Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Jenis antibiotik
Sejak tahun 1982, penelitian Wideman et al. tentang penggunaan cefazolin versus
sefotaksim sama-sama efektif dan penggunaan bergantung pada biaya dan ketersediaan (Wideman
et al., 1982). Namun, antibiotik sefalosporin generasi pertama dan kedua, terutama cefazolin
adalah obat pilihan untuk penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis untuk profilaksis bedah di berbagai
pedoman dengan memeprtimbangkan potensi resistensi antibiotik (Chambers et al., 2011; PPRA,
2016). Tourmousoglou et al. pada 898 pasien (44,8% dalam operasi bersih dan 55,2% dalam
operasi yang terkontaminasi bersih) menunjukkan bahwa sefalosporin generasi kedua (cefazolin)
adalah antibiotik yang paling sering diresepkan (67%) dan yang paling efektif. Peresepan
profilaksis clindamycin dikaitkan dengan risiko infeksi bedah situs yang jauh lebih tinggi
dibandingkan dengan cefazolin dan metronidazole (OR 3,78; 95% CI, 1,37-10,47) (Poeran et al.,
2016).
Pada sebagian besar tindakan bedah, antibiotik rekomendasinya adalah cefazolin, dengan
level of evidence sebagian besar A dan B. Pada beberapa kasus, dapat juga digunakan ampicillin-
sulbactam, ceftriaxone atau kombinasi dengan metronidazole. Salah satu penelitian epidemiologi
di Solo menunjukkan bahwa antibiotik profilaksis yang paling sering digunakan di senter mereka
yaitu: antibiotik tunggal: sefositin (1%) pasien, sefotetan (1%) pasien, sefuroksim (7%) pasien,
sefotaksim (11%) pasien, seftizoksim (2%) pasien, seftriakson (11%) pasien, dan antibiotik
kombinasi: sefazolin dan metronidazol (47%) pasien, sefotetan dan metronidazol (1%) pasien,
sefuroksim dan metronidazol 1 (%) pasien, sefotaksim dan metronidazol 18 (%) pasien (UNS,
2006). Di RSUP Sanglah, mengikuti pedoman Permenkes, jenis dan dosis antibiotik profilaksis
yang digunakan dapat dilihat pada
Pengecualian bila sudah terdapat hasil kultur mengenai bakteri yang potensial menginfeksi
dapat mengikuti tabel berikut.
Anderson, D. J. 2011. Surgical site infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 25, 135-53.
Ashp 2013. Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery. ASHP Therapeutic Guidelines, 1.
Avenia, N., Sanguinetti, A., Cirocchi, R., Docimo, G., Ragusa, M., Ruggiero, R., et al. 2009.
Antibiotic prophylaxis in thyroid surgery: a preliminary multicentric italian
experience. Ann Surg Innov Res, 3, 10.
Berríos-Torres, S. I., Umscheid, C. A., Bratzler, D. W. & Et Al. 2017. Centers for disease control
and prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection, 2017. JAMA
Surgery, 152, 784-791.
Cdc 2017. Surgical site infection event. CDC, 1, 1-32.
Coskun, H., Erisen, L. & Basut, O. 2000. Factors affecting wound infection rates in head and
neck surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 123, 328-33.
Dionigi, G., Rovera, F., Boni, L., Castano, P. & Dionigi, R. 2006. Surgical site infections after
thyroidectomy. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 7 Suppl 2, S117-20.
Dionigi, G., Rovera, F., Boni, L. & Dionigi, R. 2008. Surveillance of surgical site infections after
thyroidectomy in a one-day surgery setting. Int J Surg, 6 Suppl 1, S13-5.
Duerink, D. O., Roeshadi, D., Wahjono, H., Lestari, E. S., Hadi, U., Wille, J. C., et al. 2006.
Surveillance of healthcare-associated infections in Indonesian hospitals. J Hosp Infect,
62, 219-29.
Fachinetti, A., Chiappa, C., Arlant, V., Kim, H. Y., Liu, X., Sun, H., et al. 2017. Antibiotic
prophylaxis in thyroid surgery. Gland Surg, 6, 525-9.
Horan, T. C., Gaynes, R. P., Martone, W. J., Jarvis, W. R. & Emori, T. G. 1992. CDC definitions of
nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical
wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 13, 606-8.
Idsa 2013. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery. American
Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 70, 195 -283.
Jenks, P. J., Laurent, M., Mcquarry, S. & Watkins, R. 2014. Clinical and economic burden of
surgical site infection (SSI) and predicted financial consequences of elimination of SSI
from an English hospital. J Hosp Infect, 86, 24-33.
Johnson, J. T., Myers, E. N., Thearle, P. B., Sigler, B. A. & Schramm, V. L., Jr. 1984. Antimicrobial
prophylaxis for contaminated head and neck surgery. Laryngoscope, 94, 46-51.
Leaper, D. J. & Edmiston, C. E. 2017. World Health Organization: global guidelines for the
prevention of surgical site infection. J Hosp Infect, 95, 135-136.
Lee, K., Kim, S., Kim, S., Chang, H., Kim, B., Lee, Y., et al. 2017. Perioperative Antibiotic
Prophylaxis May Not Be Required Routinely in Thyroid Surgery. J Endocr Surg, 17(4),
160-7.
Mossanen M Fau - Mossanen, M., Calvert Jk Fau - Calvert, J. K., Holt Sk Fau - Holt, S. K., James
Ac Fau - James, A. C., Wright Jl Fau - Wright, J. L., Harper Jd Fau - Harper, J. D., et al.
Overuse of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Community Practice Urology.
Ppra, T. 2016. Laporan tahunan RSUP Sanglah Tahun 2016 [Online]. Available:
http://sanglahhospitalbali.com/v1/file/Laporan%20Tahunan%202016.pdf
[Accessed].
Qin, Q., Li, H., Wang, L. B., Li, A. H., Chen, L. J. & Lu, Q. 2014. Thyroid surgery without antibiotic
prophylaxis: experiences with 1,030 patients from a teaching hospital in China. World
J Surg, 38, 878-81.
Rosato, L., Avenia, N., Bernante, P., De Palma, M., Gulino, G., Nasi, P. G., et al. 2004.
Complications of thyroid surgery: analysis of a multicentric study on 14,934 patients
operated on in Italy over 5 years. World J Surg, 28, 271-6.
Selwyn, O. & Rogers, J. 2017. Surgical Perspective: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection 2017. Surgical
Infections, 18(4), 383-404.
Seven, H., Sayin, I. & Turgut, S. 2004. Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean neck dissections. J
Laryngol Otol, 118, 213-6.
Shea 2013. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Surgery. SHEA, 1, 1-
58.
Tourmousoglou, C. E., Yiannakopoulou, E., Kalapothaki, V., Bramis, J. & St Papadopoulos, J.
2008. Adherence to guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in general surgery: a critical
appraisal. J Antimicrob Chemother, 61, 214-8.
Vamvakidis, K., Rellos, K., Tsourma, M., Christoforides, C., Anastasiou, E., Zorbas, K. A., et al.
2017. Antibiotic prophylaxis for clean neck surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 99, 410-2.
Vila, P. M., Zenga, J. & Jackson, R. S. 2017. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Clean-Contaminated Head
and Neck Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg, 157, 580-588.
Who 2016. Global guidelines on the prevention of surgical site infection. WHO, 1, 1-184.
Wick, E. C., Vogel, J. D., Church, J. M., Remzi, F. & Fazio, V. W. 2009. Surgical site infections in
a "high outlier" institution: are colorectal surgeons to blame? Dis Colon Rectum, 52,
374-9.