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ON
OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AUDITING OF HIGH
REVENUE
BASE (HRB) FEEDER,ETC.
TRAINING TAKEN AT
ZONE-507(OPERATIONAL DEPARTMENT)
SAMAYPUR BADLI
TATA POWER DELHI DESTRIBUTIONZZZ
LIMITED
DURATION OF TRAINING: FROM 1ST JUNE
2018 TO 12TH JULY 2018
SUMMITED BY:
ANKIT SINGH
(17001002901)
ELECTRICAL ENGG.
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
MURTHAL(131001)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take immerse pleasure in thanking Mr. Anurag Tiwari our Zonal
Manager allowing me to learn and grow in the zone.
On the power supply front too, Tata Power areas have shown
remarkable improvement . The company has embarked upon an
ambitious plan to implement high-tech automated systems for its
entire distribution network. Systems such as GIS , SCADA and OTS are
the cornerstone of the company’s distribution automation project. To
fight the menace of power theft, modern techniques like High Voltage
Distribution System (HVDS) and LT Arial Bunched Conductor have been
adopted. Tata Power-DDL has to its credit several first in Delhi :SCADA
controlled Grid Stations, Automatic Meter Reading, GSM based street
lightning system and SMS based Fault Management System. To ensure
complete transperancy , the company has provided online information
on billing and payment to all its 1 million consumers . This happened in
the first year of operation itself . Tata Power-DDL believes in providing
more value than just electricity and is even rewarding its consumers for
timely payment. As a step towards captive generation, Tata Power-DDL
has also established a 108 MW gas based combined cycle power
generating facility at Rithala , North Delhi in its distribution area.
CHAPTER – 3
3.1 ZONE OVERVIEW :
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION
HRB feeders are normally known as high revenue base
feeder these feeders are placed normally at individual areas. The
feeders which have more energy consumption as compared to
domestic feeders and create high revenue for a company, these
feeders are known as high revenue base feeders.
In HRB feeder, there are maximum three phase meter are
installed to calculate the exact energy consumption. There are
different distribution transformer are installed at a required
distance or load. The rating of the transformers which are
installed on HRB feeders 16, 250, 450, 630 KVA etc.
3.4.2 ENERGY AUDIT OF HRB FEEDER:
The aggregated technical and commercial losses (AT&C) are
currently an unacceptably high level in an Indian electricity distribution
system and one of the objective of the solution is to provide a detailed
area/voltage level/network segment wise energy accounting and
auditing to provide a user friendly analysis for efficient monitoring and
taking appreciate actions to reduce technical and commercial losses.
One of the major roles provided by CIS and energy billing system is to
provide an account for the “billed energy” in the specified time period
for which the energy accounting activity is being performed. This will be
a guiding factor to deduct the commercial loss of a distribution system
and thus help in calculating the AT and C loss figure. In the Indian
scenario, consumers billing is normally being done on monthly basis
and the system keeps record of energy consumption against a
consumer. With the adoption of the indexed consumer data base, a
consumer can easily be mapped with his/her electrical address(sub-
station/ HT feeder/ DT/ LT feeder/ pole etc) and thus the aggregation of
the consumption data can easily be performed at any EAS policy level
(feeder wise, DT wise etc).
NEGATIVE MISMATCH:
Negative mismatch going toward when If we give input to 1MU
(million unit) but get a output of 1.2MU via metering . So our DT has a
negative mismatch of 20%.
POSITIVE MISMATCH:
Positive mismatch going towards when If we give the input of 1MU
but get 0.8 MU via metering . So our DT has a positive mismatch of
20%.
FEEDER:
Many items of equipment are very expensive, and so the complete
power system represents a very large capital investment. To maximize
the return on this outlay, the system must be utilized as much as
possible within the applicable constraints of security supply. More
fundamental, however, is that the power system should operate in a
safe manner at all times. No matter how well designed, faults will
always occur on a power system, and these faults may represents a risk
of life and/or property. The destructive power of a fault arc carrying a
high current is very great; it can burn through copper conductors or
weld together core laminations in a transformer or machine in a very
short time – some tens or hundreds of milliseconds. Even away from
the fault arc itself, heavy currents can cause damage to plant if they
continue for more than a few seconds. The provision of adequate
protection to detect and disconnect elements of the power system in
the event offault is therefore an integral part of power system design.
Only by so doing can be the objectives of the power system be met and
the investment protected.
CHAPTER-4
4.1 SUB STATION:
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Electric power is produced at the power generating stations, which are
generally located far away from the load centres. High Voltage
transmission lines are used to transmit the electric power from the
generating stations to the load centres. Between the power generating
station and consumers a numbers of transformationsand switching
stations are required. These are generally known as SUB STATIONS .
Sub Stations are important part of power system and form a link
between generating stations, transmission systems and distribution
system . It is an assembly of electric components such as bus bars,
switch gear apparatus, power transformers etc. Their main functions
are to receive power transmitted at high voltage from the generating
stations and reduce the voltage to a value suitable for distribution.
Some sub stations provide facilities for switching operations of
transmission lines, others are converting stations. Sub Stations are
provided with safety devices to disconnect equipment or circuit at the
time of faults. Sub Stations are the convenient place for installing
synchronous condensers for the purpose of improving power factor and
it provide facilities for making measurements to monitor the operations
of the various part of the power system.
CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated
manually and automatically for controlling and protection of electrical
power system respectively. As the modern power system deals with
huge currents, the special attention should be given during designing of
circuit breaker for safe interruption of arc produced during the
operation of circuit breaker.
TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical
energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic
induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a varying electromotive
force (emf) or "voltage" in a second coil. Power can be transferred
between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two
circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831 described this
effect. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating
voltages in electric power applications.
Core of transformer :
Core is made with laminated steel sheet in all type of transformers to
provide continuous magnetic path and also to provide minimum air
gap. For this purpose silicon enriched steel is used. hysteresis losses
also decreased in core with increase in permeability. By making core
laminated eddy current losses also reduced in core.
Steel tank :
It is a main part of transformer. It is steel made box. Transformer core is
placed inside this tank. Windings and other helpful devices are placed
inside this tank. It is filled with insulating oil ( mineral oil ). It have
usually cylindrical or cubical shape depending on transformer
construction. It is coated internally and externally with colour for safety
point of view.
Conservator tank :
It is a small tank which used in high power transformers. It is
connected above the main tank of transformer. It has cylindrical
shape.Main tank and conservator tank connected to each other
through a pipe. Buchholz relay is used between conservator tank and
main tank in transformers having capacity more than one MVA.
Buchholz relay:
This relay is connected to a pipe between main tank and conservator
tank. It is gas actuated realy. It is very important part of transformer. In
short buchholz relay provide protection for low oil level and high
temperature.
Tap changer:
Tap changer switch is used to regulate secondary voltage in case of low
voltage in primary side of transformer. Two type of tap changing
switches are used:
TRANSFORMER OIL:
It provides additional insulation. It also protects the insulation from dirt
and moisture. It carries away the heat generated in the cores and oils.
BUSHING:
It is a hollow electrical insulator. Bushing are used to keep conductor
insulated. It is made up of porcelain.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
1. Power Transformer
2. Instrument Transformer
3. Auto Transformer
a) Step Up Transformer
b) Step Down Transformer
1. POWER TRANSFORMER:
The power transformers are used in the transmission networks of
higher voltages. The ratings of the power transformer are as follows
400 KV, 200 KV, 110 KV, 66 KV, 33 KV. They are mainly rated above 200
MVA. Mainly installed at the generating stations and transmission
substations. They are designed for maximum efficiency of 100%.
2. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of
electrical quantities i.e. voltage, current, power, energy, power factor,
frequency. Instrument transformers are also used with protective
relays for protection of power system.
A. CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
Current transformer is used to step down the current of power system
to a lower level to make it feasible to be measured by small rating
Ammeter (i.e. 5A ammeter).
Primary of C.T. is having very few turns. Sometimes bar primary is also
used. Primary is connected in series with the power circuit. Therefore,
sometimes it also called series transformer.
B. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system
to a lower level to make is feasible to be measured by small rating
voltmeter i.e. 110 – 120 V voltmeter.
Primary of P.T. is having large
no. of turns. Primary is
connected across the line
(generally between on line and
earth). Hence, sometimes it is
also called the parallel
transformer.
3. AUTO TRANSFORMER:
An Auto Transformer is a transformer with only one winding wound on
a laminated core. An auto transformer is similar to a two winding
transformer but differ in the way the primary and secondary winding
are interrelated. A part of the winding is common to both primary and
secondary sides. On load condition, a part of the load current is
obtained directly from the supply and the remaining part is obtained by
transformer action. An Auto transformer works as a voltage regulator.
Transmission
Distribution
GENERATION SYSTEM:
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power
fromother sources of primary energy. The generation of electricity
can be of different kinds including conventional sources and non –
conventional sources. The electric power can be generated at the
voltage level of 11KV at a frequency of 50HZ in India.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:
Electrical transmission is the process of delivering generated
electricity - usually over long distances - to the distribution
grid located in populated areas. An important part of this process
includes transformers which are used to increase voltage levels to
make long distance transmission feasible.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric
power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers. A distribution substation is located near or inside
city/town/village/industrial area. It receives power from a transmission
network. The high voltage from the transmission line is then stepped
down by a step-down transformer to the primary distribution level
voltage. Primary distribution voltage is usually 11 kV, but can range
between 2.4 kV to 33 kV depending upon region or consumer.
Distribution substation
Feeders
Distribution Transformers
Distributor conductors
Service mains conductors
CABLES:
LT & HT cables form a very delicate part of electric network.
HT – 11KV, LT- 400v and XLPE U/G cables are being used.
Sizes vary as per load requirement, which various from:
3*150sqm – 3*300sqm for HT
3*95sqm – 3*150sqm for LT
There is HT & LT ABC (Aerial Bunched Conductors) Is being used in O/H
system.
Sizes vary from:
HT : 3*95sqm – 3*150sqm
LT: 3*70sqm – 3*95sqm
Consumers service line cables are armored XLPE cable used to provide
supply from pole to consumer premises. There are many category of
consumers like domestic, industrial, commercial, agricultural etc. Size
of various cable vary as per sanctioned load:
Upto 5KW -------- 2*10 sqmm
6KW-10KW -------- 2*25 sqmm
11KW – 25 KW -------- 4*25 sqmm
Above 26KW -------- 4*95 sqmm
LT ABC:
LT aerial bunched cables provides higher safety and reliability, lower
power losses and ultimate system economy by reducing installation,
maintenance and operating cost. Aerial bunched cables also considered
to the best choice for power distribution.
HT ABC:
While specifically talking about HT Aerial Bunched Cables , these are
basically three single cored unarmoured cables laid around a weight
carrying conductor which also serves as an earth or neutral conductor.