Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1961
K
PORTER, W.
By
DISSERTATION
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
Engineering Science
in the
GRADUATE DIVISION
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Approved:
J. V. Wehausen
J. R. Paulling
^ E. Pinney
Committee in Charge
Date Librarian
) w.
Library
U. S. Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California
ABSTRACT
Page
PART A. Theoretical Development.
I. Introduction. 1
2.1 Description,, 5
3.1 Description 9
M ( 6 '!
, N ( 6 ) o 44
Q O
REFERENCES 137
APPENDICES
y = Oo 142
y = 0. 1^5
A~3<>5 E 3
7
iighi-Hanc Side of the
q - ( & } £
-'.'•" •
'
- o 1^-9
B-5 Evaluation oi of b
o
and Definition of the 3 Cp. 158
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Figure 1. The Functions A(6) and B(6). 45
cients. One might say the modern history of the problem begins with
cient and for the waveheight ratio. His result recovers the solution
ing, the numerical results are essentially the same when the water
The present paper considers the case of the more general cylin-
gravity waves. Within this framework the problem is linear and the
case of the circular cylinder, one recovers the solution of Yu. For
includes that of Tasai and is also explicit for more general cylinders
is recovered.
previous solutions can be derived from the work of the authors citedo
al measurements.
and waveheight ratio results are in agreement <> The pressure distribu-
compare favorably with the predicted values. Over a small part of the
tions was observed and was due to the particular experimental arrange-
group can be compared with those of Tasai, who used a different numeri-
cal proceduz'e. The pressure distributions and the results for certain
2,1 Description.
depth. The axis of the cylinder is in the plane of the still free
that at a distance from the cylinder takes the form of uniform pro-
lation amplitude*
and the ratio of the waveheight far from the body to the oscillation
amplitude.
force component to the mass of the displaced fluid that are functions
of body geometry and oscillation frequency only. Expressions for
2 2 The Cylinders.
formation of circles by
N
-(2n+l)
®^ -?
r-
a U* 1 2n+l I
n=0
-i©
where * I - i/i.
-i
z = x + iy = ire
— x
and Macagno [19593 use this transform with N = 2 and select a.. , a_,
* The 11- and y-axes are chosen positive down from the free surface
and the angular coordinates 9 are measured from the vertical
t
that the motion amplitudes and velocities are all sufficiently small
to reject all but linear terms. In this problem we also neglect sur-
face tension.
Kq> + |£ =
vanishes:
|*.
on the bottom y = h.
3.1 Description.
the free surface and on the bottom. The asymptotic behavior of the
is assumed for the general case. Thus the complete potential and
stream function are known and the problem is solved. Having the
a ^ %. 2m- i ^
n=0
[N
=18-
z = x + iy = xre .
,
ap -,
n
^osinG + £(-l) sin ( 2n+1 ) e
|n+l J *
n=0
p
N a
n+1
y = afocose + X(=l)
Lr 2n+1
cos(2n+l)ol
J
~4^ .
n=0 yo
x(body) = aX ,
X = X(.p Qi Q)
y(body) = aY ,
Y = Y(yO , 9)
Q
<P
S
T / T 2m ^2 m
sin (it + 3 cut + P2 cos Wt + sin wt^ +
(
msl
Ys V Y 2m Y 2m
"
w
/2m 2m
2m sin tot w cos
m ^
„.
\ Y 2m
<=*
Y 2m
ust
(p source potential
6
p„ 9 q_ expansion coefficients^
<p
?
multipole potential §
/<fl (D \
J
u ~~ - vi«,(jP»ff)
T 2m %i9 T
+ ^p
T 2m ^
w,Cx 9 y 9 h) m~l,2 9 3 9<
'2m
the bottom condition for infinite depth but does not satisfy the
.r 2m
cvx ^ , „ _ . N a„
a- .
, 2m+2n+2
_2m+2n+2 /„ _ „
K a cos(2m-l)P
.
+
^_ n 2n+l _
a n N
cos(£m+2n+l) (3
2m-
i-l
-. 2m-l ^-^
n=0
;
2m+2n+l 2m+2n+l
r
K + K*" +
*a m
+
TT" K<p ' +
37 If = ° •
p " e */2 '
2
+ sin(2s-l)u/2]/r .
condition.
13
in the case of infinite depth. The total tp_. = cp' + (p" will be
dm dm dm
adjusted to satisfy the bottom condition at finite depth in (c)
below.
OD
cp (x,y,h) =- / [c-,(k)sinh ky + c. (k)cosh k(h-y)]cos kx dk ,
3 f
o
definition
at y = .
dtp-
dm
,i
dcp
a
d<p
tt
r. u
9y §y Sy
co
cos np 1 p n-1 -ky
,
coskx dk •
~'
r~ * ~ • o
para. 12.2 Ex e 2], With this expansion, one may write for cp',when
y > o ,
Ik
CD
cp* = / L(k)e 7 cosk.T. dk
o
00,
2m f -kh i
- / L
-kLs + c,(k) k cosh kh coskx dk
u 3 -I
y=h o
COskx dk
cp
2
o
FT
osh kh - k sinh kh
N od »kh, Nl2s-2 2s „
. . , , , , .
^- z , vn > s (K+k)k
Tjr
-—- K
a sinh ky - k cosh ky ,, .
+ (,-1) a_ . £ - v,
y cos kx dk.
•
*-_ 2n+l
.
(2s-1}i
>
£ - k cosh kh
K cosh kh, , . , .
does not tend to zero for |xj ^cjd, y = 0, The associated standing-
w
wave potential cp_ is shown below to combine with the multipole to
Since <p» (r,p) =^ for jxj -» as, <p (x,o,h) °»ip"(x,o,h) for
2
I x |
#• a> o It is shown in Appendix A-l that the following asymptotic
expansion holds:
15
cosh K (h-y)
(p^Cx^yjh) -^ - E
2m cosh°K h
sinK ol X l
aS l*| ->od ,
and
cp"(x,o,h)
2 * *
~ - E_
2m
sinK
o
x as x -» ao ,
where .
T 2m 2m
K a
2.TI
E_ (K a,K h) = +
2m o o 2K h + sinh 2K h (2m-l)»
o o
2s
N a. _ K 2s
n 2n+l o a
+ Z (-D (2s-l)J
n=0
K = K tanh K h .
o o
as |
x | -> od with an appropriate harmonic function of time, is
./.
To determine c_ , consider
2m'
w
<P- cos cot + ip_ sin cot] ^ <p" (x.o.h)cos cot + ip" (x.o.h)sin out as Ixl -*od,
y=0
By defining
c« ~ E^ /cosh K h
2m 2nr
w
cp
0-r>
sin
' o)t = cp _ cos (tit ,
'2m 2m
CD CD
Z *2m ^ 2m c°s <^ + 92 m sina,t) + I q 2m (<P 2m sin (tit - <p* cos «t) .
m=l m-1
x > is
, , CD CD
rj^- — 7
il=—
g dt g
7 p, E cos (K x-a>t)
2m
m „-,
o
=
g ^ q-a
2m
E sin (K x»U)t)
o
.
GO
fflsl
f (z) = + ±Y
2m *2m 2m
N
, >m 2m -2m v s -2 s , m iK 2m -(2m-l)
/•
= (-1) a z + 2.
~
• t \
C-l)a_ / t \
,(-1)
^n+X
z
,
-(-1)N
,— -=-a
2m-l
z
n-0
n=0
7 (-l)
z
S^ 1;
n
a (~1)
2n+3>
1;
B — —
2s-l
a
2s
z°
(2s ° 1)
-
K ccshkh- k sinh kh
o
-W , v w w .
and Y 2m + 1 y-
f_ (z) = ip»
2m 2m J
= c_ cosh K (h+i z)
£m o
00 . ,
J
m=l
qo -ky ,
T, co -ax, _ .
£ '***** ne-^einKx- / e (m c
°g *7 - K sin m P dm
£ dk . .
o o m + K
It is easily seen from the form on the right that this satisfies
18
Thorne [1953],
GD
/ [c. (k)sinh ky + Cp(k)cosh k(h-y)] cos kx dk .
convergence.
given that
c
2
(k) = - C;L (k) K coshkh - k sinh kh
'
term
> "k
/
*
e
^
C
g
K-k
S **
dk + 7 c n (k)
1 J - g
[sinh ky
C0S *
^^l
K ccsh kh-k sinh kh
cos kx dk
. . .
o o
-kh
!
c,(k) =
1 K=k coshkh
given firsto
19
2n(cosh K h)
E (K h)
s* o '
2K h + sinh 2K h
Now a is defined as
o
E
a =
o cosh K 5
(cp cos cut + cp sin cut) **> a cosh K h cos K x cos cut +
c ^s - o o ©' I
Jy-Q
may be written
E a cos [K Ixj -
'nil cut) o
20
+ r, , (h-y)
J cos K x cos cot
K cosh kh - k sinh cosh K h
,
1 i
o o
o o
ary conditions.
The form of the free surface for large x > for either
case is
, a 0)E
ti = — tt sin ( K x - cot ) .
g at g o
found from
3<ut
Re. (f (z) + jf (z))e~
j c s
where
f
c
(z) = q>
^c
+1Y c '
2-re cosh K h
cosh K (h+iz)
2K h + sinh 2K h o
f (z) = Vs + ±y
s s
ao cosh K (h+iz)
_ jf 2 elk;
* K coshkh- k sinh kh
o
21
variable z = x + iy is
gh GO
m=l
x > 0, y = 0.
gh ,-
cp(x„o
Y '
t h)
•
^ — 7"
itcoJ L s o
so
GO -,
1 d£
n ~
g at
h r- (X
~ ~T (E - 7 q,
H E,
2m dm )
sin (K x-u>t) +
rcJ L
I
s *-, o
m=l
+
2>2mE 2m COS
^o^l
This may be written
h
w
sin (Kx-cot+t)
o
22
when we define
2 2 2 2
* J(K « h) =• [E (K h) - J q_
2m
(Ka)E- (K h)] + [ T p, (Ka)E- (K h)]
5
m-1
'ii *-,
ill:
"..
2m 2m o
tan t = Z
m=l
P 5mE /(E - Z
m=l
WW
For h -^ao , we recall that E~ -» , E •» it , so that J -£> 1
r.m 8
00 -
2m
sin tot
<p
2m
cos cot
A
w y]
m=l
2m 2m
_w
vl (M sin ctt 4 N cosat)
TWttJ
body
GD cn.>
W
M(Ra 9) = 9
tp •> y p_ tp- t T q,
2m
cp
'
2ma
m=l m=
'X CD
N(Ka,Q) = (p + J_ p 2m
. * 2m 2ma 2ma
m=i m=l
23
gh
w ,
yj - -~~r (D sin cot + C cos out)
body
C CO
D(Ka,9)
'
= y
sa
+ 7 p_
*- *2m Yo
'2ma
+ 7
<£-_
q,
4
2m Y-,
T
2ma
33=1 m=l
co co
C(Ka,©) = y + 7 p, - J q^ y™
'
ca *- *2m T'25 *- *2m '2ma
m=± ma m=l
CO CD
B(Ka) a D(Ka,u/2)
9
= y ; ,+
*sa. n/2
7 p, y*
^-,^2m 2ma J
,_ + J q_
^-. H 2m Yr 2ma
^ /^
m=l
ti/2 u/2
m=l
<X CO
A(Ka) = C(Ka,Tr/2) = Y„ /o + Z /n - T lo
'caTC/2 P-5
<-*2.m Yo
'2ma tc/2 ^2m Y^
*-_ /-,
2ma7i/2
' .
m=l m=l
the cylinder surface must equal the normal velocity of the fluid
the substitutions
24
dx
ds
dy
dn
cos a
© — x
J
3n es
body
3_X _ dy_ dx J
ds " dt ds
body
= - &.x]
dt
'
body
y]
. . /-,
= —w
gh
now
- (A cos 0)t + B sin cot) = -
dv
?£
dt
aG .
body ,71/2
gh
dy_ w
= m (A cos cot + B sin out)
dt '
nojaGJ
y] =• —
gb
w
-
TlOJJ
(C coswt + D sinojt) = - t*- x]
dv
Clt
body body
gb
w
(A cos cot + B sina)t)aX.
nojaGJ
C(Ka,9) - ^1 A (Ka) = ,
GO OD
+ p 2m f 2m ~ = Y
^
m=l
2-. q 2m s 2m
m=l
ca " G Y ca7i/2
'
•
od od
x
+
2 P 2m S 2m
m=l
+
*
m=l
Wsm = Y
sa ~ G Y sau/2 *
is identically zero.
Sn A
—T
rccoJ
(A cos cot + B sin cut) = - -rr-
dt
(aG)
2V h
b o
A =
co
g
r
h
— _
n J sxn e o
„
B = —g — h—
co
2V
b
r
h
o
u JT cos e .
° w
1 A
= tan " —
-
e «
B
w Kb "FT J
""
L
o 7? I B*
amplitude
(P - Pq ) « p SJ -
p H
from the linearized form of Bernoulli's equation,, The first term
y = h c os ( cot + z)
c
h
o /
= (B coso.it- A sin oot)
2 2
VA + B
is
K
y P = -psssg—-— (A sir. cot - B cos oot) .
2 2
VA + B
^° gh
frr * 4.s = w MB
-~—+ NA ,. . , - ..
p(Ka 9 G>,:,;
, , ,
gh
^ w MA - NB .v
+ «—-~- —=-— „ -
, tt .
17
A
(--A cos cot B sinwc) .
*F 2
A^ + B
. MB -o- NA "MA . - NB •
ob -5
p = r 5-
2
y + ob -* j coy
2
A B ' A* + B*
MB -i- NA y MA ° NB Jr_
Kb
/° sh o '
A
2
« B
2
(A o '
A
2
* B
O
2 ^
/i.-.Vi *
dF = p(Ka,0,t) cosads „
N (2n+l)a^
t— ds
ds
= dx = a p cos © + 2^-1) ——— p- k
—— cos (2n+l)© d9
n-0 p
= aW(©)d©
in the form
dx = b 2^- a©
becomes
29
F = 2b /
'
p(Ka,9,t) ~ ~^-(
d9 .
Recalling the notation for the pressure introduced in the last sec-
2©gh b
p- - „__._ —_ (jj
O
sin a)t - M cos ait)
71 J O
where
N (Ka) - / '
N(Ka,©) ^Si dO .
igh b M B+N A
F(Ka-t) = .-1--J1- ~i—
2
li—
2
(A sin cut- B coswt)
** A + B
2pg.h b M A-N B
+ =„—_.«»
T
»„~~_~~
2
(^ cos ict - B siawt) e
A + B^
M B + N A r M A
F - <£.ob
-
~2™~~~~~2 y
c
""
r
^P
o
—
°T~" "T ^
- N B ,
°
' A "
+ B A + B
It is conver .
-
irma .ize the hydrodynamic force in units
per-inch immersion" )o
2icgbh ,2 _2 2. 2 _2 ojh
f & o A + B 01 AA + B o
o
30
the inertia of the mass of the body and net buoyancy at the rest
position.
Since the fluid motion, and thus the pressure on the cylin-
M B + N A
Tt , 2 *f o o
m = ^r b
2 " r it
AA
2
+ n
B
2
The asymptotic value of the added mass for large Kb in the spe-
», M B + N A
m ft o o
n.2 it .
A
2 _2
2^ P + B
fluid mass, one may use the volume of the cylinder per unit length,
31
so that the ratio of the added mass to the mass of the displaced
fluid is
§.*f - M 3 -:-
N A
m £^ ^ m
C o
° 2 2
/» « a + B
*
finite.
work done in one cycle of vertical motion and the average energy
cisoih /T
o
F = cCdy/dt)
v
The average energy flux per unit width of periodic outgoing waves
on two sides is
1.2
h
0)
2 w PS K *
32
Therefore,
2
= w
c = Gr)
o
^V
or
TCb2
/> ~r^z
A + B
•
2 2
M A - N B = 7t J /2 o
o • o
2 2
- 2 (n J /2)
2 v
>
F b
v = /> 2 ,2 «*
A
fl
+ B
The ratio
F 2
v 2tiJ »
jb o A i
+, B
2
2tiJ
2 2
A + B
F
v ?$
2 p t
2uJ
2
V 2 2
yOV-Ojy A + B
33
is designated by <p
?
and defined by
Kcp + |£ = , © = +
— ti/2 , |
x |
> b ,
fly
can be written
3^
K(p + £ = o
TayTeoT a©
. (2n+l)a .
= + (2n+l)a = + u /2
2n+l 2n+l ] t
L n=0
N
2n-j-l~i
Ka[> - Z (2»*1) V + o = +. it/2 |x| > b
L n=0
2n+ l f|= , ,
p
Simple substitution paralleling Section 3<>31(a) demonstrates that
<p
5 , like cp' (r t P), satisfies the free-surface condition for all
'2m 2m
m, n.
(2n+1)a
Y-a
*2m
= —
sin—
^ 2m0
2m —
+ Ka
sin
71
(
,
2ffl.°l)Q
(2m-l)
+
^
«=
f
.. a
%n 2n+l sin (2m+2n+l)9"
~(2m+2n+l) (2m+2n+l)
v.2m-i)p
;p
-,
n=0
n=o p
The stream function evaluated on the cylinder is used in satisfy-
N (2n+l)a
Y 2ma,,/2 ' ™-» m-1 2m-
2n+l
(2m+2n+l)
(2m-l) p n=0 (2m+2n+l) p
c
potential ((p cos tot + tp sin tot) remains as in Sections 3. 33* 3.3^+»
c s
- =mx,
tte
~Ky
J „
sin Kx «= /
oo
p e im cos my ~ K sin
~~2 ~2
my
"""'^ — ,
m '
sin tot +
o m + K
-Ky
+ Tie cos Kx cos tot
-Ky
J T, e""
*— my) ,1
(m sin my + K cos — " dmj
-ne cosKx+ / /»
—g s J
.
sin cot +
o m + K
]
+ Tie*"
y sin Kx cos tot
Tito I p 2m-
m=1
W )
coswt+ (
Vy s
+ Z
m=1
*2m
W
- )
sinwt
J
X(0)
D(Ka 9 ©) - ^?"- B(Ka) =
G
36
A(Ka) = Y + - C(Ka,u/2)
cau/2 I
m=±
P 2m T 2 /2 9
B(Ka) +
Z,«2. Y 2man/2 - D(Ka,n/2)
"W2 ,
CD
D(Ka,9) --y T q 2n Y 2ma .
m—X.
? p T X(Q)
^
m=l
2m ^n * Y ca ° G Y can/2
'
?
fa
A. q 2m
f
2m
.vT sa .^i
G
Y
T san/2 '
kok Asymptotic Value for the Added Mass and Definition of the
Free-Surface Correction*,
- •
M B + N A
% 2 O
»'2 ,
b
P
H-
n 2 2 •
A + B
37
2
m
itb
2
o - - f 2 "* 1 )^-.-.) "
2 G
t *2 /0> . M B + N A
, _ 3__ l7tb~}o/2,:> 2. o o
% " m m n .2 _.2
c® cd A » B
2
The value of m for an elliptic cylinder is nb p/2 9 from the
CD /
fined as the ratio of the added mass to the mass of the fluid dis-
work,,
38
tic cylinders valid for Kb *#> is given by Ursell [19^93 for the
infinite-depth cases
m - — pb [= log
"£ Kb
= log
"£ (1 + r-) + 0.23] •
%IT b
firms his results and extends the range of the frequency variable.
a_
2n+l
, are zero,* and po
/
- 1 is convenient in that the unit circle
numerical calculations.
CD
" sin
P 2 m (6) f (6 ' @) (6 ' e)
* 2m = *ca Y ca ( > n /2)
m=l
CO
where
XU/2) = G = 1 ,
c q co .n
Y„(6,©)
sa
= e~ C(y+
L log°e 6+7^, —njn— cos n©) sin (6 sin ©)
;
n=l
co t n
o
(9 + £ rjT sin n ©) cos (6 sin ©)] ,
n=l '
6 1 "1
f~ (6,©) = ~ sin 2m© - >-
(2m-l)s
_ [sin (2m-l)© - (-l)" sin©] .
<_ © < u/2o This will be called the "method of integration." The
but with cos r©, r=l<,2,3 9 <> , , ,m as the only multiplier in his
calculations.
*tl
equations (Section 5.11) and comparing this result with the calculated
printed from the computer with five significant figures. In the case
generally zero. This index would not, in general, be zero for any
angle method the nearest ©.^ differed from ©^ by at least five degrees.
42
x 100%
m: 6 9 6 8
for p 2n (l)s
for q (1);
in Section 5»22
for P2m :
7i/2 sin k©
/ Y tfa (o,*/2)sin© d©
o cos j©
K— J. 9 £- 9 ,y 9 o o • 9*^
j=0,l f 2,...,(J-l)
m=k + j
^3
for q 2m?
m sin k0
Z
m=l
W 6) '
o
re/2
f
2m
(6 ' e)
cos j©
*e = /
o
-n/2
v sa (6,e)
sin k©
cos j©
as-
rc/2 sin k©
- / Y sa (6,ti/2) sin© _
d©
.
o cos j©
k=l ,£,.?,».., It
j=0,l»2,,..,(J-l)
m=k + j o
machine calculations. The forms used are given in Appendix A-3; the
m t , \ffi=l
5
m=l
n
Z ^T-P m 2
(6) + ne±ab
m
B(6) = Zq 2m (&) Y 2ma C<W2) + Y^i^n/2)
m=l
m
s6 J
t
V
.
"" Uvm-=l, q„
H (6) - Ct + Si(6)] cos (6) + Ci(6) sin (6) .
'
, 2m-l 2m 2
m=i
The substitution for Q (b 9 n/2)
y^SSL employs the identity **
CO - -x
/
o
^
6 + x
-j dx = [| - Si(6)] cos (6)+ Ci(6) sin (6) ,
where Si(6) and Gi(6) are the sine and cosine integrals and are
results of this calculation and that of Ursell [19^93 for A(6) 9 B(6)
case becomes
MC&,9) « £ 6 -e )
q 2m (6) <P
2ma C°=©) + ^ ea C
m=l
m c
= Z v.? ^ coe2a® + COS ^ 2m ° 1 ^ e ^ +
2m-l
m=l
+ £
cose
[(0+ I
n=l
^ sinn©) sin(6 sinO) + (^ + log e 6 +
T "•" eoe
j
-20
-30
2U
2
ir
Urs< ill [1949]
+ This 5 work
CO
CO
t 2
o
*C. 2 +b
TT
7 3
m
6 C0S
= Z P 2m [cos 2m@ + 2~i cos (2m-l)0] + tie" °cos ( 6 sin o) .
m=l
cp (6,©) from Appendix A-3»**« The open-ended summations over the in-
sa
dex n in M(6,0) were automatically run to "convergence" on the dig-
, tc/2
M (6) = ± M(6,0) W(©)d©
O G f
O
, tc/2
N (6) - •?/ N(6,©) W(©)d© .
G
o
In this case G=l and W(©) = cos©. It is possible in the case of.
before calculating
° M , N . Here, however, we are concerned with the
o* o
for sample calculations with six and nine expansion coefficients (each)
£i^9l u 6
M(6,0)B(6) + H(6 O)A(6) (un±t accelera tion) +
f
/° gh 2 2
o -
A(6) + B(6)
k(br + B(6)
with acceleration,
, MB + NA
pa = 6
72 IF •
A + B
MA - NB
6
*v = ~2 T2
A + B
<*9
.0%
0.5%
ported in Part C
(6 0)
(
Therefore
Pa MB + NA
-r— = —z— r- ~» cos 9 as 6 * 00 o
A + B
p tends to zero and from Figure 5 that P a /& tends to cos © for
large values of 6„ The same result holds for any cylinder of the el-
liptic family<>
M B + N A
m ^
,
o o
2 ,_ n A 2 2
ita p/2 A -y B
- -
e=oy
j
-
9=40°/ -
e=60° ^^
yT
e=70° ^^^
f ^= —
6
~
—-— —
~
r ::::
fer— —r—~ ""*
.1 2 3
9 = 80°
^9=90°
-I
—^^P\>^
v. ^>
0.8
0.6
6 * 3 —>
6 = 4 —
0.4 c
a = 6 —
6 = 13
p /6 CC o ~
a
0.2
-0.1
0.2
30 60 90
e
1.0
fo £o 3o 4-0 5o Go 7o do So
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9.JQ z
/3.QO J&J-. / Z2 JLLl. /Q.9 0£L 1£?- J>.£5- 2jS± AS/ -1. 12
53-B
a /o Zo 3o 4o 50 60 70 JO fa
O./OO 0/3 0/3 0./3 0./3 0./4 a./4 0. /4 o./s O./S 0./3
0/75 ./9 ./<? ,/Q .20 ,20 .2/ .2/ .22 ,21 .24
0.2SO .23 23 .23 .24 .25 .26, .27 .29 .30 .32
0.400 .26 .27 21 ,23 .30 .32 .3S .33 At ,45
OS00 ,21 .28 >2fl .30 .32 .35 .34 ,42 .4i .52
0.750 .26, 21 .2 a .30 33 •37 .42 .4* .57 .66
T
J.00 .23 .24- .25 ,27 .31 35 .42. .51 .62 s
-7
2.75
SO .080
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.0*2
.06Q
0.6
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WW ./o
0.035
./2
./O
,/6
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M.10
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.84
.32
3O0 .OS7 ,e>S8 o63 .0-72
/
0.039 ,/Z >1 ,27 ,44 .80
3-2S .044 .o4Q .,153 .06/ ,076 ./o ./s ,24 .43 .78
1
3SO .04/ .o42 .o4s .052 .065 a.087 ./3 .22 ,4o .76
St? .03t> .035 .o4o ,047 .052 .076) ./2 .A3 .37 .14
4.00 .03O 03/ .014 .039 .04S ,066 ./O ,/8 ,35 .72
4SO ,023 .024 .025 .029 .036 ,05O O.078 ,/4 .30 :68
£.00 .0/8 .0/8 .020 .02Z ,023 .033 .06/ ,/z .26 .a
5.50 ,o/4 ,o/4 ,0/5 ,0/3 ,022 ,030 ,048 0.095 23 .60
6.00 .0// .a// .0/2 ,o/4 .0/7 ,023 .o?8 .077 ,2o .37
7.00 0,0074 0.0076 a 008! 0.009/ ,0/t .0/5 ,025 ,052 JT ,s/
SSO .oo43 .0044 .oo47 .O053 0.O065 J2>0$£4 .0/4 .030 ./o ,44
/a 00 0027 .002s .0030 .0O33 .0029 ,OOS/ 0,0080 ,o/# 0,0-70 .39
/S.00 .O0/3 .00/3 .oo/4 .00/5 ,00/3 .0023 ,oo34 0.0074 .025 .3/
5^
were previously reported by Ursell [19^9] for certain <_ 6 < J>n/2.<,
His values are confirmed and the range of frequency parameter is ex-
tended. The values of M (6), N (6) used here were calculated from
o o
amplitude ratio by
/_W\ _ Tt / 2TC *
^h
o
;
" 2 \2
A
^2
+ B
}
°
h i,
r- — as o -> op o
h 6
o
could help settle the matter e The present calculations for the ampli-
S
1*0
K
Ursell 09493
H + This data
Z
UJ
o
C
COEFF
> n
V.J
(«
0.8 1
4
\. ^" 6
0.6
A
/ QUrsell [1949 )
[\^
~^ ^=^
:
+ Thls data
0.4
1
II
0.2
6 8
6
tested at arbitrary 9 = 9 ,
jL 0. to provide the accuracy index
N(6,0) were calculated in the same manner as for the case of the
M (6) t
N (6) were calculated by numerical quadrature from the cal-
H:
2xU/2)y(0) = 2bd,
N (2n*l)(a 21
it b 2n+1 )
S = £
2 2 /°< (2n+l)2 / 2 bd,
G n=0 ^
is designated S and called the "area coefficient."
1 + a, + a.,
H =
1 - a, + a..
X a 3a
q
S
n ~- l I 3
^""""2
= * (1 + a,) - a
1
ient method for finding the asymptotic value of the added mass
and for a.,, &„. The examples be illustrates of the case a,, a_
not zero are cusped, while several in the group a, , a„ not zero
examples from the one-, two-, and three-parameter families are pre-
sented here.
Family of Cylinders.
tion 5»3) are shown for typical values of © measured in the ref-
for all cylinders of this family (Section 5»3)» This fact is illus-
A = h /h
w o
T" -|
"H T T 1— V
5
-
b^ £=oy
/
'40.9 /
/ so*/
4 / 40 !
/5I.5°
60>^
^68.9°
-
/%:
^^76.4°
1
i
80°
83.3°
I
1
9=90° _
J=90°
1
^ ^^^ ^^ mjmm
3 4
6
1
1 1
"T" T "r 1
,- '1
— 77
e=o*/ "
1 Ux
l
/
- -
/
-
30*^
/ -
60°
/ ^^
e= 90°
^ = 90*
_L J 1 J- 1 i-
!
fmmmuiail
™"™h"™h i
1
i
-
/ \e=9o°
J
- / \j* = 90°
0.15
II \80 o \
// \ 89.7° \
H= /5 ELLIPSE
I
0.1
°\
y\\ 6079JO
P
v y\\ \ \
.05 \\^\-30.6° \
9=0° \\\ — ^
1 1 ^T^! ~i
"~ i
r— |
t-^
-
-
^
— in
C
°6
to
o
i
-
-
CVJ
ro
ii
x
c/>
tr
i
UJ
Q
n
ro Z
>-
o
I CVS o
- \ \ -
I-
L ro
ii
Ol
X \
x
UJ
Id
CM
X
H
<r
O
•
\
1
i _
\ ro
\\ II
\\ UJ
cr
-
\\ -
si
^^^
^0"""
»
c\s CD
S8- o o
66
12 3
6
4 5 6
surface correction factor k. and the amplitude ratio A for the two
was not reported. The trends of all his calculations are confirmed
is also constant.
Family of Cylinders.
family of the next section). This one added mapping parameter fortui-
tously provides sections that are more full than the ellipse and gen-
cylinder. One form is full and ship-like. The other is the section
family is
The damping coefficients for the full form and the cusped form
9=0° //-o'
' 34.7*
30>
60^ ^55.3°
e= 90° j3 =90*
12 3
6
4 5
—
e=40"/
- 6*30.67
// ~
60°
79.1°//
// 2.6* /
-~^* / 1 //20° opf
/ / ,
/ ov
-
( ^yj / / ^y
8Z2y
a _
—
89.7°^>^
80°
y9 -90 9
i 1
i
1 mJmm
3 4
6
0.5 —I
J/\*-
12 3
6
4 5 6
0.5
»-
|\
1.0
z
LJ
d
O
u_
Ll
UJ
O —
o
i\ u^y
DAMPING
O
"
W\\
\ CUSPED SECTION
—
"full \
SECTION CIRCULAR CYLINDEf
1
i
^r- i j i
3 4
6
2tt
FIGURE 20. THE DAMPING COEFFICIENT 2
A *B2
FOR THREE CYLINDERS, H«l.
7k
Family of Cylinders.
of area for the ship-like section of given beam-draft ratio and area
as the moment of inertia of the actual section about x-axis made non-
parameter family.
fullness. The sections are shown in Figure 21. The full section is
Lewis forms. The area coefficient for the full section is S = 1.012.
This section was selected from Figure k of the Landweber and Macagno
tion increases much more rapidly with increased 6 = Kb than for the
2.0
p (6,0) AND p
v
(6,G) FOR THE FULL FORM, '
H= 1/5
a
77
and the amplitude ratio A, data on the elliptic form with the same
for reference. The amplitude ratio for the bulbous shape indicates
oscillation.
7S
— e^oy —
—
/ —
60°^
I.
^^30°
—
:Z 80
9 Q°
—
1 i 1 1 1 1 -j- -L -j-
0.8
-
I> = 3.0-^
2.2-^
0.8^
0.4
0.2
O 2c
V-'•
30 e
60'
—T—J— "«
"— r 'p r™ "r
T t
0.3
90°' ""^""^
6 =
j/
0.2
^
s
v
0.1 r\ \^80°
60 c
\o ,
i L^T^" r— — 4 ' T~ 1
1 1
"•"
k4
1 o FULL FORM
>» v/
_ ELLJPSE
0.5
/
BULBOUS
\/^P
J
^^FULL ^__^
A
ELLIPSE -
FIGURE 27. K
4 AND A FOR THREE CYLINDERS, H=l/5
82
"experiments are needed" and has reiterated this even in recent times:
sured waveheight ratio and found satisfactory agreement while the pres-
cylinder.
tectural interest,,
tain range of oscillation frequency, U 2 < f < 0<,6 cycles per second,
is
P ^iOtft) a
i
p ?
1/2
p(6,0) = s La ^a } + P
V
]
M B + N A „ Z
2 o 2 /z
A + B A + B
85
UJ
or
3
CO
(/>
UJ
in or
0.
_j
<
h-
o
i-
u.
<n o
Ql
UJ
O Q
3
>• h-
o _J
z Q_
UJ 2
<
— uj
Q
<E
U. UJ
or
e
3
GO
o <
H Ul
< 2
_l
_l
U Q
(ft Z
o <
Q
UJ •
< z
j-
_l o
IT)
O 3 h-
O <
_|
< 3
o 0-
O
UJ 3
I -I
H U.
CO
CVJ
Ul
or
3
O
86
and the hydrostatic force 2aogy and the inertia reaction of the
was made equal to that of the displaced fluid for neutral buoyancy
force is
2-^~
o
= Ci - Ci+k)6nA] cosut- -p-^t < 6 *A) sin ^
/ A + B
M B + N A
K — _ _ o
% 2 2
A + B
2 2
Cl - (l+k)6wA] + I jH-u (6^A)]
<
.
A" + B
culated points in Figure 29» Points for measured values are shown.
region
87
I ~
3.0
Ul
o
cr /o
o '
o
/( >
22.0
/ *
Id
>
3 -
-J
<
Z /o
<r
o /
.0
/
/ o
o / °
^^o o fi
i i i i
1 - (l+k)6nA =
and the total force is nearly that in phase with the velocity,, Any
velocity and not predicted by the theory,, The measured values there-
fore may well be expected to be higher than predicted and more dis-
10-inch outside radius and 12-inch vertical sides above water. The
two force dynamometers. The model plus the parts of the dynamometer
motion generator.
tive displacement between the model and the reciprocating rod a mea-
Relative vertical motions of about o 002 inch were permitted and this
Almost all of the pressure measurements were made with one-half inch
stroke
(by air and static manometer) to balance the hydrostatic pressure pre-
was studied extensively and is reported in the next chapter. The dy-
feet long, 8 feet wide and 6 feet deep The cylinder and motion
inches. The model is kl inches long so there was 1/2 inch clearance
turbances at the ends was not violent but was increasing with fre-
The false walls at the model were 8 feet long, extended above
the surface, and were solid to the bottom,, The walls were 5-pound
stiffeners«, The parallel., false walls at the model were joined to the
Thus the model was in the k2. inch space between false walls which were
parallel for 8 feet and flared cut on each side to 96 inch spacingo
feet long without special walls would be preferred.!, but other work
spacing at the model to the 96 inch tank width „ This is the arrange-
ment used for the data recorded in the preceding sections,. The con-
this transition,. The effect is much mere intense with more abrupt
in the figure together with sketches showing the trend of total, force
leads to the belief that parallel walls with a fitted model would
9k
Trend of data
ARRANGEMENT (a)
i- -h-f-t-H^
'
+
This side
same as (a)
UJ
o
O
2
Trend of data
+ + ++ i
ARRANGEMENT (b)
r \\
v—-~^ / \
UJ >^->J
\
\
\
a \
r*x ~-^\
o s
/
2 \ /
\ /
\J
•D
Trend of data
**
i
ARRANGEMENT (c)
the ends,
(Section 7«>
/
*l) were connected to Brush Instruments Division, Clevite
motion sinusoids and known chart-speeds and also compared with rev-
Its amplitude is
1/2
p(6,9) 2
p(&,e) = = C(l-P a ) + p/]
locations in the bottom sixty-degree sector and occurs at 1.5 < 6 < 3,
cylinder of 20 inch diameter was 0-2 cycles per second, that is,
diaphragm types.
98
of polarization:
_& _
E = kpa ,
E = V/t = kp .
V = (kt)p = <rp
tion due to the loading effect on the crystal of the external cir-
e(t)
e(t) = o-p(t)
Jl~~
R
e(t)
s = j(D
= tf P(s)
E (s) = E(s)
± s + 1/t
= d P(s)
s + 1/t
t = Re
f t <
p(t)
[A t>0
The amplifier input signal is
t/t
e. (t) = cf Ae (t > 0)
i
would have been & A . The penalty imposed by the external ampli-
Time constant
t = Re
to = 1/t = 1/Rc .
i
/^~— 90
\
,
A<^
-10 -
\
\ Phase error,
degrees lag
-20 / \\ -
-k5
Relative
Response,
db -30 \
.loo w. lOOJ CO
1.0
0.9
0.6
07
0.6
0.5
03<x)c 5 71 icOc 5 7 100)C 20 30o)c
FIGURE J")
103
sponse due to the high impedance level The crystal equivalent ca-
tation.
C— £—
C « c
p(s)
rv °'
s + 1/t •
T = R(C + c)
10**
absolute level. The degree to which this can be pursued thus de-
pacitive feedback. The amplifier will have a large gain, -A, with
e (t)
Q
e (t)
e(t) : ±
assumptions,
E (s) - E(s) L
o 1 C ,, 1
T
A c
= - d P(s)
1 C lv 1
Ac
— + — ,..
(1 + —
A
; s + —
t"
made that
|A| >> 1
loaded case,
C(l+A)/c ~ CA/c .
equal to c, then
sensitivity.
0.7 5
050
Q25
FIGURE. 54-
10 8
de j* de o_
o _ d6_
dp ™ dp d6
tion 6 = 6(p). This section will consider this relation and the
pressure sensitivity,
do
dp
plate neutral plane, yields the following result for the deflec-
"'"
"3 -'
where
110
2 3 P
F = a plate modulus E/(l-ii ), not Et /12(l-u ) ,
t = thickness.
sure are:
L
t
= _2_
25T VV
(£) (JLj
k
D
;
V " 256~ °
(\y
i-5
J3U
8
a. i.o
t
(2)
0.5
\o
N0MDIME1N5!0NAL DEFLECTION OF
OF FLAT CIRCULAR DIAPWRAGM5
WITH CLAMPED EDGES AND MO
INITIAL TENStON
(1) KIRCHHOFF
(2) WAV
ft) HLNCKY
FIGURE. 5^,
112
100-10
circular disc uniformly loaded on one side and with clamped edges
deflections:
.. d6
o.
x
= 11m "5
dp
— .
p-*o
6(P )
Po
gests that the initial sensitivity is equal to that in the ideal case.
Griffith or Waters is
6( )F
5F =>o 3
D p 25
-
(1)^0.^(^(1)
[the constant O 5^3 may vary about +_ 10 percent depending on Poisson's
6(
'o> 1. _1_
? *
D 50 100
It is seen the average sensitivity may well be markedly lower than the
ideal maximum and the value of the average sensitivity for 6(p )D = 1/100,
t/D) will ultimately face this limitation when the detectable de-
phragms
with circular plates having bending stiffness will use the center
for example Lilly, Legallis, and Cherry [19^7]). Since the primary
12
12(1
-f)
is in effect reduced to negligible value by Hencky's assumption.
r
Et 16
tions for the large-deflection case discussed above with the added
assumption
6(P o )
tfF
Po ^ 6
<V
2
t
or in equivalent form
117
recorded here,
d6 1 dp_
=
6 3 P *
so that
_ d6 1- 6 1
0o 662t/ E
V
V"
E tS.6
a dp " 3 p "3 ,P
tion curve may be that the no-load rest position of a thin diaphragm
ly to values less than the constant value of the ideal disc or the
d E.
V b(r) = -
.2
6 =
loT
constant.
T = e
o 1 -r^— li
t = e
o
(1 + u)Ft,'
r
so that
This is the same form as that for the ideal disc times the bracketed
a - *
J- iSt
In non-dimensional form,
tf
/=sk (
i )C 3(A^rr7
120
If one compares this form with the result from Hencky 's solution,
the factor 3(1 + jz)e /l6 and 0*5^5 (6/D) are seen to have equiv-
small 6 are not realizable ncr are those of the membrane solution
for small initial strain since in either case the assumption inherent
the membrane solution another,. The Hencky solution is for zero ini-
tial strain,, The membrane solution is for such large initial strain
Kirchhoff diaphragm.
This solution bridges the gap between that of Hencky and the mem-
brane solution
t 4
VEt l6
K(0) = 0,662;
value for increasing e <> For large initial strain one has the
asymptotic solution
K(e )~ 1
^
(l^ll/EpV.
e
o
E
Vt
2
4
as ^
so that
2 2
p D p D
6 = aS £ CD
Es" loT o** -
i6t r-2-
3 2
For initial tension zero the term K /p tends asymptotically to
K_ °» 6623 as p ->0
2 2
P P
T*0
0.7 III
0.6
0.5
0.4
K
0.3
0.2
0.1
4 5 8
FIGURE 37.
123
2
K3 ^ t ED
T 1 7 as p *o i
sion.
algebraic form is
tfF 3 1
D 3
r^ ,t, (1+ja) (173 - 73m) ,b* ,t, 5(l + u)
V +
^D
;
"~W> V
*~ K + K
V
J
"If e
o
tial case with the deflection 6 and initial strain e made zero.
Q
t/D this form is comparable with the exact solution of Hencky and
With only the initial strain term neglected this form is con-
which in turn are useful algebraic forms representing the exact so-
preceding adjustment.
placement and (t/D) terms this form does not reduce to the
5(1 + Ji)/24 to 45(1 + u)/240 = 3(1 + M)/l6 and becomes exact with
this change.
theory and displays that, for very thin diaphragms, the loss of
will be considerable.
circular diaphragms was limited to static pressure loads and did not
system with a natural frequency equal to the lowest natural mode fre-
quency of the diaphragm in free vibration,, With this model the mag-
For other model sizes or more violent oscillations this may be more
difficult
Figure 38
The least value of the lowest mode frequency for a given dia-
phragm occurs for zero initial strain. For this condition the above
form gives
2 Z
0) 2r V3yo(l -ji ) /t fEg = 10.22 .
n
This corresponds to the clamped edge stiff plate equation for the
This form will probably be more convenient than the preceding be-
e .
o
solution first given, show that this value of oj must exceed that
35
30
is
25 -^
to
^=20
IE
CM
15
FIGURE 38.
128
2 1/2
plates (Eg/yo(l - u ) to be for example about 17,000 feet per
second in steelo
the required diameter may exceed the maximum physical dimension al-
llaiing wall
psgjffgyftl
«/)(g-cL)q+/^yW
pc
An instrument cavity in an
oscillating wall.
FIGURE. 59,
130
are vertical the fluid external of the instrument cavity remains un-
cavity is
where t\ is the vertical distance down from the cavity top to the
assume that the lowest natural frequency of the diaphragm is also high
with respect to the acoustic effects of the tube, cavity and resilient
sponse of the diaphragm, which accounts for diaphragm mass and elas-
the tube The diaphragm elasticity and cavity volume provide a condi-
hydrostatic response, and the argument of the ratio is the phase lag
2
For values of coa /-0 less than one, viscous forces are predominant
132
\Z T
1.0
0.8
OB
0,4
0,2
'
i
C:
45'
9o°
0.5 1.0 1.5 2,0
CO
FISURE. 4°-
133
Pi
Po 1 + jCOT
where
a/ 2 2
t = o/u) a
n
2
0) = a characteristic frequency constant for a
given fluid, tube, and cavity, and diaphragm
elasticity.
0) = 1/t and the phase error is ^5 degrees lag* The cutoff fre-
c
2
For values of coa /-J of about four inertial effects are sig-
^ 1
P~ M
a-u) _„ 2 '
+ ju2£
2
For large values of 0)a /-0 the response ratio tends to
Pi 1
po 1 - (co/w )
1.4
1.2
\S S 0.4
1.0
§•1.0
OS
O.G
o4
OX
vS s o.4
45°
5»i,o
9rf
35
180°
05 l-O 1.5 2.0
LI
acoustic response and also alerts one to the fact that strong acous-
Pi aL
p aL coshaL+ bL sinh aL
^o
where
aL = j 2it(L/A) Vl/(1-J)
2
bL = - (oo/o)
n)
/(l-J)
J = 2J (ka)/(ka)J (ka)
1 2
2 2
(ka) = jwa /-J .
pi
" 2
P i
l - (tt-)
% 1 ' J
and approximations for 1/(1 -J) give the reductions cited above.
136
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
possible the period of study during which this work was done and
Paulling, Jr., and Edmund Pinney for their review of this work.
in this case©
137
References
Colby, M.Y,
Dimpker, August
Foppl, A ; Foppl, L,
Gerritsma, J,
Golovato, P,
Griffith, A. A,
Grim, Otto
Hencky, H,
Iberall, A. S.
Lewis, F. M.
Loitsyanskii, L. G.
Nadai, A.
Mason, W. P.
Patterson, J, L,
Prohaska, C.W.
Schlichting, H.
Boundary layer theory, Pergamon Press, New York, 1955, 555 pp.
Schuler, M e
Stoker, J. J.
Tasai, Fukuzo
Thorne, R. C.
Timoshenko, S.
Ursell, F,
Way, S.
Wehausen, J. V,
Yu, Yun-Sheng
APPENDIX A
|x |
->oo, y = 0,
|x| •» od, y = 0.
APPENDIX A
00
,«" (v f y,li;
<Pp_Ax ,r v,n -
= £
$,
Tn^."^
LCk)e
K sinh ky
*
- k cosh ky
., r cos kx dk
^m K coshkh- k sinh
.
kh
for |
x |
-> od , y = as required in Section 3.32 may be determined
jc T /.\
K sinh ky - k cosh ky -kh ikx ,. - _,, . ikx ,.
P L(k) K cosh r—r*r *
kh - k sinh kh
. e e dk = #
" F(k)e dk ,
'
K coshK h - K sinh K
o
h=
o o
2
for given K = 0) /g and h > 0, the part of the imaginary axis
R > Im k > 1
and the arc | k |
= Rt Re k > 0, Im k > 0. Here
^ \
defined,
1*0
X
/ F(k)e dk -» as R -> od .
we have
ikx ik|x
/ F(k)e dk = *iR + / F(k)e l
dk
s ,
(x,y,h) = Re %±R k X
(p
2m s
+ f [Re iF(ik)]e" '
'
dk
o
The residue R is
s
kh * S±n S 1 * *'
R = Lim (k-K )Le- ? ?? " Z °? ? !? e 1
.
s , o K coshkh- k sinh kh
o
K = K sinh K h/ C osh K h
o o o
(k - K ) (k-K
o
) coshK h
_
o_ o
k cosh kh - k sinh kh '
K sinh (k-K )h + (k-K ) sinh kh cosh K h
o o o o
R
so = L(K )e
-K h
° g
iK |x|
K
o
coshK (h-y)
o
.
(k-K )
Q
*
k=K
™? K
o
sinh (k-K )h+ (k-K o ) sinh kh cosh
o
Kh
o
»
o
1M+
-K h
Re niR
s
= " K L(
o V e
o
2Kb
2 it
+ sinh 2K h
cosh ^ (h-y) sin K
q
|x| .
We find
-KhKa
v
_o
2m,
v 2m .
„
N a^.Ka
2n+l
„ 2s 2s
V^ V
o _ 1 vn o
^v
, . ,
s " + ~ 1}
(2m-l)i coshKh
o n=0
K
(2s-l)J• cosh K o h
K = K
k = K
O
.
sinh K h/cosh K h
O O
as well as evaluating the expression for or
O
cosh K (h-y)
Re itiB =- - E (K a,K h) riTZ sin K |x
s 2m * o o cosh K h o '
where
2m 2m 2S 28
rK a N a, lK o a
2n+l
2n o y n> n
E
2m
(K a,K
f
o
h)
o 2Kh
o
+ sinh 2 K h
o _ (2m-l)!
+
n
y- ,
1J
(28-1)1
q>
s
(K f h) = / t^^lZ^t
o
K cosh kh
08
^^kh dk
k smh -
for I
x J
-> od as required in Section 3.34 is found by following the
lk|x|
£ coshk(h -y) e
dk
K coshkh- k sinh kh
k X
cp (K,h) = Re rciR' + / [Re i F'(ik)] e~
'
'
dk .
s s
o
*s
CK ' h) ~ 2K h^sinh2K h
co.h K h co.h K.U-y) .!.£„
Q |
«| .
cP
s
(K,h)
y=0
~E s (Ko h) sinK o |x|
where
2
2n (coshK h)
E (K h) = sinh2K h
s o 2K h +
o
'
We note that E (K h) ~ % as h » od
s o
146
(Section 5«12).
n/2
/ f (0) sinkOdO = a
o
(2m+k-l)
2
f ., 2m(-l) k = m = 1:
k odd: k odd
2 ,2
4m - k
j
k = 1 jL m: (-IT
,m
tcA
k = 2m-l t 1: + *A
otherwise:
2m-l
(,2m+k-2)
2
k 2m(2m-2)(-l)
k even: k = 2m: - uA k even: ? 2 2
k -1 (2m-l)- X.
k ^ 2m:
n/2
J f (0) cosjOdO = b
2m<j
2m
o (
+1 1
j
eV n
2 *
l-o
3 odd: -^ j+ 2^1 (
- 1}
'i
km - j
^odd:
2
r^r
1+3
i+2m-l 1
2- eVen: 2^lTJ
=< 2m-l
n+2m-l
* ,, 1
r Odd: rr : r
2 2m-l+j
«-s—
j + 2m
even:
„
2m-l m 1
>"»"<
even: (-D
3
an: l^r) 2 -: 2 .2
4m
l-j —
j+2m
**-= odd:
,,
^^7
(zero is treated as an even number.)
147
n/2
I (k t n) = / sin kO sin nO d©
2
o
r
if k or n are zero.
=< h r- for n = k =^ .
(n+k) even:
(n+k) odd:
(n+k+5)/2 2
if k even: (-l) k/(n -k2 )
rt/2
I^n.k) / cos nO sin k© d©
o
'
for k =
if k even:
k odd :
l/(k-n)
k odd : l/(k+n)
If (n+k) odd:
2 2
k
i
- n
148
y
i 'J»P
L
o cos j© p=0 '
• ( ;
od -ky +ikx
£
dk =
-K ^- ix
,
i El CK(y-ix)]
)
e
K \ g
Kv oo n -in©
= e y [cosKx + i sinKx] Cy + log r - i© + 7 ^-~ ]
— °e *-_
n=l
n»n
.
The real part of this expression represents a source in the free sur-
face of fluid of infinite depth (Section 3.33) and the imaginary part
to the real and imaginary parts given in Section 4.2, but the right-
"
= e
sa (6,9) CQ(O) cos (6 sinQ) + S(©) sin (6 sin 0)
tp
]
where
od ,n
S(©) = © + 7 -2— sinn©
n|n
n=l
od n
Q(©) = Y + log 6+7 — !—
n n
'
cos n© .
n=l
It is noted that
Q(ti/2) = Ci(6) ,
where Si (6) and Ci(6) are the sine and cosine integrals.
n/2 sin k©
C0S W
- / e S(©)cos (6 sin©)sin© d©
o cos j©
p M*'^
X (k ' p)
^(^lo^IJ.^
P^o"
1
^
pl
P
-
2
I^j.p)
%++
od
— Z>D
An
I n n
n=l ;fc
Z '
p =o
co
p+
.
(-d P+1 —
fi
^ L^.p+n)
pJ
+ I(-i) p+1
i fi
P ^ k P)'
|t
Po
p=o i (j,p) •
3
150
where
' i
2
(|) for |x| =
f t
and
= for k =
where
Q for |x I = .
1 (.dCx-D/2 for |
x| odd#
od t- -x u/2 sink©
6e dx d©
+ / / sin ©
2 2
o 6 + x o cos j©
I (k,l)
2
- C(w/2 + Si 6)cos 6 - Ci 6 sin 6]
IiCd.D
151
This form is found directly from the expanded form of y SSL (6,n/2)
oo -x
/ -| £- dx = [u/2 - Si (6)] cos (6) + Ci (6) sin (6)
o 6 + x
series form. Alternately, the same result for y SSL (6,n/2) may be
found in Appendix A-3»^ above where a series form suitable for com-
putation is given.
152
APPENDIX B
B-l Introduction.
APPENDIX B
B-l Introduction.
For zero tension the solution of Hencky is recovered. For large ini-
lightly loaded plates the solution always tends to that of the mem-
initial stresses.
A. Foppl [1907] and are repeated by H. Hencky Cl915] and S. Way [193*0
among others.
£ V> < - d
t ° •
and compatibility,
d )
E d^ 2 =
r ( (
dr
dr r t 2
flection.
155
5
E t d ,1 d ,
(r
d6,v
=
pr
+
_ d6
" 2 12 d7 (
r"dF dF )} 2
tCf
r d? '
r
is simplified in the case t << t,
= ^- + tcr -t— .
2 r dr
ment see, for example, Foppl or Hencky [ loc cit] or A. Foppl [192^].
fied.
o' oo 2n
=- = c, 7 b_ (—
E 1 *-_ 2n a
n=0
c = ( ) •
i 6T eT
t d ,_r, __r
:
r ; +
E dr ^
E E
cd 2n
= c
1 £ (2n + 1) b-
2n (f-)
a
n=0
co od 2n
6
— — c_ ^ a
a 2 2n " ^n^n (
a
}
n=0 n=0
later found to be
2 ,
C = ^C *
2 l
co
6(0) = (ac ) Z a-
n=0
/r\
(
-T*
r
d
dF
,°r
(
T +
\
T* +
1
2
,°r d6.
(
E" ^ = °
jr d5
E dr 2 Et
+ +
E d7 (
-f T* S"
(
eT ) = ° •
- cd 2n cd 2n-|
r
dT (
T T +
1 dr
2 oo 2n-2
= o
I (2n+2)(2n) b^C^)
x (|)
n=l
so that
00 2nn CD 2n-2-i
3
<=x <r> u
Zb 2n
P (f)
a £
u n=l
(2n+2)(2n)b Pn (±-)
v
r,
'2n a' *<&> -°-
n=0
It is appropriate to define
3 _ 1 /pav
C
l " 6T ( ET )
2n-2.
Z A 2n r> b ( [ I (2-2) Can) b^Cf-) + 8 = 0.
L n=0 -
1 L n=l
8 b-b
2 o
+8=0 or b^b
2 o
+1=0
158
The succeeding equations for the next higher powers of r/a are
2 2
3b, b + 2b b ,
4 o o 2 '
6b b
6 o
2
+ 8
V b
2 o
+ b
2
3
= ° •
etc '
2
b = . i/b
2 o
\ = - 2/3b 5
b
6
= . u/i8b;8
11
b = - 17/l8b
g (
14
b - - 37/27b .
10
JL £& 1 ££. =
E dr 2 Et
od 2n+l cd 2n
d6 r r
d7
=
" C
2 £ <
2n+2)a
2n (
ST
) = " 2c 2 a L n
(n+1) a
2n ( a )
n=0 n=0
159
is
ao 2n cd 2n
2c C Z b
l 2 2»<l> £/«*» * 2n f' ( 2" ft - ° '
1 p_a_ _1 3/ga.
:
"2 ? Et c yEt
:
successively for a_ :
<dn
ao ao 2n
2n a 2n a
nto n=0
= a b - 1
o o
= 2a_b + a b_
2 o o 2
a = + 1/b
o o
a = + l/2b
2 o
?
a^ = + V9b o
10
a = + 55/72b
6 o
13
a = + 105/90b
g o
16
a 10= + 205/108b .
Q
160
r=a
e = initial strain,
o
8- ]
r=a
= C I K
n=0
.
I (2n+ l - jx)b = e /
Zn o Cl
n=0
or, expanded,
o 1-u
- 2 1-u
1-^U "f
M- 1-^1 o o 1
and in terms of b
b
o
-
(3-fO
(17172
1
-
2 (5-/0
3 n^y
— -TFTi^y^T--" 1 13 (7-#i) 1
= e /c
o
,
i
M
(1
,
7l)
161
For given material and load this equation can be solved for a
Values of b
W
were assumed in the range
e
</°i
(1 -/>>
6(0) = (a. ) I 2n
= K T/gf
n=0 f
K =
?
7
nto
a_
2n
=
115
r~
b
o
+
2b ^
o
T- +
9b
o
TT
7
+
55
72b
o
77?
10
+
70
60b n
o
TT
13
+
205
108b/
o
6 -if. + • • • «
This summation has been computed for the assumed values of b Q , Kb Q <10,
using these six terms, and the numerical value of K is presented
162
of)
8
/ 08
7
/
AT
0.1
\\
/ 0.6
5
4
/ *5
n
fa & zn
4 0.4
3 /
v/
-K
// rvo
o.e
01
/
-l
1254567 bo
o
W
graphically. As a matter of convenience, the two figures
vs b
o
oo
5" a_ vs b
2n
nto
K vs e /c (l-yu)
o 1
With this graph, one enters with known load and initial strain to
one percent from Hencky 's value K = 0.662 and the difference is no
the initial pressure sensitivity and for comparison with the zero-
f(b )]
Q
= b
o
-~£-~ - ... - b .
b large
& / b
o o
= Z ^2n
n=0
=
b
o
+
—T
2b
j
+ ""
~ 1
" b"
c
~= 1
f(b V *
The initial tension T = eft, so that one may use for f(b ) an ex-
tion reduces to
6(0) =
£
which is exactly the membrane solution.
165
zontal equilibrium is
tion,
2
6 = - p/T
y .
In terms of our series solution, b~ are zero for n > and the
APPENDIX C
C-l Description.
APPENDIX C
C-l Description.
y//
1 1 §
*r
V/, 3
--
L
169
dw
rr
dt
+ w ~
dw
dz /> dz \dr 2 r dr '
.2'
dz
j(1)t
6(r,t) =- 6(r)e ,
+
at \dr 2 r dr
; " p dz
r
•
d 6 1 d6 aj6 .. 8 dp_
+
2 r dr jV jouji dz
d
of r, is
2
6 = (§f)sA> />
6 = J (kr)
o
k* = - joo/V .
6 = (dp/dz)g/o) p+ c J
Q
(kr) .
r = a .
J^Ocr)
6 = 1 -
2 J (ka)
0) /o
170
section.
J (kr) r dr -i
2 *^ a P/ az 1 o
dV = H- 2nr dr = J r dr -
ox. yOU) J (ka)
Q
a
V = / dV
ka
j2Ttg(ap/az)
/ kr J (kr) d(kr)
yO(D
k J (ka)
2 2J (ka) 1
.jna g(dp/az) x
1 -
yOU) kaJ (ka)
o
J = 2J (ka)/kaJ (ka)
x o
V = - p(dp/dz)
(3 = ua g(l-J)/jyO0) o
2
1 - J » (ka) /8 .
V = - ita g(dp/dz)/8u ,
are negligible. That is, for oj/x/ vanishingly small this solution re-
8pa eiowA! = Q
at dz
V = wA = - p(3p/dz)
and change variables from the actual local pressure p to the frac-
is assumed to be independent of r .
* - (P - P )/P Q
2P- = *£.
v
dz *o dz
P - PQ
/° =/>o
(1 + ~^— ) *
written as approximately
p - p
A = A (1 + f _ °
)
O Jd
A — cross-section area at p
^
= p .
o *o
tube, we find
P - P f(p - P )
/> A
=
/>o
(1 +
-5^ A
o
(1 + 2Q
T- ^
P - P
i i_ f
+ *
B B E
1
the effect of tube wall elasticity. Using the above expression for
(pA), we obtain
/O A .2
dz
d
tp = cp e J
z=0
(ii) The mass rate of discharge from the tube equals the
ment is ,„
dv
o do_
v
/°o dt o dt *
do / o dp
dt " B^^ dt '
dV
o
dp
s = o" nr /2 a
o dp
dt " S dt *
o/o dp dp /°o ,„ _, v dp
B. dt /o dt B, o 1 dt
2
*2 ft = jaXP P g7/ °
Z=L yOPc
175
where
b = joog V^opc .
d
2
tp
A P
o^o dtp
= '
2 B dt
az f*
The solution is
/ az -azv jcot
(p = (c.e + c.e ) ed
where _
a = JaA p / oPB .
o o /
az - az
[_i e + e ] / [-i + i] .
c c
2 2
1 (a-b)e
c +aL
a+ u
'
, x
2 ( b)e
^L ==
(aL)
(p (aL) cosh (aL) + (bL) sinh (aL)
The ratio y TL/<$ o is the pressure fluctuation in the cavity per unit
aL = »
2
Here c^ the apparent sound velocity in the tube, is /Bg,
,
p
determined by the apparent modulus B rather than the fluid mod-
aL = j 2n \
2 VL 1
bL = - O) '
2A 1 - J
c A
2 —
The quantity c A/VL is the square of a characteristic frequency,
0) = c A/VL ,
n
so that
2
bL .
W L
'
2 1 - J
Pi
aL
p^ (aL) cosh (aL) + (bL) sinh (aL)
1
1 + bL 2
1 _ J±L) 1
(
V i - J
The value of
? J-.Ua)
J = t=-
ka J (ka)
o
is approximately
J - 1 + -g
so that
1
1 - J 2
coa
Pi 1 2 2
a u
p 1 + jo)t * ' n
dp_ P i - Pp
*
az l
gvf£i
2 dt '
dp.
T
"dT
+ p i = p o (t) '
t = oVLV/ita c .
The identity
1 - J
i
" J
V (ka)
ka >
h . 8
3 2
(a» A0
The corresponding response ratio is
Pi
'o (1-u ) + ju 2 £
179
2
2 ku v = y[J
u = 1- , Z,
-jf-x .
ential equation
+ p = p
T
IT i o
•
At
A
^i O
2Tm T
L i2JS_ A,
A( *
IT = *
*
3 =
na g
P - Pi 5 •
inertia term
i8o
L d£ = LV Pi
* dt c
2
dt
2
2
d p. 2 dp 4 2A 2A
i c A
fl
*i c A c A
2 dt P± :
P 8
dt LV LV LV °
Pi 1
*
P
liA n
2
+ j2 JL
n
where
5 2A
2 = SLA
0)
n
LV
as before and
The identity
J (ka)
i o
1 - J J (ka)
2
ratio is therefore
*L 1
r
po 2
U)
1 —
2
0)
n
COVER
No. R129
MANUFACTUftCO Bv