of Various Liquids 9
𝐹2 𝑑2 Surface Tension 𝑇𝐹 = (𝑇𝐶 + 32)
Liquid T (℃) 5
𝑑1 = (N/m) 9
𝐹1 𝑇𝐹 = (𝑇𝐾 − 273.15) + 32
𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 20 0.022
𝐹1 𝑑1 5
𝑑2 = Hg 20 0.465 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝑅 − 459.69
𝐹2
Soap Water 20 0.025
𝐹1 𝑟2 2
𝑟1 2 = 𝐻2 𝑂 20 0.073
𝐹2 𝐻2 𝑂 100 0.059
𝐹2 𝑟1 2
𝑟2 2 =
𝐹1 Surface Tension:
𝐹
Mechanical Advantage: 𝛾=
𝐿
𝐹𝑂 𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑀𝐴 =
𝐹𝐼 𝐹 = 𝛾(2𝜋𝑟) cos 𝜃
𝐹𝑂 – Output Force (upward force)
𝐹𝐼 – Input Force (downward force)
Thermal Physics  Specific Heats of Some Materials at Average Coefficients of Expansion for
Some Materials Near Room
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 Atmospheric Pressure
Temperature
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 Substance 𝑱/𝒌𝒈 ∙ ℃ 𝒄𝒂𝒍/𝒈 ∙ ℃ Average Coefficient
Material of Linear Expansion
Aluminum 900 0.215 [(℃)−𝟏 ]
Thermal Expansion:
Beryllium 1820 0.436 Aluminum 24 × 10−6
∝ - Coefficient of Linear Expansion Brass and
𝛾 = 2𝛼 – Coefficient of Area Expansion
Cadmium 230 0.055
Bronze 19 × 10−6
𝛽 = 3𝛼 – Coefficient of Volume Expansion Copper 387 0.0924 Copper 17 × 10−6
Ethyl alcohol 2430 0.581 Glass
∆𝐿 =∝ 𝐿0 ∆𝑇 Linear Expansion (ordinary) 9 × 10−6
𝐿 − 𝐿0 = 𝛼𝐿0 (𝑇 − 𝑇0 ) Germanium 322 0.077
Glass (Pyrex) 3.2 × 10−6
Glass 837 0.200 Lead 29 × 10−6
∆𝐴 = 𝐴 − 𝐴0 = 𝛾𝐴0 ∆𝑇 Area Expansion
Gold 129 0.0308 Steel 11 × 10−6
Ice 2090 0.500 Invar (Ni-Fe
alloy) 0.9 × 10−6
∆𝑉 = 𝛽𝑉0 ∆𝑇 Volume Expansion Iron 448 0.107 Concrete 12 × 10−6
Lead 128 0.0305 Average Coefficient
Material of Volume Expansion
Calorimetry  Mercury 138 0.033
[(℃)−𝟏 ]
Silicon 703 0.168 Ethyl
𝑄𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
alcohol 1.12 × 10−4
𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 = −𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 Silver 234 0.056
Benzene 1.24 × 10−4
𝑚𝑐(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) = −𝑚𝑐(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) Steam 2010 0.480
Acetone 1.5 × 10−4
Tin 227 0.0542 Glycerin 4.85 × 10−4
Water 4186 1.00 Mercury 1.82 × 10−4
Turpentine 9.0 × 10−4
Gasoline 9.6 × 10−4
Air 3.67 × 10−3
Helium 3.665 × 10−3