CHAPTER-18

Probability

Experiment:
The actions of that Appear some well-defined outcomes is called
an Experiment.

Random Experiment:
An Random experiment is an experiment in which all probable
outcomes are known and we cannot predicted the accurate in advances
that is called Random Experiment.

Here is some example for your better perceive about Random

experiment.

▪ When we throw a coin on the air, The coin either a Head (H) or a Tail
(T)appears.
▪ When we throw a dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 gradually. In that case when we throw a dice the outcome is the
number that appears on its upper face of the dice

Sample Space:
Sample Space is an set S of all possible outcomes in a particular actions.

Examples:
For Coin
i) In tossing a coin on air, S = { H, T}. ii) If two coin tossed, then S = { HH,
HT, TH, TT}.
iv) For rolling a dice, S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }.
Event:
Any subset of a sample set is called an Event.

Probability of occurrence an Event:

Probability of any Event P = n(E) / n(S).

P(E) = Probability of Event.

n(E) = Total number of required outcomes.
n(S) = Total number of Possible outcomes.

Result on probability:

❖ P ( S ) = 1 ( 1 means maximum probability is always 1).

❖ P (∅) = 0 ( Maximum probability is always 0).
❖ 0 < p (E) < 1
❖ For any event X and Y, we have : P( X ∪ Y) = P (X) + (Y) – P ( X ∩ Y).
❖ P(E) = 1 – P ( E )…………………………………………….Where E bar denote
not E.

Example:
We tossed a single coin on the air and Find the probability of getting
head ?
Answer:
Here n(S) is Total number of Possible outcomes So,
S = { H, T }.
n(E) Total number of required outcomes. n(E)= 1{H}.`
P(E)Probability of Event.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 1 / 2.

Example: Two Coins are impartial way throw on air and Find the
Probability of 1 head
Answer:
Here n(S) is Total number of Possible outcomes So,
S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }.

E = Event of getting at most one head.

E = {TT, HT, TH}.
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 4.

Example:
In a Bag contains 8 White balls and 6 Black balls from that bag two balls
are taken out at random. Find the Probability that they are of the same
color ?
Answer:
Here S be the sample space So,
n(S) = Number of ways of taken out balls of ( 8 + 6 ) = 14 C 2 = ( 14 x 13 )
/ ( 2 x 1 ) = 182 / 2 = 91.
E = Event of getting both balls of the same color. Then, n( E ) = Number
of ways of drawing ( 2 balls out of 8 ) or ( 2 balls out of 6 )
= (8 c 2 + 6 c 2 ) = 8 x 7 / 2 x 1 + 6 x 5 / 2 x 1 = 56 / 2 + 30 / 2 = 28 + 15 =
43.

P( E ) = n( E ) / n ( S ) = 43 / 91 .
Example:
Find Probability of getting a total more than 7,when sequentially throw
of a pair of dice .
Answer:
Here n(S) is Total number of Possible outcomes So,
that is n(S) = ( 6 x 6 ) = 36.
Here E = Event of getting a total more than 7.

= {( 2, 6 )( 3, 5 )( 3, 6 )( 4, 4 )( 4, 5 )( 4, 6 )( 5, 3 )( 5, 4 )( 5, 5 )( 5, 6 )( 6, 2
)( 6, 3 )( 6, 4 )( 6, 5 )( 6, 6 )}
P(E)=Probability of Event.
n(E) =Total number of required outcomes.
n(S) = Total number of Possible outcomes So,

P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 15 / 36 = 5 / 12.

Example:
A dice is thrown . What is the probability that the number shown on the
dice is an divisible by 3 number?
Answer:
S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 },
n(S) = 6 .
E an number is divisible by 3 = { 3 , 6} , n ( E ) = 2 .
So , P ( E ) = n ( E ) / n( S) = 2 / 6 = 1 / 3.

Example:
A number X is chosen at random from the numbers -5, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 5.
What is the probability that (mod x<2) ?

Answer:
x can take 7 values which is Total cases is given,
To get (mod x<2) here we assume as -2<x<+2,
So we take x = (-1,0,1)
So now
P(mod x<2) = Favorable Cases / Total Cases
=3/7

Example:
What is the probability of getting a sum 9 from two throws of dice?
Answer:
In two throws of a die,,
n ( S ) = ( 6 x 6 ) = 36.
Let E = event of getting a sum 9 = {( 4, 5),( 5,4 ),( 6,3 ),( 3,6 )}
So, P( E ) = n( E ) / N( S ) = 4 / 36 = 1 / 9.
Example:
A bag contain 5 white and 4 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random.
Find the probability that they are of the same color.?
Answer:
Let S be the sample space, then
n (s) = number ways ball drawing 2 balls out of (6+4) = 9c2 = 9 x 8 / 2 x 1
= 36.
n(E) = Number of ways of drawing ( 2 balls out of 5 ) and ( 2 balls out of
4 balls )

= 5c2+4c2 = ( 5 x 4 / 2 x 1 ) + ( 4 x 3 / 2 x 1 ) = ( 10 + 6 ) = 16.
So, P ( E ) = n (e) / n ( s ) = 16 / 45 .

Example:
What is the probability of getting a sum 9 from two throws of dice?
Answer:
In two throws of a die,,
n ( S ) = ( 6 x 6 ) = 36.
Let E = event of getting a sum 9 = {( 4, 5),( 5,4 ),( 6,3 ),( 3,6 )}
So, P( E ) = n( E ) / N( S ) = 4 / 36 = 1 / 9.