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CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

A road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid do


down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a
road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and
granite setts were extensively used, bet these surfaces have mostly
been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course.
Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, permeable
paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and
walkways.

1.2 TYPES OF PAVEMENT

1.2.1 Flexible Pavements

Flexible pavement can be defined as the one consisting of a mixture of


asphaltic or bituminous material and aggregates placed on a bed of
compacted granular material of appropriate quality in layers over the
sub grade. Water bound macadam roads and stabilized soil roads with
or without asphalt toppings are examples of flexible pavements. The
design of flexible pavement is based on the principle that for a load of
any magnitude. The intensity of a load diminishes as the is transmitted
downwards from the surface by virtue of spreading over an increasing
larger area, by carrying it deep enough into the ground through
successive layers of granular material. Thus for flexible pavement,
There can be grading in the quality of materials used, the materials
with high degree of strength is used at or near the surface.
Thus the strength of sub-grade primarily influences the thickness of the
flexible pavement
CHAPTER -2

CROSS-SECTION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Typical layers of a conventional flexible pavement includes seal coat,


surface course, tack coat, binder course, prime coat, base coat, sub-
base course, compacted sub-grade, and natural sub-grade.
2.1 TYPES OF COATS
2.1.1 Seal Coat

The seal coat has to be provided which is a thin surface treatment used
to water proof the surface and to provide skid resistance.

2.1.2 Tack Coat.

Tack coat has to be provided between two layers of binder course. It


coat is very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion
diluted with water. It must be thin uniformly cover the entire surface.
And set very fast.

2.1.3. Prime Coat

Prime coat provides bonding between two layers which penetrates


into the layer below, plugs the voids, and forms a water tight surface.
That’s why both prime coat and tack coat has to be provided. They
both have different functions.

It is application of low viscous cutback bitumen to an absorbent


surface like granular bases on which binder layer is placed.
2.2. DIFFERENT COURSES OF LAYERS
2.2.1 Surface Course

Surface course is the layer directly in contact with traffic loads and
generally contains superior quality materials. They have to be
constructed with dense graded asphalt concrete (AC). The
functions and requirements of this layer are:

It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, drainage,


etc. Also it will prevent the entrance of excessive quantities of
surface water into the underlying are, sub- base and sub-grade

It must be though to resist the distortion under traffic and provide


a smooth and skid-resistant riding surface, it must be water proof
to protect the entire base and sub-grade from the weakening effect
of water.

As per our design, combined thickness of base and surface should be


30cm.

2.2.2 Binder Course

The binder course having aggregates less than asphalt has to be used
as it doesn’t require quality as high as the surface course, so replacing a
part of surface course by the binder course result in more economical
design. This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete structure.
Its chief purpose is to distribute load to the base course
2.2.3. Base Course

The base course is the layer of material immediately beneath the


surface of binder course and it provides additional load distribution and
contributes to the sub-surface drainage .if may be composed of crushed
stone, crushed slag, and other untreated or stabilized materials.

2.2.4. Sub-Base Course

The Sub-base course is the layer of material which has to be provided


beneath the base course and its primary functions are to provide
structural support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of fines
from the sub- grade in the pavement structure .As per our design 20 cm
thick sub base course has to be provided.

2.25. Sub-Grade

The top soil sub-grade is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the
stresses from the layers above. It is essential that at no time soil sub-
grade is overstressed .it should be compacted to the desirable density,
near the optimum moisture.

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