Proceedings,16th

Information ControlIFAC Symposium

Problems on
in Manufacturing
Proceedings,16th
Information ControlIFAC Symposium
Problems on
in Manufacturing
Bergamo, Italy,
Information June
Control 11-13,
Problems2018
in Manufacturing
Proceedings,16th
Bergamo, Italy, IFAC
June Symposium
11-13, 2018 on
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Proceedings,16th
Bergamo, Italy,
Information IFAC
June
Control Symposium
11-13,
Problems2018 on
in Manufacturing
Information Control
Bergamo, Italy, JuneProblems in Manufacturing
11-13, 2018
Bergamo, Italy, June 11-13, 2018
ScienceDirect
Augmented and virtual reality applications in industrial systems: A qualitative
Augmented
Augmented and and virtual
virtual reality
review
IFAC applications
towards
PapersOnLine
reality the
51-11
applications in
in industrial
industry
(2018) 624–630 4.0 erasystems:
industrial systems: A A qualitative
qualitative
Augmented and virtual reality
review applications
towards the in
industry industrial
4.0 era systems: A qualitative
Augmented and
Lorenzo virtual
Damiani*, review
reality
Melissa towards
Demartini*, the industry
applications
Guido Guizzi** 4.0 era
in industrial
, Roberto systems:
Revetria*, A qualitative
Flavio Tonelli*
Augmented and virtual review
reality towards the industry
applications 4.0 era
in industrial systems: A qualitative
Lorenzo Damiani*,review towardsGuido
Melissa Demartini*, the industry 4.0 era
Guizzi** , Roberto Revetria*, Flavio Tonelli*
*DepartmentLorenzo
Lorenzo
Damiani*,
of Mechanical review
Engineering,
Damiani*, towardsManagement
Melissa Demartini*,
Energetics,
Melissa Demartini*, the industry
Guido
Guido
Guizzi** 4.0 era
, Roberto Revetria*,
and Transportation
Guizzi** , Roberto
Flavio
(DIME),
Revetria*,
Tonelli*
University
Flavio of Genoa - Via
Tonelli*
*Departmentall'Opera
Lorenzo PiaDamiani*,
of Mechanical 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
Melissa
Engineering, (Tel: +39
Demartini*,
Energetics, 010 3532888;
Guido
Management ande-mail:
Guizzi** , Roberto
Transportation melissa.demartini@
Revetria*,
(DIME), Flavio dime.unige.it)
Tonelli*
University of Genoa - Via
*DepartmentLorenzoof MechanicalDamiani*, Engineering,
Melissa Energetics, Management
Demartini*, Guido and Transportation
Guizzi** , Roberto (DIME),
Revetria*, University
Flavio Tonelli* of Genoa - Via
*Departmentall'Opera Pia
of Mechanical 15, 16145 Genoa,
Engineering, Italy (Tel:
Energetics, +39 010
Management 3532888; e-mail:
ande-mail:
Transportation melissa.demartini@
(DIME), University dime.unige.it)of Genoa - Via
all'Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy (Tel: +39 010 3532888; melissa.demartini@ dime.unige.it)
** University
*Department ofofMechanical
all'Opera Naples
Pia 15, Federico
16145 II, Via Claudio
Engineering,
Genoa, Energetics,
Italy (Tel:21,+39Napoli,
Management Italy (Tel.
010 3532888; +39
ande-mail: 081-7682381;
Transportation e-mail:
(DIME),
melissa.demartini@ guido.guizzi@unina.it)
University
dime.unige.it)of Genoa - Via
*Department of Mechanical
all'Opera Pia 15, 16145Engineering,
Genoa, Energetics,
Italy (Tel: +39Management
010 3532888;ande-mail:
Transportation (DIME), University
melissa.demartini@ dime.unige.it)of Genoa - Via
** University of Naples
all'Opera Pia 15,Federico
16145 II, Via Claudio
Genoa, Italy (Tel:21,+39Napoli,
010 Italy (Tel. e-mail:
3532888; +39 081-7682381;
melissa.demartini@ e-mail: guido.guizzi@unina.it)
dime.unige.it)
** University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Napoli, Italy (Tel. +39 081-7682381; e-mail: guido.guizzi@unina.it)
** University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Napoli, Italy (Tel. +39 081-7682381; e-mail: guido.guizzi@unina.it)
** University
Abstract:of Naples
Over Federico
the last II, fewVia Claudio 21, Napoli, Italy (Tel. +39 081-7682381; e-mail: guido.guizzi@unina.it)
** University of Naples Federico II, Viayears,
Claudio manufacturing
21, Napoli, Italy companies
(Tel. +39 have been facing
081-7682381; various
e-mail: challenges
guido.guizzi@unina.it)
particularly related to volatile demand and changing requirements
Abstract: Over the last few years, manufacturing companies have been facing various challenges from customers and suppliers, requiring
Abstract:
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© 2018, IFAC
Keywords: in
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All rights a
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application
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Keywords:
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to investigate
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core state 4.0, smartinnovative
of these
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Keywords:
manufacturing augmented
operations reality, virtual
management. reality, industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, virtual factory, practical
application,
application
Keywords: virtual
invirtual
industrial
augmented training,
systems
reality, manufacturing
defining
virtual systems,
their
reality, advanced
core characteristics.
industry human-machine
4.0, smarthuman-machine
manufacturing, interaction interaction
virtual factory, technologies,
practical
application, training, manufacturing systems, advanced technologies,
manufacturing
Keywords:
application, operations
augmented
virtual training, management.
reality, virtual
manufacturing reality, industry
systems, 4.0, smart
advanced manufacturing,
human-machine virtual
interaction factory, practical
technologies,
manufacturing
Keywords: operations management.
application,augmented
manufacturing virtual
operations reality,
training, virtual reality,systems,
manufacturing
management. industryadvanced
4.0, smarthuman-machine
manufacturing, interaction
of uncertainty in the application
virtual factory,
of these
practical
technologies,
paradigms creates a
application, 1. INTRODUCTION
virtual training,
manufacturing operations management. manufacturing systems, advanced human-machine interaction technologies,
complexity
of uncertainty in the
in the understanding
applicationofofthe theseeffects of such creates
paradigms systems.a
manufacturing operations management. of uncertainty in the application of these paradigms creates
1.
In recent years, manufacturing INTRODUCTION companies have faced various of Manufacturing
complexity in the has switched
understanding from mass production to massa
1. INTRODUCTION uncertainty
complexity in in the
the applicationof
understanding ofthe
of these
the
effects
effects
of such creates
paradigms
of such
systems.
systems. a
challenges related to1. INTRODUCTION
ever-changing demands from customers customization
Manufacturing (Burger
has et
switched al., 2017).
from No
mass longer is
production it based
to on
mass
In recent years, manufacturing
1.technological
INTRODUCTION companies have faced various Manufacturing has switched from mass production to massa
of uncertainty
complexity in in
the the application
understanding of
of these
the paradigms
effects of such creates
systems.
In
andrecent years, Newmanufacturing companies haveand faced various of scale and volume
uncertainty inhas the effects,
et al., but
application ontheseflexible andit localized
suppliers.
challenges related to ever-changing roadmaps
demands from suggested
customers customization
various complexity
Manufacturing (Burger
in the understanding
switched fromofofthe
2017). No
mass paradigms
longer
effects of is
productionsuch creates
based
systems.
to massona
In recent years,
challenges
interventions related
aim to1.exploit
to
INTRODUCTION
manufacturing
ever-changing the
companiesdemands
economic
have fromfaced
potential customers
resulting customization
production
complexity
scale and volume
Manufacturing
customization
(Burger
situated
in the closeet al.,
understanding
effects,
has switched
(Burger
to
et al., but
2017).
customers.
of
fromon
2017). the No
mass
No
longer
It
effects
flexible of is it based
manufactures
such
and systems.
is it localized
production
longer to mass
based
on
"on
on
andrecent
In suppliers.
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manufacturing
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andrecent
from
In suppliers.
the continuing
years, New technological
impact
manufacturing of rapidly
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have and suggested
information
faced various demand"
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situated longerswitched
close creates
to frominventory,
customers. mass It therefore
production
manufactures adapting
to mass
"on
interventions
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to exploit
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from resulting
customers
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scale and (Burger
volume et
effects,al., 2017).
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challenges
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Today
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Copyright © 2018 IFAC in and
the replacing
fourth the
industrial traditional
revolution. The state 631 Section 4 shows the practical application of these technologies
production sectors and replacing the traditional industrial
systems, bringing in the fourth industrial revolution. The state on manufacturing systems and provides a critical analysis
systems, bringing
Copyright © 2018 IFAC in the fourth industrial revolution. The state631 on manufacturing systems and provides a critical analysis
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based on results of the aforementioned review. Finally, Section empirical academic papers that were published up to 2017.
5 provides conclusions and future developments. Their titles, abstracts and texts were reviewed in detail for
relevance to the study. The distribution of publications over
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY the years (Figure 1) shows a growing trend of articles and it
reveals a significant increase from 2013. This could be due to
In order to create a solid base from the best available evidence the implementation of “Industry 4.0”. In terms of geographical
with respect to our topic, a literature review has been adopted distribution, the publications reviewed where from many
as research methodology. Literature review is considered a different countries around the world, based on the main
rigorous scientific investigation, limiting bias and random author's university affiliation. Two countries stand out: The
error through pre-planned methods and strategies. These USA and Germany. Hence, it might be argued that A/V reality
strategies imply a search of all significant papers and the is primarily rooted in these countries.
adoption of a selected criteria, which can be used by other
researchers. Literature review is a suitable methodology for
conducting research in the operations management field,
which produces a reliable stock of knowledge that can support
practical applications. Our research question is as follows:
RQ1: What are the practical applications of augmented and
virtual reality in manufacturing systems?
A/V realities systems can support a variety of services, such as
selecting parts in a warehouse and sending repair instructions
over mobile devices. VR applications have been well reported
in virtual prototyping, web-based virtual machining, assembly,
fault diagnosis and learning, and various types of
manufacturing operations (Nee and Ong, 2013). A/V realities
are the technologies that add digital information to reality for
potential use by all user categories. It is a field characterized
by increasing studies due to the current smart environment,
which produces huge amounts of data and information that are Fig. 1. Distribution of publications over the year
difficult to manage. A/V realities can be useful to supply
information on product, process and progress in production
both to the operator and to the line managers in a more natural
and effective way. These realities are now mature technologies
already applied to a series of services within the factory. They
are also the technological base for the development of digital
environments or role play games for a variety of ends e.g.
factory layout design, monitoring/control and training. The
state of uncertainty in the application of these paradigms
creates a complexity in the understanding of the effects of such
systems. Therefore, the scope of this research question is to
identify and investigate what the real applications of A/V
realities are in the area of production systems.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
A qualitative literature review aims at providing i) the Fig. 2. Distribution of publications over the country
theoretical framework for this research and ii) the definition of
key terms and topics related to our study. A literature review
has been performed by selecting papers from Scopus. Authors Another important finding in the literature review is that 69%
chose this database for its ample coverage of articles in this of publications are conference papers while only 23% are
field. It offers search combinations using “and” and the articles (table 1).
possibility to search for keywords. The qualitative literature
review process was composed of two parts: firstly, an Table 1. Distribution of publications over the type of
explorative and unstructured one that had a number of different contribution
origins; and secondly, a more structured one involving
searching databases using search strings and dashboards. The Type of contribution Percentage
Authors’ strategy was to identify articles that included “smart Conference paper 69%
manufacturing” and “augmented and virtual reality” as Article 23%
keywords in all fields. Additionally, the Authors took into Review 5%
account various synonyms of each of these terms such as Book chapter 3%
“industry 4.0” and “smart factory”. Our search identified 39

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Based on the findings of this review, it is possible to establish and especially wearable technologies, generate a huge amount
an overview of the predominant A/V reality characteristics. of data towards the IoT, therefore this data needs to be stored
Kang et al. (2016), face the smart manufacturing topic in real-time. Bearing this in mind, cloud-based data storage
analysing three different roadmaps, which have been adopted and data processing increase the capability of smart glasses.
by the USA, Germany and Korea. These examine the core Moreover, devices need to sense information from the
technologies of the strategies including “Hologram”, which is surrounding environmental and feed it directly into a cloud-
the visualization method but only a few contributions focus on based analytics system. In light of the explanation above, the
it while the majority focus on the use of A/V realities (Kang et key technologies on A/V reality are reported in Table 2.
al., 2016). Parikh (2005) developed an information service
based on a smart phone, which thanks to its digital camera, is Table 2. Key technologies on A/V reality
able to process paper documents. The smart phone integrates
different functions: i) scanner, ii) user interface, iii) network, Key technologies Reference
iv) cache, and v) pre-processor and is used as a primary data- Display interaction (Wu and Ren, 2010; Yang,
capture in the document-processing system (Parikh, 2005). technology 2011; Yu, Fang and Lu,
Choi et al in their study, claim that A/V reality applications 2017)
allow the virtual factory to predict, solve and manage issues Tracking, positioning and (Yang, 2011; Zhang and
overall production tasks. What’s more, they define A/V reality registration technology Yi, 2012; Hong and
as those technologies, which allow a virtual environment Wenhua, 2017; Yu, Fang
experience, which can seem real. This can be achieved by their and Lu, 2017)
“immersive” nature, which interacts with all five senses. They Human-computer (Wang et al., 2010; Yang,
highlight that A/V reality can be extensively adopted in interaction 2011; Zhang and Yi, 2012;
manufacturing industry (Choi, Kim and Do Noh, 2015). Hong and Wenhua, 2017)
Hořejší (2015), reports that augmented reality (AR) is not as Object detection and (Yu, Fang and Lu, 2017)
widespread as virtual reality (VR) but has attracted interest due recognition technology
to its “cheap” smart devices (e.g. phones and tablets). AR is Calibration (Yu, Fang and Lu, 2017)
defined as a technology, which connects reality and digital Model rendering (Yu, Fang and Lu, 2017)
environments. It can be implemented to improve logistics, System modelling (Zhang and Yi, 2012)
workshop layout, prototyping and virtual training. Its main technology on space and
advantage is that it doesn’t need expensive hardware as it can geographic environment
be used with conventional equipment (Hořejší, 2015). Hao and Analysis technology on (Zhang and Yi, 2012)
Helo (2015) focus on human machine interaction and three dimension space
specifically analyse the need for new methods to support Collision detection (Wang et al., 2010)
machine-operators with the scope of minimizing time and
maintenance costs. Thus, they present a practical 3.2 Programming library
demonstration based on Internet of things (IoT), wearable
technologies, AR, and cloud storage in order to improve Currently, several popular A/V reality systems are: i) Artoolkit
activities and communication in discrete factories. AR here is and ARtag, ii) Osgart and iii) Vuforia.
adopted with the aim of providing real-time information on
wearable devices (Hao and Helo, 2015). This issue is also ArtToolKit is an open-source computer-tracking library for the
analysed by Yew et al. (2015). In their work interaction creation of AR applications that overlay virtual imagery in real
between humans and the factory environment is analysed. time. It is the most widely used AR development package,
They developed a system, which allows companies to move which was originally developed by Hirokazu Kato of Nara
from a paper and computer based environment to an AR one. Institute of Science and Technology in 1999. The system key
AR is considered the key technology to visualize computer features are: i) a complete access to the computer vision
graphics within real circumstances, which will be a boon to algorithm, ii) major platform support, iii) OpenGL ES2.x
workers negotiating a busy environment. Finally, Mourtzis et support, integration with GPS and compass, and automatic
al. (2017) defined AR as an intriguing and accurate system, camera calibration and iv) integration with a range of smart
which provides information in various manufacturing fields glasses.
with specific emphasis on the maintenance area and the ARtag was developed to improve ARtoolkit. It is a marker
development of a cloud-based platform that supports remote system to support AR. It can be used to facilitate te appearance
maintenance services (Mourtzis, Zogopoulos and Vlachou, of virtual objects, games, and animations within the real world.
2017). Like the aforementioned ARToolKit system, it allows for
video tracking capabilities that calculate a camera's position
3.1 Key technologies on A/V reality and orientation relative to physical markers in real time,
however the library is not an open source.
In this section, it is possible to establish the key technologies
on A/V reality, based on the findings of this review. OsgART is a C++ cross-platform development library that
Particularly, we define the key elements that devices need in simplifies the development of AR or mixed reality applications
order to improve their applications in industrial systems. (A/V reality). It combines computer vision-based tracking
Important elements are the “cloud” and the IoT. A/V devices libraries (e.g. ARToolKit, ARToolKitPlus, SSTT) with the 3D

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graphics library OpenSceneGraph. The library provides
various options, including: i) high level integration of video
input, ii) spatial registration and iii) photometric registration.
Finally, Vuforia is an AR software development kit (SDK) for
mobile devices that creates AR applications. It uses Computer
Vision technology to recognize and track planar images and
simple 3D objects. This image registration capability allows
developers to position and orient virtual objects, such as 3D
models and other media, in relation to real world images when
these are viewed through the camera of a mobile device. The
systems’ key features are: i) recognize and track a broader set
of objects, ii) create image targets with the Vuforia Target
Manager using JPG or PNG images in RGB or grayscale, iii)
support both iOS and Android and iv) support a variety of 2D
and 3D target types such as cylinders, boxes and text.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: WHAT ARE THE
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF A/V REALITY IN
MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS?
The literature review highlights that A/V reality is a
technology welcomed in manufacturing. In this section of the
paper, we will try to solve our research question and then
analyse the main applications. Figure 3 shows that virtual
training (22%) and maintenance (19%) are the main fields of
application. An AR technology for remote maintenance has
been developed in order to support technicians and workers. It
has been implemented using a cloud-based service oriented
system, which enables the exchange of information, and
therefore records breakdowns and related instructions
provided by experts (Mourtzis, Zogopoulos and Vlachou,
2017).
Fig. 3. Mapping of A/V application in the manufacturing
sector
Syberfeldt et al., who also recognised maintenance issues,
proposed to adopt AR smart glasses in order to overcome
them. The advantages in adopting smart glasses are that they
provide information necessary to handle a specific situation or
work task optimally in real time. Authors underline that the
vast range of smart glasses on the market creates confusions
for the companies who would like to invest in the technology,
as choosing a product is a complicated and time-consuming
activity, which involves identifying the best solution for a
specific problem and, if not carried out correctly, can lead to
unnecessary costs (Syberfeldt, Danielsson and
Gustavsson, 2017). Foursa et al. developed a platform,
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which aims not only to improve maintenance but also to
customize production. This process controls the production
plants by a distributed learning agent platform, it uses an
innovative mechatronic approach, widespread A/V reality
which when applied to a manufacturing plant can foresee
maintenance and diagnose errors. A prototype of the project
has been installed in order to understand how it can integrate
humans, machines and robots in the production processes
(Foursa et al., 2006). Romero et al., mainly focus on
“diagnostic intelligence” based on the application of
real-time sensor data on machine or product
performance. The scope is to provide information at
operation and enterprise levels, through AR. It gives
a view of the current state of the workstations and
production lines thanks to a continuous update on
production KPIs. This data monitors, identifies,
analyses, diagnoses and resolves problems and
flaws in real time with the aim of increasing
operational efficiency (Romero et al., 2016). Many
articles analyse the combination between A/V
reality and simulation techniques. Bearing this in mind,
Streusand et al. developed an application based on simulation
and virtual reality to plan robots’ paths. The application also
takes into account computer-aided drawing (CAD) and the
suite MATLAB (Streusand, Steuben and Turner, 2010). While
Hutabarat et al. and Turner et al. in their works propose a
combination of A/V reality and discrete event simulation
(DES). This combination carried out a matched technology,
which aims to improve decision-making. This work describes
how feedback loops are feasible from real world systems
directly into a simulation model to guide smart behaviour.
These loops consider both shop floor and human interaction
(Hutabarat et al., 2016). Turner et al. analyse the current state
of VR and DES in order to investigate its degree of application
and advantages and limitations for potential users. Finally,
virtual reality and DES are examined with respect to smart
factories in terms of VR DES integration, DES model
validation, and verification with VR and application
development (Turner et al., 2016). Regarding virtual training,
Hořejší aims to develop a virtual supporting tool based on
cheap and easily implemented technologies. The system
adopts a conventional web camera focused on an employee at
a specific workstation. The camera captures the image of a
characteristic marker put on the assembly table. According to
the marker position, the software defines a plan and transpose
data adding virtual 3D model instructions to the real image.
The final image is presented on a monitor placed in front of
the worker. This approach can be applied in many areas: i)
layout planning and prototyping, ii) training and iii) logistics
(Hořejší, 2015). Hahn et al., propose an assistance system
based on AR for teaching employees the assembly process of
printed circuit boards. The system operates using smart glasses
and four characteristic markers and by looking at QR-Codes,
the system highlights a component’s retrieval location and
installation point in the user’s field of vision. The study applied
in a real company resulted in an errorless performance by each
individual employee (Hahn, Ludwig and Wolff, 2015). An
effective support of on-the-job training requires A/V reality
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technologies. As a matter of fact, these technologies are
becoming an integral part of companies (Blümel, 2013)
regarding decision making purposes. A framework based on
AR and connected smart objects has been developed. The AR
user interface of each object makes it possible to interact with
heterogeneous objects on the grid, yet still allows each object
to have a unique interface that fits its function. The working
data and definitions of smart objects allow for resource
discovery, searching, and matching algorithms to categorize
resources on the grid for users with different needs (Yew, Ong
and Nee, 2016). Finally, some publications address the areas
of product design and production. Mourtzis et al. developed a
product configuration tool for customers based on AR, this
allows companies to target new markets and re-configure and
design new products based on information collected by
customers. AR technology makes it possible to edit features
such as selection of colours and materials, addition of new
components and features based on company constrains. The
advanced visualisation and adapting functions of AR make it
a “design-by–non-designers” tool. Furthermore, customers
can see the virtual product in situ allowing them to evaluate its
appearance and functions and its interaction with other non
virtual products in a tangible setting (Mourtzis et al., 2016).
With respect to production, Rice et al., present a dynamic
system to support the electrical wiring assembly of
commercial aircraft. The system is designed in order to
increase the operators’ productivity through the integration of
wearable, mobile and fixed devices, which allow the wireless
communication with a system server. Furthermore, it improves
the efficiency of wire assembly with minimal changes to the
factory environment. So the augmented system helps factory
operators navigate a wiring plan akin to a GPS guidance
system (Rice et al., 2015). We assume that almost the whole
area of industrial engineering systems are covered by these
papers. Clearly, some of them are more thoroughly
investigated with respect to others. The following table shows
the areas covered by A/V reality in the industrial engineering
system domain.
Table 3. Areas covered by A/V reality in the industrial
systems engineering domain
Areas Coverage
Design of industrial systems
Product design X retrieving the data corresponding to the object analysed in the
Process design
Logistics X to select the content to show the user properly, based on his
Management of production systems X demands and situations that occur. The type of information
Maintenance X that would be possible to obtain are text files, images, audio
Safety of production systems X files, movies and so on. The contents provided by the software
Maintenance and virtual training are the fields most frequently
addressed. Virtual training is present in many applications and
is mainly used to improve production systems safety and
support workers in assembly tasks. Furthermore, many papers
studied the use of smart glasses technology in A/V reality as
well as their performance in an immersive environment. Many
papers cover decision support, which improves the
management of production systems through acquisition,
monitoring and configuring of data and KPIs. Finally, very few
papers concentrate on logistics and product design. The
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“design of industrial systems” and “process designed” are not
yet addressed. To summarize, the main advantages resulting
from the application of A/V reality are:
• Production plant control and error diagnostics;
• Safety and security of production systems;
• Improvement of planning activities including
resource matching;
• Product design and reconfiguration;
• Provision of required information at operational and
enterprise level;
• Improvement of cooperation between humans and
machine;
• Teaching workers complex tasks in a safer manner to
increase their productivity.
The literature shows that safety and security have been
identified as areas with considerable potentials. Working
environment is quite often a source of potentials risks and
threat even when some apparently free-risk activities are
engaged. Overconfidence, poor procedure enforcement, lacks
in control are the main source of industrial risk. A/V reality
application can be adopted to build a safer environment by
promoting a better interaction among man and technology and
among men in the working environment. These applications
should be able to support workers in an effective manner.
Basically, there are many different ways to carry out the
environment’s analysis: NFC tags, geolocation and image
recognition. Obviously, these identification methods may be
combined together and when the software recognizes the
object, it interacts with a server and accesses a database,
form of links to hypertext files. The application must be able
can be used for three different purposes: descriptive, alarmist
and simulation. In the first case, the user would mostly use the
image recognition service, whereby he can visualize in real-
time information about the scanned object (descriptions,
attributes, technical features and so on) on his device. In this
way, virtual data could be placed on the real image creating an
augmented reality content management system. A further way
to get data is NFC technology. NFC tags, in fact, have
sufficient memory to contain different types of files and when
the user approaches the device to the label, the application
begins the process of reading, displaying the information
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inside it. The strength of this system is that does not require
interaction with a server, but only a device that is equipped of
the appropriate chip. The proposed application is able, also, to
detect QR code applied on the dangerous good in order to
speed-up the identification process without using expensing
labelling systems. The alarm function involves geolocation
service, which is useful when the worker is close to a
dangerous area or object and must be notified immediately.
The software alerts the user when he is located within a
hazardous area or even when he is close to a specific object
under a special con (i.e. a crane is overload). The information
provided in this way have a high priority level and are mostly
warnings and procedures. Third scenario is “simulation” in this
case a simple but effective simulation of the consequences of
an operation is performed in real time and results are shown
superimposed to the real images. In this way the level of a
liquid in a tank after a refill procedure will be shown as a mark
in the tank image, the temperature of a chemical reaction after
a reagent mixing procedure will be prompted over the reactor
vessel, the stress level of a structure will be highlighted
immediately. Exploiting the database’s structure, the
application can signal several levels of danger that grow in
function of the distance from the area or the object and is able
to provide different levels of alarm related to them. The best
solution to achieve this product is the adoption of hierarchical
contents, which can be shown on the device in different ways
depending on their importance. Consequently, the application
is able to obtain information on the user's request (active
mode) when it comes to content with a low priority level, but
it can also receive notifications automatically (passive mode)
for high priority level contents. The active use of the
application can provide information such as handling safety
procedure, technical specifications and safety tips (e.g. the
most appropriate personal protective equipment), while
passive use is useful for receiving notices regarding the risks
related to a workspace and its contents (radioactive materials,
flammable materials, suspended loads, etc.). Moreover, the use
of both passive and active mode would allow the app to receive
instant warning messages in emergencies and to obtain
information about the procedures to start, by consulting a set
of protocols divided according to the type of situation. Harbor
cranes could be equipped with Wi-Fi connected strain gauges
in order to provide stress monitoring over crane parts (i.e.
boom, jib, etc.) and warn about possible collapse risks by
feeding a digital twin with strain data and stress limits.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The purpose of this study was to lead a literature review in
order to investigate the current stare of A/V reality
technologies and their practical application in the industrial
systems engineering domain. Based on the findings of this
review, it is possible to establish an overview of the
predominant A/V reality characteristics. The literature review
highlights that A/V reality are technologies welcomed in
manufacturing, and these solutions have been tested in real
industrial settings. Immersive A/V reality technologies open
up the possibility of new ways to interact with the workers, the
shop floor and the whole enterprise. Workers strengthen their
perception of the product and its processes becoming an active
636
part of the manufacturing decision-making as they influence
the design of the manufacturing network. Future endeavours
could focus on integrating A/V reality technologies and other
contemporary systems, increasing collaboration and
developing models for more detailed evaluation; with this in
mind authors have started to work on an A/V reality
application to improve safety in the joinery/carpentry sector
towards the adoption of smart glasses “GlassUp F4”; this is a
hands free wearable device designed to push boundaries in
industrial field.
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