New Era

University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Department of Civil Engineering

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SUBJECT CE

325 ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
AGUSTIN, RIZZA MIE M.
CORPUZ, CHRISSALYN
HALLARCES, CLODEL

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. WENDHEL Q. LUBAY
 OCTOBER 19, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication…………………………………………………………………….1

Introduction………………………………………………………………....2

Objectives…………………………………………………………………....3

Scope and Delimitation…………………………………………………4

Technical Description of Procedures and

Mechanism of the Program…………………………………………..5

Analysis and Interpretation

of Sample Values………………………………………………………….11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………20

References…………………………………………………………………..21
DEDICATION

Successes and triumphs take more than just what we thought. Someone has
to go through a lot of struggles, failures and learnings before he/she gets to where
he/she wants and with these we need a strong support system and guidance.

This project is wholeheartedly dedicated to our loving parents who are

continuously giving us strength and who have and always been our source of
inspiration. They have such a huge part on journey for they always remind us that
even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done one step at a time. They
taught us how to be responsible and strong independent individual.

We also dedicate this to the future researchers who could possibly be another
batch of civil engineering students in New Era University. May they know that no
matter how hard a certain project may be, it can always be possible to get done with
proper time management, trust, faith and hard work.
 We thank and appreciate Engr. Wendhel Q. Lubay, our Advanced Engineering
Mathematics professor, for entrusting us this project and for sharing her knowledge
especially those which are relevant to the course we are taking.

Most importantly, we dedicate this work to our God Almighty and praise him
for giving us the things we needed throughout this project.

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INTRODUCTION

This project introduces Gauss Jordan Elimination, a method for efficiently

solving systems of linear equations using certain operations to convert augmented
matrix. The method of solving a linear system by Gauss-Jordan elimination is called
an algorithm. An algorithm can be define as a finite procedure, written in fixed
symbolic vocabulary, governed by precise instructions. Gauss Jordan elimination is
well suited for solving linear system on a computer, at least in principle.

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OBJECTIVES

1. Applying the knowledge of Gauss-Jordan method

2. To be able to perform the matrix operation
3. To use the Microsoft Office Excel as a tool to program a solution of
different figures of trusses
4. To execute the program without any error

3
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

With our given truss model, we used method of joints to come up with equations. The
value of the variables from the equations formulated was alternatively computed using Gauss-
Jordan. Gauss-Jordan Elimination is a method of solving a linear system of equations. This is done
by transforming the system's augmented matrix into reduced row-echelon form by means of row
operations. We were expected to present a program solving the reactions of the truss with any
given value of loads. The program made was with the help of Microsoft Office Excel which was
expected to execute a solution limited only for a truss with a 21 members and a uniformly
distributed load located at the bottom.

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TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURES AND
MECHANISM OF THE PROGRAM

Technical Description of Procedures:

 Method of Joints

The free-body diagram of any joint is a concurrent force system in which the summation of
moment will be of no help. Recall that only two equilibrium equations can be written

This means that to solve completely for the forces acting on a joint, we must select a joint
with no more than two unknown forces involved. This can be started by selecting a joint acted on
by only two members. We can assume any unknown member to be either tension or compression.
If negative value is obtained, this means that the force is opposite in action to that of the assumed
direction. Once the forces in one joint are determined, their effects on adjacent joints are known.
We then continue solving on successive joints until all members have been found.

 Augmented Matrix
An augmented matrix for a system of equations is a matrix of numbers in which each row
represents the constants from one equation (both the coefficients and the constant on the other
side of the equal sign) and each column represents all the coefficients for a single variable.

 Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method

Row reduction is the process of performing row operations to transform any matrix into (reduced)
row echelon form. In reduced row echelon form, each successive row of the matrix has less

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dependencies than the previous, so solving systems of equations is a much easier task. The idea
behind row reduction is to convert the matrix into an "equivalent" version in order to simplify
certain matrix computations. Its two main purposes are to solve system of linear equations and
calculate the inverse of a matrix.

Carl Friedrich Gauss championed the use of row reduction, to the extent that it is commonly called
Gaussian elimination. It was further popularized by Wilhelm Jordan, who attached his name to the
process by which row reduction is used to compute matrix inverses, Gauss-Jordan elimination.

 Row Echelon Form

A matrix is in row echelon form (ref) when it satisfies the following conditions:
1. The first non-zero element in each row, called the leading entry, is 1.
2. Each leading entry is in a column to the right of the leading entry in the previous row.
3. Rows with all zero elements, if any, are below rows having a non-zero element.

 Truss - A Truss is an important structure type in structural engineering. So what are

trusses? A Truss is a triangulated system of members that are structured and connected in
a way such that they only incur axial force. These members are considered two-force
members as the forces are only applied at either end of the member, resulting in either a
compression or tension force. They are commonly used as bridge designs, given their
ability to efficiently span long distances.
 6

MECHANISM OF THE PROGRAM

We were given a 21-member truss with a uniformly distributed load located at its bottom
part. We performed the method of joints and got two equations each joint from the summation of
forces horizontal and vertical. The truss has 12 joints (joints A-L) so we got a total of 24 equations
but only 21 equations are needed to be plotted in an augmented type matrix by taking the
coefficients of each variable. We transformed the augmented type matrix into a row echelon type
with the help of Microsoft Office Excel. The row echelon type of matrix produced was used to
program the solution of reactions for the truss model we were given.

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 @ JOINT A AH

5
4

RAX Joint A is composed of the forces AH, AB, R AY,

AB
and RAX. Having these forces, the formulated the
equations are:
4/5AH = RAY
3/5AH + AB = RAX
RAY

@ JOINT B

BH

Joint B is composed of forces BH, BA, and BC.

Having these forces, the formulated equations
are:
BA BC BH = 0
BA – BC = 0

@JOINT C

CI
CH CJ Joint C is composed of forces CB, CH, CI, CJ, and
CD. Having these forces, the formulated
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equations are:
4/5CH + CI + 4/5CJ = 0
4

CB CD CB + 3/5CH – 3/5CJ – CD = 0

3
 FI

FE FG

@ JOINT D

DJ

Joint D is composed of forces DC, DJ, and DE.

DC DE Having these forces, the formulated equations
are:
DJ = 0

DC – DE = 0

@JOINT E

EK
EJ EL
5 5 Joint E is composed of forces ED, EJ, EK EI, and
EF. Having these forces, the formulated
4 4

3 3
equations are:
ED EF
4/5EJ + EK + 4/5EL = 0

ED + 3/5EJ – 3/5EL – EF = 0

@ JOINT F
 IC
Joint F is composed of forces FE, FI, and FG.
Having these forces, the formulated equations
are:
FI = 0
FE – FG = 0
@ JOINT J

JI JK
5
5
4
4

3
3

JC JE
JD

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@ JOINT H

HI
5 5
4 4 Joint H is composed of forces HA, HB, HC, and
3 3 HI. Having these forces, the formulated
HA HC equations are:
HB
HB + 4/5HA + 4/5HC = 0
3/5HA – 3/5HC – HI = 0

@ JOINT I

IH IJ
Joint I is composed of forces IH, IC, and IJ.
Having these forces, the formulated equations
are:
IH – IJ = 0
IC = 0 RGY

@ JOINT L

LK
5 5
Joint J is composed of forces JI, JC, JD, JDE and JK. 4
4
Having these forces, the formulated equations are:
3
3

4/5JC + JD + 4/5JE = 0
LE LG
LF
IJ + 3/5JC – 3/5JE – JK = 0

@ JOINT K

KJ KL

10
KE

@ JOINT G
GL
5
4

GFF
 Joint G is composed of forces GF, GH, and R GY.
Having these forces, the formulated equations
are:
4/5GL - RGY = 0
3/5GL + GF = 0
Joint K is composed of forces KJ, KE, and KL. Having
these forces, the formulated equations are:

KE = 0

KJ – KL = 0

Joint L is composed of forces LK, LE, LF, and LG.

Having these forces, the formulated equations are:

4/5LE + LF + 4/5LG = 0

3/5LE + KL – 3/5LG = 0

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ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

We were given a truss of 21 members and a uniformly distributed load at the bottom. The
program made with Microsoft Office Excel with the use of Gauss-Jordan Elimination method
produces force values of the 21 members of the truss depending on the value of the uniformly
distributed load and the horizontal length of each members of the truss at the bottom part. The
assumed value of the uniformly distributed load is 45 KN/m and the horizontal distance is 5m

The equations are:

1. 4/5AH = RAY
2. 3/5AH + AB = RAX
3. BH = 0
4. BA – BC = 0
5. 4/5CH + CI + 4/5CJ = 0
6. CB + 3/5CH – 3/5CJ – CD = 0
 7. DJ = 0
8. DC – DE = 0
9. 4/5EJ + EK + 4/5EL = 0
10. ED + 3/5EJ – 3/5EL – EF = 0
11. LF = 0
12. FE – FG = 0
13. 4/5GL - RGY = 0
14. 3/5GL + GF = 0
15. HB + 4/5HA + 4/5HC = 0
16. 3/5HA – 3/5HC – HI = 0
17. IH – IJ = 0
18. IC = 0
19. 4/5JC + JD + 4/5JE = 0
20. IJ + 3/5JC – 3/5JE – JK = 0
21. KE = 0
22. KJ – KL = 0
23. 4/5LE + LF + 4/5LG = 0
24. 3/5LE + KL – 3/5LG = 0

There are only 21 equations needed for the augmented type matrix. The three that were not
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included are equations HB + 4/5AH + 4/5HC = 0, IC = 0, and 4/5LE + LF + 4/5LG = 0

The main diagonal on the augmented matrix should have values

Now we can start on the Gauss-Jordan elimination method.

G Matrix:

Since we have 21 x 21 matrix, we will had 441 steps which is equivalent to 21 phases to solve.

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GAUSS-JORDAN MATRIX STEP 1-21

STEP 1: Divide row 1 of G matrix by G11 of G Matrix

STEP 2: Multiply row 1 of G Matrix 1-21 by G21 of G Matrix and subtract it from row 2 of G Matrix

STEP 3: Multiply row 1 of G Matrix 1-21 by G31 of G Matrix and subtract it from row 3 of G Matrix

STEP 4: Multiply row 1 of G Matrix 1-21 by G41 of G Matrix and subtract it from row 4 of G Matrix

STEP 5: Multiply row 1 of G Matrix 1-21 by G51 of G Matrix and subtract it from row 5 of G Matrix

We will follow the steps until we reach step 21, multiply row 1 of G Matrix 1-21 by G211 of G Matrix
and subtract it from row 21 of G Matrix
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GAUSS-JORDAN MATRIX STEP 22-42

STEP 1: Divide row 2 of G matrix 1-21 by G22 of G Matrix 1-21 (The answers here should be put in 2 nd row of
G Matrix 21-42)

STEP 2: Multiply row 2 of G Matrix 22-42 by G 12 of G Matrix 1-21 and subtract it from row 1 of G Matrix 1-21

STEP 3: Multiply row 2 of G Matrix 22-42 by G 32 of G Matrix 1-21 and subtract it from row 3 of G Matrix 1-21

STEP 4: Multiply row 2 of G Matrix 22-42 by G 42 of G Matrix 1-21 and subtract it from row 4 of G Matrix 1-21

STEP 5: Multiply row 2 of G Matrix 22-42 by G 52 of G Matrix 1-21 and subtract it from row 5 of G Matrix 1-21
 We will follow the steps until we reach step 42, multiply row 2 of G Matrix 22-42 by G 212 of G Matrix
and subtract it from row 21 of G Matrix 1-21

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GAUSS-JORDAN MATRIX STEP 43-63

STEP 1: Divide row 3 of G matrix 22-42 by G 32 of G Matrix 22-42 (The answers here should be put in 3rd row
of G Matrix 43-63)

STEP 2: Multiply row 3 of G Matrix 43-63 by G 13 of G Matrix 22-42 and subtract it from row 1 of G Matrix 22-
42

STEP 3: Multiply row 3 of G Matrix 43-63 by G 23 of G Matrix 22-42 and subtract it from row 2 of G Matrix 22-
42

STEP 4: Multiply row 3 of G Matrix 43-63 by G 43 of G Matrix 22-42 and subtract it from row 4 of G Matrix 22-
42

STEP 5: Multiply row 3 of G Matrix 43-63 by G 53 of G Matrix 22-42 and subtract it from row 5 of G Matrix 22-
42

We will follow the steps until we reach step 63, multiply row 3 of G Matrix 43-63 by G213 of G
Matrix and subtract it from row 21 of G Matrix 22-42
 We will follow the procedures until we reach the 21 st phase, G Matrix 421-441. And from here, we
can get constants.

Having set that the uniformly distributed load is 10KN/m and the horizontal distances between
every member at the bottom is 3m the RAX=0, RAY=90 and RGY=90 and we have the following load values
of the members of the truss:
Having these values, we can prove that the equations from the method of
joints we applied are correct.
1. 4/5AH = RAY
4/5(112.50) = 90
90 = 90

2. 3/5AH + AB = RAX
3/5(112.50) + (- 67.50) = 0
0=0

3. BH = 0
0=0

4. BA – BC = 0
(-67.50) - (-67.50) = 0
0=0

5. 4/5CH + CI + 4/5CJ =0
4/5(0) + 0 + 4/5(0) = 0
0=0

6. CB + 3/5CH – 3/5CJ – CD = 0
(-67.50) + 3/5(0) – 3/5(0) – (-67.50) = 0
0=0

7. DJ = 0
0=0

8. DC – DE = 0
(-67.50) – (-67.50) = 0
0=0

9. 4/5EJ + EK + 4/5EL = 0
4/5(0) + 0 + 4/5(0) = 0
0=0

10. ED + 3/5EJ – 3/5EL – EF = 0

(-67.50) + 3/5(0) – 3/5(0) – (-67.50) = 0
0=0

11. LF = 0
0=0
12. FE – FG = 0
(-67.50) – (-67.50) = 0
0=0 18

13. 4/5GL - RGY = 0

4/5(112.50) – 90 = 0
0=0

14. 3/5GL + GF = 0
3/5(112.50) + (-67.50) = 0
0=0

15. HB + 4/5HA + 4/5HC = 0 (EQUATION NOT ON MATRIX)

16. 3/5HA – 3/5HC – HI = 0

3/5(112.50) – 3/5(0) – 67.50 = 0
0=0

17. IH – IJ = 0
67.50 – 67.50 = 0
0=0

18. IC = 0
0=0

19. 4/5JC + JD + 4/5JE = 0

4/5(0) + (0) + 4/5(0) = 0
0=0

20. IJ + 3/5JC – 3/5JE – JK = 0

67.50 + 3/5(0) – 67.50 = 0
0=0

21. KE = 0
0=0

22. KJ – KL = 0
67.50 – 67.50 = 0
0=0

23. 4/5LE + LF + 4/5LG = 0 (EQUATION NOT ON MATRIX)

24. 3/5LE + KL – 3/5LG = 0
3/5(0) + 67.50 – 3/5(112.50) = 0
0 =0

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 CONCLUSION

This project helped us a lot to familiarize the Gauss Jordan method and also with the
functions and formulas in Microsoft Excel. Having this finished, we therefore conclude that the
Gauss Jordan Elimination method can be used to program a certain solution for trusses of different
figures and load systems with the help of Microsoft Office Excel. Matrix operation played a big part
in this project for the program to be successfully working.

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REFERENCES

http://www.mathwords.com/g/gauss-jordan_elimination.htm
https://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/engineering-mechanics/method-joints-analysis-simple-
trusses
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/AugmentedMatrix.aspx
https://brilliant.org/wiki/gaussian-elimination/
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/EchelonForm.html
https://skyciv.com/tutorials/what-is-a-truss/

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