BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1

SUBTOPICS
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF LOADS
SELECTION OF TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS STRUCTURE?

Engineering construction that supports load without

noticeable deformation besides fulfilling its function

THINK! Give an example of structures and its function.

Types of structure:
i. Mass structure
ii. Framed structure
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS STRUCTURE?

Mass structure Framed structure

 TYPES OF LOADS
DEAD LOAD WIND LOAD

Refers to the overall weight of When structures block the flow

the structure. Includes weight of: of wind, the wind’s kinetic
i. The materials permanently energy is converted into
attached to the structure potential energy of pressure,
ii. Fixed service equipment which causes a wind loading.

LIVE LOAD

Refers to the weight of:

i. The applied bodied that are
not permanent parts of the
structure.
ii. Applied to the structure
during part of its useful life.

HYDROSTATIC & SOIL LOAD
The pressure developed when
structures are used to retain
water, soil, or granular materials.
Examples of such type of
structures include tanks, dams,
ships, bulkheads, and retaining
walls.
TYPES OF LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOAD
Loadings result from the
structure’s distortion caused by
the ground’s motion and the
lateral resistance of the
structure.

THERMAL LOAD

The temperature that causes the

effect on buildings, such as
outdoor air temperature, solar
radiation, underground
temperature, indoor air
temperature and the heat source
equipment inside the building.
TYPES OF LOADS
 FOUNDATION

WHAT IS FOUNDATION?

The lowest construction member to provide support

Below ground surface & direct contact with soil underneath

Function: to allow load from other construction member

to be safely transmitted to the soil layer

Foundation is the main support, thus it needs to be

strong & highly durable
 SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS

SOIL CONDITION

Information obtained from soil

ground investigation

Result of investigation reveals:

i. Bearing capacity of soil
ii. Moisture content of soil

Examples of soil:
+ dense/medium/loose gravel
+ dense/medium/loose sand
+ very rigid boulder clay
+ rigid/strong/soft/very soft clay
+ soft/very soft silt
 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATION

1. Strip footing

i. Construction with low

structural load
ii. Less than four storeys
iii. Longer than other
foundations and under walls

Ordinary strip footing: for high

load bearing capacity> gravel

Wide strip footing: for low load

bearing capacity>soft clay

Deep strip footing: for soil that

tends to shrink or expand>
peat soil, silty clay
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
 SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
2. Pad footing

i. Framed construction less

than four storeys on stiff soil
ii. Structure is connected to the
foundation by columns
iii. Not suitable for high rise
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
 SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
3. Raft foundation

i. For low bearing capacity soil

& soil that settle unevenly
ii. Pad or strip foundation is not
suitable as it has to be large
iii. Concrete slab can cover the
entire area of settlement to
prevent structural cracking
 SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
3. Raft foundation i. Solid slab raft foundation:

Reinforced concrete slab is built

i. For low bearing capacity soil
underneath the entire building
& soil that settle unevenly
ii. Cover the entire area of Depth of slab depends on the load
settlement to prevent and soil strength
structural cracking
Maximum depth is 300mm
 SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
ii. Beam and slab raft foundation:

Required when the depth of slab is

more than 300mm

Reinforced concrete slab is

constructed on ground

Beam is constructed on the slab at

specific position
SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
 SELECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
Cellular raft foundation:

Required when the soil is loose and

tend to settle unevenly
e.g: mines area, reclamation land

Depth of slab is more than 1m

Consist of 2 layers of slab with 2
way beams which creates a
hollow cell in between
 CONCLUSION

Footing is also known as shallow foundation. Piling is

known as deep foundation. Write about the deep
foundation commonly used in the construction industry.
THANK YOU