ET3002: Electromagnetics 2018

Lecture 5: Electromagnetic Systems

Lecturer: Scribes:

Note: LaTeX template courtesy of UC Berkeley EECS dept.

Disclaimer: These notes have not been subjected to the usual scrutiny reserved for formal publications.
They may be distributed outside this class only with the permission of the Instructor.

5.1 Steady currents in the presence of magnetic materials

The force on a charge Q traveling at velocity v in a magnetic field of flux density B is given by the below
mentioned equation.

F = Qv × B (5.1)

As one can predict the force on the particle will be in a direction perpendicular to the direction of its
movement. Therefore, there will not be any change in the velocity. In contrast to that, in an electric field of
E, the force QE on a moving charged particle will be in the direction of its motion.
The movement of charges creates a current. The movement of charges at a constant velocity creates a steady
state current. Since the velocity of the current is un affected by the magnetic field the current remains
constant.

5.2 Forces in magnetic fields

If a current I is traveling in a conductor in the direction dL in the presence of a magnetic field B, the force
F is given by the below equation.

˛ ˛
F= IdL × B = −I B × dL (5.2)

5.2.1 Force on a straight conductor filament in a presence of a magnetic field

If we consider a straight conductor filament L (which has a magnitude and a direction), then the force is
given by:

F = IL × B (5.3)

Example: A square loop of wire in the xy-plane carrying 2 mA is subjected to a non-uniform magnetic field
−6
B = 3×10
x az T.

5-1
5-2 Lecture 5: Electromagnetic Systems

Figure 5.1: Square loop

5.2.2 Force and torque on a closed circuit

The force exerted on a conductor carrying a current I in the presence of a uniform magnetic field B is given
by the following formula.

˛
F = −IB × dL (5.4)

The resultant force on a closed circuit carrying a direct current is zero. However, there can be a torque that
is applied on this closed circuit. If we have two systems as given in the below diagram. The torque at the
origin for the left system is given by:

T=R×F (5.5)

Then the torque for the system on the right is given by:

T = R 1 × F1 + R 2 × F2 , (5.6)

where, F1 + F2 = 0
The torque on a planer loop having vector area S, in the presence of a uniform magnetic field B is given by
the following equation:

T = IS × B (5.7)

Example: A loop has dimensions of 1m by 2m and lies on the xy-plane. It is subjected to a uniform magnetic
field B = 0.6ay + 0.8azT. The loop current is 4mA. Find the torque associated.
Lecture 5: Electromagnetic Systems 5-3

5.3 Electromagnetic induction for stationary magnetic media

Flux linkage is defined as the product of the number of turns N and the flux φ linking them.

5.3.1 Self-inductance

It is the ratio of the flux linkage N φ to the current I flowing in the N -turn coil.

Nφ
L= (5.8)
I

This equation is only valid for magnetic material which are linear.
Example: Calculate the inductance inside a coaxial cable having dimensions as given below. Assume a
current I flows in the inner conductor and the space between the two conductors is filled with air.

Figure 5.2: Coaxial cable dimensions

5.3.2 Internal inductance

The internal inductance of a long, straight wire of circular cross section of radius a for a uniform current
distribution is given below.

µ
La,int = H/m (5.9)
8π

5.3.3 Mutual inductance

Suppose we have a two magnetic circuits, where there is mutual linkage. Then the mutual inductance
between circuits 1 and 2, M12 , is given by the following equation.

N2 φ12
M12 = (5.10)
I1

Here, φ12 is the flux produced by the current I1 which links the path of the filamentary current I2 . N2 is
the number of turns in circuit 2.
5-4 Lecture 5: Electromagnetic Systems

Then the following is also true.

M12 = M21 (5.11)

5.4 Faraday’s and Faraday-Lenz law

5.4.1 Faraday’s Law

A time-varying magnetic field produces an electromotive force (emf) that may establish a current in a suitable
closed circuit. An electromotive force is merely a voltage that arises from conductors moving in a magnetic
field or from changing magnetic fields. Faraday’s law in equation form can be stated as below:

dφ
emf = − (5.12)
dt

The time varying magnetic flux can result from:

1. A time-changing flux linking a stationary closed path

2. Relative motion between a steady flux and a closed path

3. A combination of the two

5.4.2 Lenz’s law

The negative sign of the above equation indicates that the emf is produced in a direction to generate a
current whose flux will be in opposite direction to the original flux.
If we have an N -turn filamentary conductor, the emf is given by the following equation. φ is now interpreted
as the flux passing through any one of N coincident paths.

dφ
emf = −N (5.13)
dt

5.4.3 emf on closed stationary path

When the path is stationary, we can have the below relationship for the electric field generated by the change
in magnetic flux density.

∂B
∇×E=− (5.14)
∂t

Example: Suppose there is a simple time varying magnetic field having the below density.

B = B0 exp (kt) az (5.15)

Lecture 5: Electromagnetic Systems 5-5

This field is present within a cylindrical region ρ < b. In this equation B0 is a constant. Find the electric
field induced by this magnetic field.

5.5 Motional electric field intensity Em

Consider a sliding conductor bar on a U-shaped conductor bar as shown in the below figure.

Figure 5.3: Sliding bar

The force on unit charge inside the sliding bar is called the motional electric field intensity Em .

Em = v × B (5.16)

Ex: Within a certain region,  = 10−11 F/m and µ = 10−5 H/m. If Bx = 2 × 10−4 cos 105 t sin 10−3 y T:

1. use ∇ × H =  ∂E
∂t to find E

2. find the total magnetic flux passing through the surface x = 0, 0 < y < 40m, 0 < z < 2m, at1µs
3. find the value of the closed line integral of E around the perimeter of the given surface.

5.6 The displacement current.

The point form of Ampere’s circuital law has the following form for steady magnetic fields.

∇×H=J (5.17)

If we take the divergence of the above equation we get,

5-6 Lecture 5: Electromagnetic Systems

∇·∇×H=∇·J . (5.18)
This implies ∇ · J = 0, since the left hand side is identically zero.
However, according to the equation of continuity,

∂ρv
∇·J=− (5.19)
ρt

Therefore, Equation (5.18) should be amended before we can use it for time varying fields.
Then the Ampere’s circuit law in point form for time-varying fields is given as:

∂D
∇×H=J+ (5.20)
∂t
∂D
The term ∂t is known as the displacement current density, Jd
The time varying version of Ampere’s circuital law is given by the below equation.

˛ ˆ
∂D
H · dL = I + Id = I + · dS (5.21)
S ∂t

This Id is the displacement current.

Ex: Find the amplitude of the displacement current density:

1. Adjacent to an automobile
 antenna where the magnetic field intensity of an FM signal is Hx =

0.15 cos 3.12 3 × 108 t − y A/m;


2. in the air space at a point within a large power distribution transformer where B = 0.8 cos 1.257 × 106 3 × 108 t − x ay
T;
√

3. within a large oil filled power capacitor where r = 5 and E = 0.9 cos 1.257 × 10−6 3 × 108 t − z 5 ax


References
[William2012] W. H. Hayt and J. A. Buck, “Engineering Electromagnetics 8th Edition,” Mc Graw-Hill,
2012, ISBN 978-0-07-338066-7.