MA4410 Homework 9 (Due Apr 20)

Spring 2017 - Piret

∏∞ ( ( )2 )
1. By the Weierstrass Factor Theorem we know that sinπzπz = n=1 1 − nz . From this we can deduce
a series of interesting relationships.
∏∞ ′( )
To show: sinπzπz = n=−∞ 1 − nz ez/m (where the ′ denotes that the 0th term is excluded),

∞ ( ( z )2 ) ∏ ∞ ( ∞ ′(
sin πz ∏ z)( z ) z/n −z/n ∏ z ) z/n
= 1− = 1− 1+ e e = 1− e
πz n=1
n n=1
n n n=−∞
n

∑∞ ( )
1 ′ 1 1
To show: π cot πz = z + n=−∞ z−n + n ,

• By Logarithmic Differentiation
( ∞ ′(
∑ z) z)
log sin πz − log πz = log 1 − +
n=−∞
n n
∞ ′(
∑ )
1 1 1
⇒ π cot πz = + +
z n=−∞ z − n n

• By Direct Differentiation
[ ∞ ′ ]
∏ ( z ) z/n
sin πz = 1− e (πz)
n=−∞
n
[ ∞ ′ ] ∞ ′
[ ∞ ′ ]
∏ ( z ) z/n ∑ −1/n ∏ ( z ) z/n
⇒ π cos πz = π 1− e + 1− e (πz)
n=−∞
n n=−∞
1 − z/n n=−∞ n
∞ ′
[ ∞ ′ ]
∑ 1 ∏ ( z ) z/n
+ 1− e (πz)
n=−∞
n n=−∞ n
∑∞ ′( )
1 1 1
⇒ π cot πz = + +
z n=−∞ z − n n

∑∞ 1
To show: π 2 csc2 πz = n=−∞ (z−n)2 ,

∑∞ ′( )
1 1 1
π cot πz = + +
z n=−∞ z − n n
∑∞ ′
1 −1
⇒ −π csc πz = − 2 +
2 2
z n=−∞
(z − n)2
∞
∑ 1
⇒ π 2 csc2 πz =
n=−∞
(z − n)2

1
2. With integration by parts we can show that the Laplace transform of the second derivative of a function
is related to the Laplace transform of the function itself.
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
∞
f ′′ (x)e−sx dx = e−sx f ′ (x)0 + s f ′ (x)e−sx dx = −f ′ (0) + s f ′ (x)e−sx dx
0
∫ ∞ 0
∫ ∞ 0

′ −sx −sx
Likewise, f (x)e dx = −f (0) + s f (x)e dx
0
|0 {z }
F̂ (s)
∫ ∞
Hence, f ′′ (x)e−sx dx = −f ′ (0) − sf (0) + s2 F̂ (s)
0

Note that in the above steps we took for granted that limx→∞ f (k) (x)e−sx = 0 for k = 0, 1. Why this
is a valid statement can be understood by recalling conditions we impose on a function in order for a
Laplace transform to exist:
∫ ∞ ∫ ∞
Ĝ(s) := g(x)e−sx dx exists if |g(x)|e−cx dx < ∞ for some real constant c
0 0
∫∞
The general idea is that if 0 |g ′′ (x)|e−cx dx < ∞ then g (k) (x)e−cx → 0 as x → ∞ for k = 0, 1, 2.
∫∞
3. Define F̂c (k) = 0 f (x) cos kxdx as the Fourier cosine transform of f (x).
(a) Let f (x) = e−wx with w > 0. Then
∫ ∞ ∞
(−w+ik)x e(−w+ik)x  w + ik w
F̂c (k) = Re e dx = Re  = Re 2 = 2
0 −w + ik 0 w +k 2 w + k2

(b) Let f (x) = 1/(1 + x2 ). Then

∫ ( ikz ) ( −k )
1 ∞ eikx 1 e e π
F̂c (k) = Re dx = Re 2πi Res ; z = i = Re πi = e−k
2 −∞ 1 + x2 2 1 + z2 2i 2

b
i
along the contour .
b
−i

(c) Let f (x) = (cos wx)/(1 + x2 ) with w > 0.

Then, after recalling that cos wx cos kx = 12 (cos(w + k)x + cos(w − k)x),
(∫ ∞ i|w+k|x ∫ ∞ i|w−k|x )
1 e e
F̂c (k) = Re 2
dx + 2
dx
4 −∞ 1 + x −∞ 1 + x
( ( i|k+w|z ) ( i|k−w|z ))
1 e e
= Re 2πi Res ; z = i + 2πi Res ; z = i
4 1 + z2 1 + z2
(
π −|k+w| )
= e + e−|k−w|
4

b
i
where the countour is again .
b
−i