Real Analysis - Continuous Functions

Kristiana Wijaya

Jurusan Matematika
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
Universitas Jember - Indonesia
Continuous Functions

Definition

Let A ⊆ R, let f : A → R, and

let c ∈ A. We say that f is
continuous at c if, given any
number  > 0, there exists δ > 0
such that if x is any point of A
satisfying |x − c| < δ, then

|f (x) − f (c)| < .

Continuous Functions
Definition
Let A ⊆ R, let f : A → R, and
let c ∈ A. We say that f is
continuous at c if, given any
number  > 0, there exists δ > 0
such that if x is any point of A
satisfying |x − c| < δ, then
|f (x) − f (c)| < .
Let A ⊆ R, and let c be a cluster
point of A. For a function
f : A → R, a real number L is said
to be a limit of f at c if, given any
 > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that
if x ∈ A and 0 < |x − c| < δ, then
|f (x) − L| < .
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Continuous Functions

Theorem

A function f : A → R is
continuous at a point c ∈ A if and
only if given any -neighborhood
V (f (c)) there exists a
δ-neighborhood Vδ (c) such that if
x is any point of A ∩ Vδ (c), then
f (x) belongs to V (f (c)).
Continuous Functions
Theorem
A function f : A → R is
continuous at a point c ∈ A if and
only if given any -neighborhood
V (f (c)) there exists a
δ-neighborhood Vδ (c) such that if
x is any point of A ∩ Vδ (c), then
f (x) belongs to V (f (c)).
Let A ⊆ R and let c be a cluster
point of A. lim f (c) = L iff any
x→c
-neighborhood V (L) of L, there
exists a δ-neighborhood Vδ (c) of c
such that if x 6= c is any point in
A ∩ Vδ (c), then f (x) belongs to
V (L).
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Continuous Functions

Sequential Criterion for Continuity

A function f : A → R is
continuous at the point c ∈ A if
and only if for every sequence
(xn ) in A that converges to c,
the sequence (f (xn )) converges
to f (c).
Continuous Functions
Sequential Criterion for Continuity
A function f : A → R is
continuous at the point c ∈ A if
and only if for every sequence
(xn ) in A that converges to c,
the sequence (f (xn )) converges
to f (c).
Let A ⊆ R and let c be a cluster
point of A. Then lim f (c) = L iff
x→c
for every sequence (xn ) in A that
converges to c such that xn 6= c for
all n ∈ N, the sequence (f (xn ))
converges to L.
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Continuous Functions

Discontinuity Criterion

A function f : A → R is
discontinuous at the point
c ∈ A if and only if there exists
a sequence (xn ) in A such that
(xn ) converges to c, but the
sequence (f (xn )) does not
converge to f (c).
Continuous Functions
Discontinuity Criterion
A function f : A → R is
discontinuous at the point
c ∈ A if and only if there exists
a sequence (xn ) in A such that
(xn ) converges to c, but the
sequence (f (xn )) does not
converge to f (c).
Let A ⊆ R and let c be a cluster point
of A. f does not have limit L at c iff
there exists a sequence (xn ) in A with
xn 6= c for all n ∈ N such that the
sequence (xn ) converges to c but the
sequence (f (xn )) does not converges
to L.
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