Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Figure 8.2

REPLICATION FORK

1) In Figure 8.2, base 2 is attached to 1)

A) deoxyribose.
B) thymine.
C) phosphate.
D) ribose.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

1
 Figure 8.4

2) In Figure 8.4, the antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the 50S ribosome as shown. From this 2)
information you can conclude that chloramphenicol
A) prevents translation in eukaryotes.
B) prevents mRNA-ribosome binding.
C) prevents translation in prokaryotes.
D) prevents transcription in prokaryotes.
E) prevents transcription in eukaryotes.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

2
 Figure 8.1

3) In Figure 8.1, which colonies are streptomycin-resistant and leucine-requiring? 3)

A) 5 and 6
B) 4, 6, and 8
C) 1, 2, 3, and 9
D) 4 and 8
E) 3 and 9
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

3
 Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway

Gene a Gene b

Enzyme A Enzyme B

Compound A Compound B Compound C

4) In Figure 8.3, if enzyme A is an inducible enzyme, 4)

A) compound C would bind to the repressor.
B) compound B would bind to enzyme A.
C) compound A would bind to the repressor.
D) compound C would react with gene a.
E) compound A would react with enzyme B.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

5) A gene is best defined as 5)

A) three nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
B) a transcribed unit of DNA.
C) a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product.
D) a sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product.
E) a segment of DNA.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

6) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? 6)

A) DNA ligase — joins segments of DNA
B) RNA polymerase — makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA template
C) DNA polymerase — makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template
D) DNA gyrase — coils and twists DNA
E) transposase — insertion of DNA segments into DNA
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

4
7) Which of the following statements regarding a bacterium that is R+ is FALSE? 7)
A) It possesses a plasmid.
B) R+ can be transferred to a cell of the same species.
C) R+ can be transferred to a different species.
D) It is F+ .
E) It is resistant to certain drugs and heavy metals.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

8) Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation 8)

A) transfers DNA vertically, to new cells.
B) replicates DNA.
C) copies RNA to make DNA.
D) transfers DNA horizontally, to cells in the same generation.
E) transcribes DNA to RNA.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

9) Assume the two E.coli strains shown below are allowed to conjugate. 9)

Hfr: pro+ , arg+ , his+ , lys+ , met+ , ampicillin-sensitive

F: pro- , arg- , his- , lys- , met-, ampicillin-resistant

What supplements would you add to glucose minimal salts agar to select for a recombinant cell
that is lys+ , arg+ , amp-resistant?
A) ampicillin, proline, histidine, methionine
B) ampicillin, prolein, histidine, lysine
C) ampicillin, lysine, arginine
D) proline, histidine, methionine
E) lysine, arginine
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

5
10) According to the operon model, for the synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur, the 10)
A) substrate must bind to the enzyme.
B) substrate must bind to the repressor.
C) repressor must bind to the operator.
D) end-product must not be in excess.
E) repressor must not be synthesized.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

11) The mechanism by which the presence of arabinose controls the arabinose operon is 11)
A) repression.
B) catabolite repression.
C) DNA polymerase.
D) translation.
E) induction.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

12) An enzyme that copies DNA to make a molecule of RNA is 12)

A) DNA polymerase.
B) transposase.
C) RNA polymerase.
D) DNA ligase.
E) DNA helicase.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

6
 Table 8.2

Codon on mRNA and corresponding amino acid

UUA leucine UAA nonsense
GCA alanine AAU sparagine
AAG lysine UGC cysteine
GUU valine UCG, UCU serine

13) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is 13)
serine-alanine-lysine-leucine, what is the order of bases in the sense strand of DNA?
A) 3’ AGACGTTTCAAT
B) 3’ UGUGCAAAGUUA
C) 3’ TCTCGTTTGTTA
D) 5’ TGTGCTTTCTTA
E) 5’ AGAGCTTTGAAT
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

14) Which of the following statements is FALSE? 14)

A) The lagging strand of DNA is started by an RNA primer.
B) DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial chromosome.
C) Multiple replication forks are possible on a bacterial chromosome.
D) The leading strand of DNA is made continuously.
E) DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in one direction only.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

15) Which of the following statements about bacteriocins is FALSE? 15)

A) The genes coding for them are on plasmids.
B) They cause food-poisoning symptoms.
C) Bacteriocins kill bacteria.
D) Nisin is a bacteriocin used as a food preservative.
E) They can be used to identify certain bacteria.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

7
 Table 8.1

Culture 1: F+ , leucine+ , histidine+

Culture 2: F-, leucine- , histidine-

16) In Table 8.1, if culture 1 mutates to Hfr, what will be the result of conjugation between the two 16)
cultures?
A) They will both remain the same.
B) 1 will remain the same;
recombination will occur in 2
C) 1 will become F- , leu+ , his+ ;
2 will become Hfr, leu+, his+
D) 1 will become F+ , leu+ , his+ ;
2 will become F+ , leu+ , his+
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

8
 Figure 8.5

17) In Figure 8.5, which model of the lac operon correctly shows RNA polymerase, lactose, and 17)
repressor protein when the structural genes are being transcribed?
A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

18) The cancer gene ras produces mRNA containing an extra exon that includes a number of UAA 18)
codons. Cancer cells produce ras mRNA missing this exon. This mistake most likely is due to a
mistake by
A) UV radiation.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) snRNPs.
D) photolyases.
E) a chemical mutagen.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

9
19) The damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is 19)
A) repaired during transcription.
B) repaired during translation.
C) cut out and replaced.
D) never repaired.
E) repaired by DNA replication.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

20) Repair of damaged DNA might be viewed as a race between an endonuclease and 20)
A) DNA ligase.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) helicase.
D) primase.
E) methylase.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway

Gene a Gene b

Enzyme A Enzyme B

Compound A Compound B Compound C

21) In Figure 8.3, if compound C reacts with the allosteric site of enzyme A, this would exemplify 21)
A) transcription.
B) feedback inhibition.
C) a mutation.
D) repression.
E) competitive inhibition.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

10
22) Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by 22)
A) transduction.
B) conjugation.
C) transformation.
D) mutation.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

23) Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is stopped by the 23)

A) substrate binding to the repressor.
B) end product binding to the promoter.
C) corepressor binding to the operator.
D) corepressor-repressor complex binding to the operator.
E) allosteric transition.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Table 8.1

Culture 1: F+ , leucine+ , histidine+

Culture 2: F-, leucine- , histidine-

24) In Table 8.1, what will be the result of conjugation between cultures 1 and 2? 24)
A) 1 will remain the same;
2 will become F+ , leucine- , histidine-
B) 1 will become F- , leu- , his- ;
2 will remain the same
C) 1 will become F- , leu+ , his+ ;
2 will become F+ , leu- , his-
D) 1 will remain the same;
2 will become F+ and recombination may occur
E) 1 will remain the same;
2 will become F+ , leu+ , his+
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

11
25) The mechanism by which the presence of glucose inhibits the arabinose operon is 25)
A) catabolite repression.
B) repression.
C) DNA polymerase.
D) translation.
E) induction.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Table 8.2

Codon on mRNA and corresponding amino acid

UUA leucine UAA nonsense
GCA alanine AAU sparagine
AAG lysine UGC cysteine
GUU valine UCG, UCU serine

26) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is 26)
serine-alanine-lysine-leucine, the coding for the antisense strand of DNA is
A) 5’ ACAGTTTCAAT.
B) 5’ TCTGCAAAGTTA.
C) 3’ TCACGUUUCAAU.
D) 3’ UGUGCAAAGUUA.
E) 3’ UCUCGAAAGUUA.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

27) An enzyme that catalyzes the cutting and resealing of DNA, and is translated from insertion 27)
sequences, is
A) RNA polymerase.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) transposase.
D) DNA ligase.
E) DNA helicase.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

12
28) The initial effect of ionizing radiation on a cell is that it causes 28)
A) bonding between adjacent thymines.
B) DNA to break.
C) base substitutions.
D) the cells to get hot.
E) the formation of highly reactive ions.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway

Gene a Gene b

Enzyme A Enzyme B

Compound A Compound B Compound C

29) In Figure 8.3, if enzyme A is a repressible enzyme, compound C would 29)

A) bind to the enzyme.
B) bind to RNA polymerase.
C) bind to gene a.
D) always be in excess.
E) bind to the corepressor.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

30) Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription? 30)

A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) a new strand of DNA
E) None of the answers are correct; all of these are products of transcription.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

13
31) Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to the process in prokaryotes in that both eukaryotes and 31)
prokaryotes
A) require snRNPS.
B) use codons to determine polypeptide sequences.
C) have exons.
D) have introns.
E) use methionine as the “start” amino acid.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

32) The miRNAs in a cell 32)

A) are responsible for inducing operons.
B) allow different cells to produce different proteins.
C) are found in prokaryotic cells.
D) are a part of the prokaryotic ribosome.
E) are a part of the eukaryotic ribosome.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Table 8.2

Codon on mRNA and corresponding amino acid

UUA leucine UAA nonsense
GCA alanine AAU sparagine
AAG lysine UGC cysteine
GUU valine UCG, UCU serine

33) Refer to Table 8.2 The anticodon for valine is 33)

A) GUU. B) CUU. C) CAA. D) CTT. E) GTA.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

14
 Figure 8.2

REPLICATION FORK

34) In Figure 8.2, if base 4 is thymine, what is base 11'? 34)

A) guanine B) uracil C) thymine D) adenine E) cytosine
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

15
 Table 8.2

Codon on mRNA and corresponding amino acid

UUA leucine UAA nonsense
GCA alanine AAU sparagine
AAG lysine UGC cysteine
GUU valine UCG, UCU serine

35) Refer to Table 8.2. What is the sequence of amino acids encoded by the following sequence of bases 35)
in a strand of DNA?

3’ ATTACGCTTTGC

A) asparagine-arginine-lysine-alanine
B) asparagine-cysteine-valine-serine
C) leucine-arginine-lysine-alanine
D) Translation would stop at the first codon.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

36) An enzyme produced in response to the presence of a substrate is called a(n) 36)
A) promoter.
B) restriction enzyme.
C) repressible enzyme.
D) inducible enzyme.
E) operator.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

37) If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you 37)
determine with the most accuracy?
A) the primary structure of the protein
B) the secondary structure of the protein
C) the tertiary structure of the protein
D) the quaternary structure of the protein
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

16
38) Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell 38)
A) by cell-to-cell contact.
B) by sexual reproduction.
C) as naked DNA in solution.
D) by crossing over.
E) by a bacteriophage.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Table 8.3

Amino Acids Encoded by the Human p53 Gene

39) Based on the information in Table 8.3, prostate cancer is probably the result of which kind of 39)
mutation?
A) nonsense
B) analog
C) missense
D) frameshift
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

17
40) An enzyme that makes covalent bonds between nucleotide sequences in DNA is 40)
A) DNA polymerase.
B) DNA ligase
C) RNA polymerase.
D) transposase.
E) DNA helicase.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

41) DNA is constructed of 41)

A) a single strand of nucleotides with internal hydrogen bonding.
B) two complementary strands of nucleotides bonded A—C and G—T.
C) two strands of identical nucleotides with hydrogen bonds between them.
D) two strands of nucleotides running antiparallel.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

42) The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA 42)
polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus, and the template is from a human cell. The DNA
synthesized would be most similar to
A) human DNA.
B) T. aquaticus DNA.
C) a mixture of human and T. aquaticus DNA.
D) human RNA.
E) T. aquaticus RNA.
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

18
 Table 8.2

Codon on mRNA and corresponding amino acid

UUA leucine UAA nonsense
GCA alanine AAU sparagine
AAG lysine UGC cysteine
GUU valine UCG, UCU serine

43) Refer to Table 8.2. If a frameshift mutation occurred in the sequence of bases shown below, what 43)
would be the sequence of amino acids coded for?

3’ ATTACGCTTTGC

A) asparagine-cysteine-valine-serine
B) leucine-arginine-lysine-alanine
C) asparagine-arginine-lysine-alanine
D) Translation would stop at the first codon.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: E
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

19
 Figure 8.2

REPLICATION FORK

44) In Figure 8.2, if base 4 is thymine, what is base 4'? 44)

A) thymine B) cytosine C) adenine D) uracil E) guanine
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

45) When glucose is high, cAMP is _____ : CAP _____ bind the lac operator, and RNA polymerase 45)
_____ bind the lac promoter.
A) high; does not; does
B) low; does not; does not
C) high; does; does
D) low; does not; does
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

46) Bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes. 46)

Answer: True False
Explanation:

20
 47) Transposition results in the formation of base substitution mutations in a cell’s DNA. 47)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

48) Cell-to-cell contact is required for transduction to occur. 48)

Answer: True False
Explanation:

49) Open-reading frames are segments of DNA in which both start and stop codons are found. 49)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

50) In the Ames test, any colonies that form on the control should be the result of spontaneous 50)
mutations.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

51) Both base substitution and frameshift mutations can result in the formation of premature stop 51)
codons.
Answer: True False
Explanation:

52) The miRNAs in a cell inhibit protein synthesis by forming complementary bonds with rRNA. 52)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

53) Some organisms may contain multiple genomes. 53)

Answer: True False
Explanation:

54) Mutations that are harmful to cells occur more frequently than those that benefit cells. 54)
Answer: True False
Explanation:

55) Recombination will always alter a cell’s genotype. 55)

Answer: True False
Explanation:

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

56) Why must the cultures used in the Ames test be auxotrophic? Explain the necessity of using a strain that is
mutated in this experiment.
Answer:

57) Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade. Using your
knowledge of genetics, describe how bacterial populations can develop drug resistance in such a short time
frame.
Answer:

21
58) What is the survival value of the degeneracy of the genetic code?
Answer:

59) What is the survival value of the semiconservative replication of DNA?

Answer:

60) Explain why the following statement is false: Sexual reproduction is the only mechanism for genetic change.
Answer:

22
Answer Key
Testname: C8

1) A
2) C
3) D
4) C
5) C
6) B
7) D
8) D
9) A
10) B
11) E
12) C
13) A
14) B
15) B
16) B
17) D
18) C
19) C
20) E
21) B
22) E
23) D
24) A
25) A
26) B
27) C
28) E
29) E
30) D
31) B
32) B
33) C
34) C
35) D
36) D
37) A
38) C
39) A
40) B
41) D
42) A
43) E
44) C
45) B
46) FALSE
47) FALSE
48) FALSE
49) TRUE
50) TRUE
23
Answer Key
Testname: C8

51) TRUE
52) FALSE
53) FALSE
54) TRUE
55) TRUE
56)
57)
58)
59)
60)

24