Académique Documents
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(Department Of Economics)
Education Insecurity
Introduction
Terrorism is the deliberate use or threat of violence by
individuals or groups without a national target for
political or social reasons, because of the fear of a large
audience beyond the immediate victims (Enders and
Sandler 0.2012) use. This definition is consistent with
others in the literature (Hoffman, 2006; Rand 0.2012).
Violence is the hallmark of terrorism and terrorist groups
involved in the terrible attacks to create public anxiety or
repulsion. It described as terrorism, and should be a
politically motivated attack. By agents to curb terrorism
without national and above definition does not include
state terrorism, when the government terrorizes its own
people. However, the definition does not eliminate state-
sponsored terrorism, and that the confidentiality of state
aid to a terrorist group by the money, intelligence, safe
passage, or some other means. Finally, the definition
confirms that the real target of the attacks that generate
concern is wider audience. It can exert pressure on the
government of caving in to the demands of terrorists.
An analytical study of terrorism in part because scientists
like Landes William, who saw terrorists as actors
rational. This logic is based on a prediction, not a desire
to plans or targets of the terrorists. If the changes in
restrictions on the terrorists, he says, through
government policies, leading to behavioral responses to
the terrorists cannot be predicted, and the terrorists are
rational actors. Some researchers - most notably
Abrahms (2008) - wonders whether terrorists are
rational, they usually do not achieve their goal sought.
Abrahms (2008: 83) states: "I realized that in a sample of
twenty-terrorist campaigns known terrorist organizations
have a policy thousand from zero percent of the time
goals to attack civilians." On the contrary, he said Jones
and Libicki (2008) 132 campaigns that terrorist groups to
renounce terrorism and joined the political process or
achieved its goal. Although Abrahms (2008) offers
several interesting rationality and evidence is a selective
challenge to some extent.
Terrorism is an extreme and violent shock exacerbated
by human shape design. After the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001, the United States and around the
world has entered a new era in history. As far as adults
are trying to protect children from harm, and often
touched their lives through the shock, including
terrorism. It is necessary to examine and compile the
results of previous investigations into the terror and
trauma in order to guide our work in the field of mental
health with children and families, especially after the
recent terrorist events. Stress disorder and put annoying
symptoms in children affected by terrorism are high, with
the other common long-term consequences, such as
depression, anxiety, and behavioral and developmental
problems
The United States and the world entered this new phase
of history, questions about the potential impact of these
attacks was raised. One area of concern is the lack of
psychological security, while going to school, especially
with regard to children. Empirical literatures on the
psychological effects of terrorism are rare. Literature
related to children is more than that. Basically literature
is extracted from war-torn countries where terrorist acts
are more common.
Since the attacks in the United States on September 11,
2001, has tried to politicians and the public to shed light
on the factors that incite terrorism.. Bush has said (2002)
that there is a vicious cycle of marginalization and state
failure, terrorism, pointing out that for persistence of
poverty and oppression can lead to hopelessness and
despair .
Failed states have become a haven for terrorism." The
media and the audience very receptive to the argument
lines linking terrorism in the development of social,
economic and political backwardness”. As a result, and
he defended the policy, which aims to alleviate
underdevelopment, for example, measures to reduce the
social, economic or political instability burden. For
example, the then German Chancellor Gerhard
Schroeder (2003), he said. To address, the root causes of
terrorism isinsecurity. If there is a social and physical
security and guarantee, there should also the cultural
security in the region.
He revealed the causes of terrorism and get sound advice
in politics is important because terrorism is costly for the
affected countries. Even if the direct costs of terrorism
marginal, it can be political, economic, indirect costs are
large. For example, it can reduce the stability of the
government's terrorism (Gassebner et al., 2008).
Terrorism can also be a negative impact on trade and
capital and economic development of both flows (Nitsch
and Schumacher, 2004; Crane Crane and 2006) Abadi and
Gardeazabal 2008; Mirza and Verdier, 2008) and can lead
to loss of satisfaction with the individual and collective
life (Frey et al., 2009).
There is no universally accepted definition of terrorism. A
large audience usually is defined as the deliberate use of
violence and intimidation to force the society (the
government) to grant or ideologically motivated political
demands. Tactical objectives (short-term) Home
terrorism are (1) to get publicity and media attention, (2)
political instability and (3) damage to economies (eg
Tavares 2004). Among the long-term goals of terrorism is
a redistribution of power, influence and wealth (such as
Fry and Luechinger 2004). Terrorist organizations must
be objectives that can not be imposed in the normal
political process, implementation, and its members are
willing to use force. Tactical terrorist behavior (for
example, murder, hostage-taking) and then works to
achieve these strategic objectives, making violence as a
means to more abstract goals.
Individually, the terrorists must provide certain personal
attributes that enable them to carry out terrorist acts.
Organizationally, and the predominance of group leaders
and group dynamics and other factors (psychological)
also affect the terrorist behavior (see Victorov 2005).
Therefore, public opinion is often associated with
terrorism to irrationality or insanity. However, this
argument is very simple, and perhaps even wrong. And
economic point of view instead of terrorism assumes
that the terrorists are rational, so that the average
terrorist act more or less like homo economicus (Kaplan,
2006). Actors as rational a violent terrorist act to
maximize their usefulness, given some of the benefits,
costs and restrictions associated with these actions (for
example, Sandler and Enders
2004).
Methodology:
REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN (.05) POUT (.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT T
/METHOD=ENTER E I.
Regression
[DataSet0]
Variables Entered/Removed
Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 I, Eb . Enter
a. Dependent Variable: T
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
a. Predictors: (Constant), I, E
ANOVAa
Total 27.472 58
a. Dependent Variable: T
b. Predictors: (Constant), I, E
Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
a. Dependent Variable: T
The main causes of Terrorism
Injustice
Corruption
Unemployement
Lack of Education
poverty
REFERENCES:
>Madrassas, Pesantrens, and the Impact of Education on
Support for Radicalism and Terrorism
Kumar Ramakrishna
>Sociology of terrorism