Chapter 11 Back to Calamba, 1887-88

After the publishing of Noli and the uproar it cause to anti Filipino elements, Rizal was warned by
Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo, Chenggoy and the other friend not to return home.

There are four reasons why Rizal is eager to go home in the Philippines.

1. To operate his Mother eye

2. To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrant

3. To find out the effect of Noli

4. To find it why Leonor Rivera had remained silent

He also wrote Blumentritt why he need to go home in the Philippines.

“ I always like to return to the country of my birth”

Delightful trip to manila

Rizal left Rome by train for Marseilles, a French fort, which he reached without mishap.

On July 3, 1887- Rizal boarded the steamer Djemnah, the same steamer which brought him to Europe
five years ago.

Rizal was the only passenger who could speak many languages, so he acted as interpreter for his
companions.

The steamer was Enroute to the Orient via Suez Canal.

On the board, he played chess with fellow passenger and engaged in lively conversation in many
languages.

After leaving Aden, the weather became rough and some of Rizal book got wet.

At Saigon, on July 30, 1887, he transferred to another steamer Hayfong, which was manila bound.

Arrival in Manila

Rizal voyage from Saigon to Manila was pleasant. On August 3, 1887 the moon was full and he slept
soundly the whole night.

On August 6 he arrived in Manila. He disembarked shortly after nine o’clock that night.
He found Manila the same as when he left it five years ago. There were the same old churches and
buildings, the same hole in the roads, the same boat in the Pasig river, and the same hoary walls
surrounding the city.

HAPPY HOMECOMING

On August 8, two days after his arrival in Manila, he reached Calamba. His family welcomed him
affectionately, with plentiful tears of joy.

Rizal established a Medical clinic in Calamba. His first exploit as a physician was the successful operation
on his mother’s eye.

He removed the double contract from his Mother and the news spread far and wide.

They usually call Dr. Uliman because he came to Germany, who is busy attending his lucrative medical
practice.

He opened gymnasium, for young folk, where he introduce European sports

He tried to divert the interest of his town mates in cockfighting and gambling, introducing to them the
sport such as gymnastic, fencing and shooting.

But during his stay in Calamba. He failed to see his beloved Leonor Rivera. He tried to go in Dagupan but
his parent absolutely forbade him.

He was caught on the iron grip of the custom of time that marriage must be arranged by the parents of
bridegroom and bride.

STORM OVER NOLI

A few weeks after his arrival, a storm broke over his novel. He received a letter from Governor General
of Malacanan name Emilio Terrero informing him to report immediately in Malacanan, because
somebody has whispered to him that the novel contained subversive ideas.

Rizal went to Manila and reported to the office of Governor General Terrero in Malacanan. The
Governor General told to Rizal the charge, but Rizal denied it, explaining that the merely exposed the
truth, but he never advocate subversive ideas.

The Governor General asked the author for the copy of the Noli, but Rizal had no copy. Because the only
copy he brought home was given to a friend. He promise to secured one to the Governor General.

Rizal visited to Jesuit Father to ask for a copy he sent them, but they would not part with it.
His former professor namely Fr. Francisco Sanchez, Fr. Jose Bech and Fr. Federico Fauna were glad to see
him.

Rizal discuss with them about the Noli and Fr. Fauna ventured an opinion “ everything in it was the
truth, but you may lose your head for it”

Fortunately Rizal found a copy in the hand of a friend. He was able to get it and gave it to Governor
General Terrero.

The Governor General who was liberal minded, knew that Rizal’s life was in jeopardy because in the
friars were powerful.

For security measure, he signed a young Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, as bodyguard
of Rizal.

This lieutenant belonged to the noble family, cultured and knew painting and he could speak English,
French and Spanish.

Governor General read the Noli and found no wrong in it, but Rizal enemies were powerful.

Arch. of Manila Msgr. Pedro Payo (Dominican) sent a copy of the Noli to the rector of UST Fr. Gregorio
Echavarria for examination.

The committee which was composed of a Dominican Professors submitted it report to the Fr. Rector,
who immediately transmitted it to the Arch. Payo.

The Arch. in turn lost no time in forwarding to the Governor General

The report of UST professors stating that the Noli was “ heretical, impious and scandalous in the religion
order, and Anti patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious in the government of the Spain and its
function in the Philippine Island in the political order.”

Governor General Terrero was dissatisfied with the report of the Dominican, for knew that the
Dominican were prejudiced against Rizal.

He sent the novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priest and
laymen.

The report of commission was drafted by its head Fr. Salvador Font, Augustinian cura of Tondo.

It found that the novel contain subversive idea against church and Spain, recommended “ that the
importation, reproduction, and circulation of pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited.

The banning of Noli only served to make it popular. Everybody wanted to read it. News among the
books spread among the masses.
Despite it prohibition, and vigilance of the cruel Guardia Civil many Filipinos were able to get hold of
copies of the Noli which they read at night behind closed doors.

Thanks to Governor General Terrero, there were no mass execution of Filipinos.

ATTAKER OF NOLI

The battle of the Noli took form of a war of words. Father Font printed his report entitled Noli Me
Legere (read me not) and circulated its copies, believing that his critique of disputed novel would
discredit it.

Another Augustinian friar, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, published a pamphlet entitled Caiingat Cayo (beware)
which attacked the Noli and warned the readers that if they read it “ they commit mortal sins inasmuch
as the said book is full of heresy.

Another attacker of Noli was the Spanish writer, Vicente Barrantes, his bitter criticism of the novel was
published in a Madrid newspaper, la espana Moderna in January, 1890.

Repercussion of the storm over the Noli reached the session hall of the Spanish Cortes. Two Spanish
senator Vida and Pando, attaked the Noli during the parliamentary debates. A member of the lower
house of the Spanish Cortes General Salamanca also came against Noli.

DEFENDER OF NOLI

The much maligned Noli had its gallant defenders. The fighting editor of La solidaridad, MH del pilar,
writing under the pen name Dolores Manapat, published the pamphlet entitled Caiigat Cayo as an
answer to Fr. Rodriguez Caiingat Cayo.
The similarity of the title and the physical makeup of the pamphlet of Del pilar with that Fr. Rodriguez
enable Del Pilar work to enter even churches were Rodriguez opus was distributed to the church goers.

The title of Caiigat Cayo means (be a slippery as an Eel )

Father Francisco Sanchez, Rizal’s beloved Jesuit professor depended Noli in public.

The Spanish statesman, Don Segismundo Moret, former president of the council of minister, read and
like the book very much.

A brilliant defender of Noli came from unexpected source. It was Reverent Vicente Garcia writing under
the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang , which circulated even Singapore.
ARGUMENTS OF VICENTE GARCIA TO THE WORK OF FR. RODRIGUEZ

Rizal cannot be “ignorant man” as Fr. Rodrigues alleged, because he was graduate of Spanish
Universities and was recipient of scholastic Honors.

Rizal does not attack the church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez claimed, because what Rizal attacked in the
Noli the bad Spanish official and not Spain, and the bad and corrupt friars and not he church.

Fr. Rodriguez that does who read the Noli Commit mortal sin: since he(Rodriguez) had read the novel he
commit in the mortal sin.

Later when Rizal learned of the brilliant defences of Fr. Garcia of his novel, he cried because his
gratitude was overwhelming.

Rizal also defended his novel against Barrantes ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty
which is unworthy of an academician.

During the height of controversy, the prices who was originally five pesetas (1 peso) was rose to fifty
pesos per copy.

RIZAL AND ANDRADE

What marred Rizal’s happy days in calamba with Lt. Andrade were.

a. The death of his older Sister, Olympia.

b. The groundless tales circulate by his enemies that he was a “German Spy, a protestant, a mason, a
witch, a soul beyond salvation etc…

CALAMBA’S AGRARIAN TROUBLE

Governor General Terrero influenced by certain fact in Noli ordered a government investigation of the
friars estates remedy whatever inequalities might have been present in connection in land taxes and
with tenant relation.

In compliance with Governor General ordered, dated December 30, 1887, the civil Governor of laguna
Province directed the municipal authorities of Calamba to investigate the agrarian condition of their
locality.
CONDITION OF CALAMBA AGRARIAN TROUBLE

The hacienda of Dominican order comprised not only the lands around calamba. But also the town of
Calamba.

The Profit of the Dominican order continually increase because the arbitrary increase of the rental paid
by the tenant.

The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for
education of the children , and for improvement of agriculture.

Tenant who had spent much labour in clearing the land were dispose of said island for flimsy reasons.

High rates of interest were charge for the tenant for delayed payment of rentals and when the rentals
could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their carabaos, tools and home.

No action was taken by the government of the above mentioned grievances of the calamba tenant.

FAREWELL CALAMBA

Rizal’s exposure of the deplorable condition of tenancy in calamba infuriated further his enemies.

The friars exerted pressure on Malacanan Palace to eliminate him.

There were many threats against Rizal’s life and his relative and friends, thus they advised him to leave
Philippine because his life was in danger.

REASON WHY HE LEAVE CALAMBA

His presence in calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends.

He could better fight his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign
countries.

POEM FROM LIPA

His friend in Lipa requested to him to write a poem in commemoration of the towns elevation of a villa
(city)

Gladly, he wrote a poem dedicated to the industrious folks of lipa. This was Himmo Al Trabajo (hymn of
labour). He finished it and sent it to lipa before his departure.
CHAPTER 12 – HONGKONG, MACAO, AND JAPAN, 1888

“ I left my country in order to give my relatives peace. I am at any rate once more in a free land,
breathing the free air of Europe” Rizal

Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was force to go abroad for a second time in February 1888.

He was then a full grown man of 27 years of age, practicing musician and a recognize man of letter.

Rizal at 27 was embittered victim of human inequities, a disillusioned dreamer, a frustrated reformer.

TRIP TO HONG KONG

On February 3, 1888, after short stay of six months in Calamba. Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong a British
colony.

He was sick and sad when he was crossing the choppy China Sea.

He did not ge6t off his ship when it made to stopover in Amoy for 3 reasons:

1. He was not feeling well

2. It was raining hard

3. He heard the city was dirty

In Hong Kong, Rizal stayed at victoria hotel. He was welcomed by the Filipino resident, including Jose
Ma. Basa, Balbino Mauricio and other exiles of 1872.

A Spaniard, Jose Sainz de Varanda, who was a former secretary of governor Terrero, shadowed Rizal
movement in Hong Kong.

It is believe that he was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal.

VISIT TO MACAO

On February 18th , Rizal accompanied by Basa, boarded the ferry steamer Kiu Kang for Macao.

He was surprised to see among passengers familiar figures- Sainz de Varanda

Macao is Portuguese colony near Hong Kong accdg.to Rizal Macao is a small, low and gloomy
environment.
There are many junks, sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad and almost dead.

In Macao, Rizal stayed in the house of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, last Filipino delegates to the Spanish
Cortes, married a Portuguese lady resided on Macao.

During his 2nd day sojourn in Macao, Rizal visited the theatre, casino, cathedral, churches, pagodas,
botanical Garden and bazaar.

He also saw the famous grotto of Camoens, Portugal’s national poet.

February 19th he witnessed the catholic procession and on February 21th Rizal and Basa returned to
Hong Kong.

EXPIRIENCE IN HONGKONG

During his two weeks visit in Hong Kong Rizal studied Chinese life, language, drama and customs.

Noisy celebration of the Chinese Year which lasted February 11th (Saturday) to 13th (Monday), and
continuous explosions of firecracker.

Boisterous Chinese theatre’s , with noisy audience and noisier music. In Rizal dramatic art, Rizal
observed the ff.

-A man astride in stick means riding in horseback

-An actor raising his leg means he is entering the house

- A red dress indicated a wedding

- A girl about to married covers his face in a fan even on the presence of her fiancé

- A raising a ship signifies he is about to ride a horse

- A marathon Lauriat party, wherein guest were served numerous dishes, he is longest meal in the world

RELIGIOUS IN HONGKONG

The Dominican order was the richest religious order in Hong Kong

Hong Kong cemeteries belonging to the protestant, catholic and Muslims

-The protestant is the most beautiful because of its well-groomed plans and clean pathway.
- The catholic cemetery was most pompous with its ornate and expensive mausoleums and
extravagantly carved sepulchres
- The Muslim cemetery was the simplest, containing only a little mosque and tombstones with
Arabic inscription.
DEPARTURE FROM HONGKONG

On February 22,1888, Rizal left Hong Kong on board the oceanic, an American steamer, his destination
was Japan.

He did not like the meal, but he like the ship because it was dean and efficient managed.

His cabin mate was a British protestant missionary who had lived in Calamba for 27 years and knew the
Chnese language very well.

CHAPTER 13 – RIZAL IN JAPAN

Japan has pleased me. The most beautiful scenery, the flowers, the tress, the inhabitants-so peaceful,
courteous, and pleasant…..

One of the happiest interludes in life of Rizal was his visit to the delightful land of cherry blossoms for
one month and a half (feb.28-April13, 1888).

He was enchanted by natural beauties of Japan, the charming manners of the Japanese people and the
picturesque shrine.

RIZAL ARRIVES IN YOKOHAMA

Early in the morning of February 28, 1888, Rizal arrived in Yokohama and registered in Grand Hotel.

The next day he proceeded to Tokyo and registered at Tokyo hotel, where stayed from March 2-7 and
he was impressed in the city.

He wrote to Blumentritt “Tokyo in more extensive than Paris. The walls are built in cyclopean manner.
The streets are large and wide”

RIZAL IN TOKYO

Shortly after his arrival in Tokyo, he was visited in Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of Spanish Legation.
The latter invited him to live at the Spanish Legation.

Rizal being an intelligent man , realized that the Spanish diplomatic authorities were instructed from
Manila to watch out hi movement in Japan.
He invited the invitation for two reason:

a. he could economize his living expenses by staying in the legation

b. he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities.

On March 7, Rizal checked out in Tokyo hotel and lived in Spanish Legation.

He and Perez Caballero became good friend. He described Rizal as “a young, fine and excellent writer
and able diplomat who had travel much.

During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know to speak Japanese
language. He looked like Japanese but he could not talk. He had also hard time shopping, for he could
not understand and the Japanese children laughed at him.

To avoid further embarrassment, Rizal decided to study the Japanese language. Being a born linguist, he
was able to speak it within a few days.

He also studied Japanese drama (kabuki), arts, music and Judo (Japanese Self Defence)

He also browsed the museums, libraries, art galleries and shrine.

He visited Meguro, Nikko, Hakone, Miyanoshita and charming villages of Japan.

RIZAL AND THE TOKYO MUSICIANS

One cool afternoon, while he was promenading one of the streets of Tokyo, he heard the Tokyo band
playing a classical work of Strauss.

He was impressed by the superb performance of the western music; he stopped and listed in rapt
attention.

He wondered how these Japanese people have assimilated the modern European education to the
extent of playing so well the beautiful musical masterpieces of the great European composer.

The band stopped playing, and Rizal was greatly surprised because they were Tagalog. He approached
by inquiring in Tagalog “ taga saan po ba kayo?”

The musicians were equality surprised and delighted to meet him.

They told him that they are Filipino and some of the band members are Japanese but they just playing
the secondary instrument.
RIZAL’S IMPRESSIONS IN JAPAN

Rizal was favourably impressed by Japan. He was keen observer, taking copious note of the life, customs
and culture of the people.

He was no silly, light headed tourist who merely enjoys attractive sight that appealed only to the senses,

a. the beauties of the country-its flowers, mountains streams, and scenic panoramas.

b. the cleanliness, politeness and industry of Japanese people.

c. the picturesque dress, and simple charm of Japanese women

d. there were few thieves in Japan so that the houses remained open day and night, and in the hotel
room one can safely leave money on the table.

e. beggars were rarely seen in the streets, unlike manila and other cities

However, there is one thing which he did not like in Japan, and that was popular mode of transportation
by means or rickshaws drawn by men.

His sensitive soul recoiled at seeing human being working like horses, pulling carts.

He felt disgusted at the way a human being is employed like a horse.

ROMANCE WITH OSEI SAN

One spring morning, in March 1888. Rizal entered a big store in Yokohama, to buy something.

This was a biggest store in that port city which was dealt on western goods and was owned by Usui-San,
former samurai.

A lovely young woman was then at the store at that time, seeing that she was a member of the store he
approached her, and Rizal asked her if she knew English.

She replied in affirmative. In fact she was fluent in three languages-Japanese, English and French.

Rizal was glad to converse her in English and French.

After what he needed, he left, he was impressed by the girls cameo-like beauty, charming, tenderness
and high intelligence.

She told him that her name was Seiko Usui.

She had told him that she was a daughter of the store owner, and she learned the three languages by
her private tutors.
In succeeding days, Rizal made daily visits to the Usui store. He and the store owner’s daughter became
good friends. O Sei San, her pet name was then 23 years old and Rizal was 29.

In due time their friendship bloomed in romance, The sweet scented cherry blossoms, the balmy soft
breezes and romantic atmosphere of springtime contributed to amorous relationship.

O Sei San loves Rizal with all their heart, and her love was reciprocated by the latter.

Lonely and homesick in a foreign land, Rizal succumbed to the siren call of the romance.

He was but human, endowed by god with emotion that responds normally the feminine charm and
beauty.

O Sei San, was more than a hero’s sweetheart, being an artist and linguist, she taught Rizal art of
Japanese painting and improved his knowledge in Japanese language and literature.

Rizal and O Sei San, both theatre addict, attended several kabuki plays, such as Sendaihagi, Manjiro,
Nakahama and Chushingura.

Rizal was deeply moved by the chivalrous spirit of Amagawaya Gihei, hero of the play Chushingura, so
that the painted a scene depicting his heroic death to save the life of the lord.

O Sei San, beauty and affection almost tempted Rizal to settle down in Japan. At the same time, he was
offered a good job.

If he were a man of less heroic mould, of less power, he would live permanently in Japan-and happily at
that O Sei San; but then the world, and general and the Philippine in particular would have lost a Rizal.

SAYONARA JAPAN

On April 13, 1888, Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer at Yokohama bound for the United State.

He left Japan with heavy heart,for he would not see O Sei Sananymore.

One Rizal’s fellow passenger was Tetcho Suehiro, a Japanese newspaperman who had jail twice for
writing article against government.

He did not know the foreign language so that he could not talk the other passenger, Rizal who could
fairly talk with Japanese help him.

Rizal and Suehiro of the Japanese misrule the Philippine, his effort to depend his people from Spanish
abuses and his novel Noli me Tangere which was banned by the Spanish authorities.

Rizal and Suehiro both exiles travelled together across the pacific through the United State and parted in
London.
CHAPTER 14- RIZAL IN AMERICA

I visited the great cities of America, with their grandiose edifices, their electric light, and their great
conception. America is, undoubtedly a great country, but it has many defects.

Rizal first saw America on April 18, 1888. His arrival in great country was marred by racial prejudice, for
he saw the discriminatory treatment of the Chinese passengers by the American passengers.

He take noted on what he observed and truly in this chapter Rizal is a man of truth, and he wrote a
reality of what he had seen and experience.

ARRIVAL IN SAN FRANCISCO

The steamer Belgic with Rizal on board, docked at San Francisco on Saturday morning of April 28, 1888.

All passengers were not allowed to land because the American authorities put the said steamer in a
quarantine on the ground that it came in far east were cholera epidemic was alleged to be raging.

Rizal was surprised because he knew there were no cholera epidemics at that time in Far East.

He joined the other passenger in protesting the unjustifiable action of health authorities.

The American consul of Japan had given the ship a clean bill health, and the British governor of Hong
Kong certified the absence of cholera cases in China.

He discovered soon that the placing of the ship under quarantine was motivated by politics.

The ship was carrying 643 Chinese coolies because at that time public opinion on the pacific coast was
against cheap coolie labour because the coolies from China were displacing white labourer in railroad
constructed camps.

To the vote of whites in California (for election was near) the administration impeded the entry of
Chinese coolies.

Rizal noticed that contrary to quarantine regulations 700 bales of valuable Chinese silk were landed
without fumigation, that the ship doctor went ashore without protest on the part of the health officers
and the customs employees ate several time on board the supposedly cholera-infested ship.

After a week of quarantine, all first class including Rizal was permitted to land, but the Chinese and
Japanese passenger on the second and the third class accommodation were force to remain on board
for a longer quarantine period.
RIZAL IN SAN FRANCISCO

On Friday afternoon, May 4, 1888, the day Rizal was permitted to go ashore; Rizal registered at the
palace hotel, which was considered a first class hotel in the city.

He paid $4 a day with bath and everything and this hotel is located in 312 stockton street

Rizal also mentioned in his diary the name of Leland Stanford, who was a millionaire senator presenting
California in the US senate at that time, he is the founder of Stanford University of Palo Alto California,
and the President of US at that time is Glover Cleveland

ACROSS THE AMERICAN CONTINENT

On May 6, 1888, Sunday at 4:30 pm Rizal left San Francisco for Oakland, nine miles across San Francisco
Bay, by ferry boat.

In Oakland, he boarded the train for his trip across the continent. He took his dinner at Sacramento for
75 cents and slept in his coach.

Early the following morning (May 7) he awoke and had good breakfast at Reno, now glamorized by
American high pressure Propaganda as “ the biggest little city in the world”

RIZAL IN NEW YORK

On Sunday morning May 13, 1888, Rizal reached New York, thus ending his trip across the American
continent.

He stayed three days in this city, which he called the big town.

He visited the scenic and historic place, he was also inspired and awed by the memorial of George
Washington and to his letter to Ponce” he is the greatest man who, I think, has no equal in this century.

On May 16, 1888, he left New York for Liverpool on board the city of Rome, the second largest ship in
the world at that time.

He saw with trilling sensation the colossal Statue of Liberty Bedloe Island as his ship steamed out New
York harbour.
RIZAL’S IMPRESSIONS IN AMERICA

Rizal had good and bad impression in the US the good impressions were:

a. the material progress of the country as shown in great cities, huge farm, flourishing industries and
busy factories.

b. the drive and energy of American people.

c. the natural beauties of the land

d. the high standard of living

e. the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigration.

On bad impression, Rizal noticed that American lacked racial equality. There existed racial prejudice
which is inconsistent with the principle and democracy of freedom which the American talk so must but
do not practice. Thus wrote to Ponce “they do not have true liberty. In some states the Negro cannot
marry a white woman, nor a white man a Negress. Hatred against the Chinese leads to difficulty for
other Asiatic who, like the Japanese, is mistaken for Chinese by the ignorant, and therefore being dislike
too…

In 1890, two years after Rizal visit to U.S, Jose Alejandrino, who was then studying engineering in
Belgium, roomed with him on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne Brussels, Alejandrino who had never been in
America asked Rizal “what impression you have in America”?

“America “, Rizal answered is that land par excellence of freedom but only for the white”

CHAPTER 15 – LIFE AND WORK IN LONDON

“l am dedicating myself night and day to certain studies about our country, its history; its
administration… the very rich collection of the British Museum, a collection which cannot be found
anywhere else is serving my purpose. For this reason, I will stay here for a long time.”

After his travel in US, Rizal lived in London from May 1888 to March 1889. He close this English city to be
his new home for three reason:

a. to improve his knowledge of English language

b. to study the annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Isla Filipinas a rare copy of which he heard to be
available in British Museum.

c. London was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny.

He complete Morga’s book and wrote many articles for La Solidaridad in defence of people against
Spanish critic.
TRIP ACROSS THE ATLANTIC

The trans-Atlantic voyage of Rizal from New York to Liverpool was pleasant one, because he won many
friends of different nationalities on board the palatial City of Rome because of his friendly in nature and
linguist ability.

Rizal entertained the American and European passengers with the marvellous skills with the YOYO as an
offensive weapon, YOYO is use by Filipino children as a toy, but he manipulated it as weapon of offense.

On board, Rizal discussed with the current and social problems of mankind, and found them to be
inadequate of Geo politics. He could not enjoy the companionship because they were intellectually
inferior to him.

Rizal arrived in Liverpool, England on May 24, 1888, and stayed one day in the port.

ARRIVE I N LONDON

On May 25, 1888 after a day in Liverpool, Rizal went to London.

He stayed at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an exile of 1872 and a practicing lawyer in London.

At the end of May he found modest boarding place at 37 Chalcot cresents, Primrosehill, he was a
boarder of a Beckett family.

The Becketts were the Mr. Beckett an organist of Saint Paul church, Mrs. Beckett his wife and three
charming daughters’, the oldest was Gertrude, called Gettie by Rizal.

The Beckett home was to Rizal was conveniently located. It was near the public parks and was within
easy walking distance to the British Museum where he expected to do much research.

Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the ministry of the Foreign Affairs and an authority
in Malayan languages and custom.

Dr. Rost was impressed by Rizal’s learning and character; and he gladly recommended him to the
authorities of the British Museum and he called Rizal ”a pearl of a man”(una perla de humbre).

Rizal spent much his time in the British Museum poring over pages of Morga’s Sucesos and other rare
historical works on the Philippines.

He frequently visited Dr. Regidor and discussed with him a problems pertaining to the Philippine affairs.

He spent Sunday on the house of Dr. Rost, with whom he had much pleasant discussion on linguistic.

He also played cricket (popular English game) and box with Dr. Rost’s sons.
NEWS FROM HOME GOOD AND BAD

Both Good and Bad news reached Rizal in London.

The bad news were injustices committed by the Spanish authorities on the Filipino people and Rizal
family. Among which are the ff.

Persecution of the Filipino patriots of Manila and the surrounding towns who signed by petition of 1888
which was presented to Don Jose Centeno, Civil Governor of Manila, on March 1, 1888, the petition was
addressed to the Queen regent of the Spain, requesting the expulsion of the friars, including Archbishop
Payo of Manila.

The calamba agrarian trouble of 1888 which the tenant including, Rizal’s were being persecuted by the
hacienda management.

Manuel Hidalgo (husband of Saturnina) was exiled in Bohol.

Another brother in law of Rizal, Mariano Herbosa (husband of Lucia) was denied Christian burial because
of malicious Rumor that he had not confessed since his marriage.

A friend of Rizal, Laureano Viado, a medical student at the UST was imprisoned because a copy of Noli
Me Tangere was found in his possession.

One Good was cheered Rizal, and that was Rev. Vicente Garcia defence Noli against attacks of the friars.

He heard this Good news from Mariano Ponce, Rizal was deeply gratified by the courteous actions of Fr.
Garcia, thus in his famous letter he said:

“ We young Filipinos are trying to make over our nation and must not halt in our onward march, but
from time to time turn our gaze upon our elders. We shall wish to read in their countenance approval of
our action. We are anxious to learn of the Philippine’s past which we need to understand in order to
plan intelligently for the future. We want to know all that our ancestors, knew, and then odd our own
studies to theirs. Thus we shall progress the faster because we can go on from where they left off.

ANNOTATING OF MORGA’S WORK

Rizal greatest achievement in London was the annotation of Dr. Morga’s famous historical work entitled
Sucesos de las Isla Filipinas (Mexico 1609)

He spent many days in the reading room of the British Museum poring over pages of his book and
laboriously studying the old histories of the Philippines, such as those written by Fr. Chirino, Fr. Colin,
Argensola, Placensia etc.

For nearly two years (1888-1889), Rizal was deeply immersed in his historical studies in London.

During which time his compatriots in Spain were waging crusades for the Philippine reform.
At one time, Mariano Ponce who had never yet and who was then living in Barcelona, urge to him edit a
newspaper which would defend the Filipino interest from the scurrilous attacks of Spanish detractors.
He refused Ponce’s request because he was busy. . “Today” he wrote to Ponce on October 12, 1888, “ I
am dedicated day and night to certain studies, so that I do not want to edit any newspaper.”

SHORT VISIT TO PARIS AND SPAIN

Early in September, 1888, he visited Paris for a week, in order to search for more historical materials in
the Bibliotheque Nationale.

He was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife who proudly showed him
their little son Andres (luling), and after the pouring the old books and manuscript the returned to
London.

On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain visiting Madrid and Barcelona. He contacted his compatriot
and surveyed the political situation with regards to the agitation for Philippine reform.

For the first time he me MH del Pilar and Mariano Ponce two Titans of the propaganda movement.

He exchanges the ideas with the new friends and promise to cooperate in the fight for reform.

CHRISTMAS IN LONDON

Rizal returned to London on December 13, and spent Christmas and New Year’s with the Beckett.

He experienced the delightful Christmas Eve his first on English soil.

That night he wrote “it is now Noche Buena” it is a holiday, I like the best to celebrate.

ROMANCE WITH GERTRUDE BECKETT

Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the three Beckett sister’s Gertude, Gettie, as she was
called by her was a buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink cheeks.

She was attracted to the brown skinned doctor undoubtedly she was in Love with him.

A picnic stories

In rainy day Rizal stayed at home, she help him mixed his colors for painting or assisted in preparing the
clay for sculpturing.

Being a normal man, found a great delight in Gertrude’s companionship. He was verge of love himself;
but of loyalty to Leonor Rivera, he could not reciprocate the English girl affection.
It was this romantic affair drove Rizal to Paris in 1888, leaving London because he could not marry
Gertrude.

WRITING IN LONDON

Aside from annotating Morga’s work, Rizal wrote many things about London, including article or La
Solidaredad.

Informed by Fr. Rodriguez attack on his Noli, in a series of leaflets under the general tittle Cuestiones de
Sumo interest, Rizal wrote a pamphlet entitled La vision del Fray Rodriguez (Barcelona 1888) under his
pseudo name Dimas Alang.

In La vision Del Fray Rodriguez demonstrated two things.

a. His profound knowledge of religion

b. His biting satire

in London, Rizal wrote a famous letter to the young woman of Malolos (Feb 1888)in tagalog.

He penned it, upon the rquest of MH Del Pilar to praise the young ladies of Malolos girl their courage to
establish a school where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish
priest of Malolos.

The points of the letter were.

a. The Filipino mother should teach her children love of god, fatherland and mankind.

b. Filipino mother should be glad, like Spartan mother, to offer her son in the defense of the father land.

c. Filipino woman should know how to preserve he dignity and honor.

d. Filipino woman should educate herself aside from retaining her good racial virtues.

e. Faith is not merely reciting long prayer and wearing religious picture, but rather it is living the real
Christian way, with good morals and good manner.

WRITINGS IN LONDON

Dr. Rosts, editor of Trubner’s Record, a journal devoted of Asian studies, requested Rizal to contributed
some article.

In response to his request, the letter prepared to article.

a. Specimen of Tagal Folklore (May 1889)

b. Two eastern Fables (June 1889) this is a comparative study of the Philippine and Japanese Folklore.
It attracted the attention of Dr. H. Kern, a Dutch orientalist, who mentioned it on his paper read before
the international congress of Orientalist held in Stockholm in the same year. (1889)

RIZAL AND LA SOLIDARIDAD

On January 12, 1889, while Rizal was in London, the Filipino patriot and their Spanish friends in Madrid
founded a society called Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, for the purpose of the working the needed reform
which were they aims for which the propaganda Movement was being waged.

President: Don Miguel Morayta-Spanish statesman, professor and historian

VP.Gen. Felipe de las Cortes

Secretary: Dr. Dominador Gomez (Ramiro Franco)

The need for an organ of the propaganda to combat the calumnies written by Spanish detractor.

Mariano Ponce invited Rizal to join the said organ but he decline because he is busy annotating the work
of Dr. Morga.

Lopez Jaena, who was not a busy, founded La Solidaridad on February 15, 1889 and became the organ of
the propaganda.

MH del Pilar wrote to Rizal; “editor Garciano edit a reports, correct proofs. Direct painting distributed
the copies and even takes them to the mail; and manager Maning (Mariano Ponce) collect data, edit,
correct proofs, write the leads prepare correspondence and also distribute the copies.

Rizal congratulated G Lopez-Jaena and his assocites in founding a propaganda Movement

As a proofs as his approval and cooperation, he became active contributors to La Solidaridad, using the
two pen names Dimas Alang and Laong Laan.

ADIOS TO LONDON

He carved several fine sculptural works.

a. Prometheus bound

b. The triumphs of death over life

c. The triumphs of science over death

d. Composite carving of three Beckett sisters

in the middle of March 1889, Rizal departed for Paris he was a sad to crossed the English channel for he
had many beautiful memories.

CHAPTER 16 IN GAY PARIS, 1889-90

“The truth is that Paris is not the Perfect city imagined by many Parisiennes”

In the spring of 1889, Paris is bursting with gayety and excitement because of the international
exposition.

Thousands of visitors from all corner of the world crowded every hotel, inn the boarding houses.

Rooms for rent were rarity, and even everywhere in metropolis the hotel rates and house rents were
roaring sky-high.

Indeed Rizal was caught in Parisian life.

DIFFICULTY IN FINDING LIVING QUARTER

In March, 1889, it was extremely difficult for visitors in find living quarter in Paris.

The international exposition attracted thousands of tourists so that all hotel accommodation was taken.

To9 the great disgust of Rizal. The cost of living spiralled high because the French landlords took
advantages to the event.

For a short period of time, Rizal lived in the house of his friend Valetin Ventura, at no. 45 Rue
Maubeuge, where he had polished his annotated Morga’s work.

He transferred his residence several time, moving from one hotel to another and from one boarding to
another.

Finally he lived with the two Filipino’s in a little room,-Capitan Justo Trinidad former Governadorcillo of
Sta. Ana Manila and a refugee of Spanish tyranny and Jose Albert, a young student from Manila.

In his spare time, Rizal use to dine at the homes of his friend such as the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas,
the Ramirezes and Rochas, etc.

He was good friend of three Pardo de Taveras- Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Taveras- physician by vocation and
philologist by avocation. Dr. Felix Pardo de Taveras also a physician in vocation an artist, and sculptor by
avocation and Paz Pardo de Taveras wife of Juan Luna.

These Pardo de Taveras were children of Don Juaquin Pardo de Taveras, an exile of 1872 who escaped
from Marianas and lived in France.
Accgd. To Dr. Felix, Rizal is “very fond of Philippine dishes.

Rizal was also frequent visitor of the Bousted family at no. 3 Rue de Bassin.

Mr. Edward Boustead was born in the Philippine, the son of the rich French businessman of Singapore,
and had married a daughter of a prominent Geneto family of manila.

Because of his happy sojourn in manila and his charming Filipina wife, he welcomed all Filipinos at his
home in Paris and his villa in Biarritz (France).

He had two daughter Nelly (Nellie) and Adelina.

In Paris Rizal continued his study of languages, he perfected French, thus he speak and write like
Frenchmen.

He was able to prepare a volume of French exercises as a textbook for a student of French language.

He attended together with Trinidad on Lectures on Oriental languages in the University of Paris.

On Sundays, he attended fencing lesson at the studio of Juan Luna which was a good French fencing.

He fenced with Luna brother (Juan and Antonio), Valentin Ventura and the Boutead sisters.

Nelly was good fencer and Rizal enjoyed crossing foils with her.

Moreover, he carried artistic hobby, he made two statues- “the beggar” and the maid with the Basket”
which he sent to Blumentritt together with artistic wallet (petaca) made of Philippine vine (nito)

THE KIDLAT CLUB

Towards the end of March 1889, shortly after his arrival in Paris, Rizal organized his paisanos into society
called Kidlat Club.

Among the members were.

 Antonio and Juan Luna

 Lauro Dimayuga
 Baldomero Roxas
 Gregorio Aguilera
 Fernando Canon
 Gregorio Pautu
 Julio Lorente

The Kidlat club was purely a social club of temporary in nature.

It was founded by Rizal to bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they could
enjoy their sojourn in the city during the international Exposition.

He wrote to Blumentritt “ Kidlat in tagalog means lightning” and same reason this club will live only
during the exposition.

INDIOS BRAVOS

Rizal and the member of the Kidlat club usually went sightseeing at the exposition grounds in one group,
Rizal who speak French acted as their interpreter.

In one of their sightseeing, they saw Buffalo bill’s troupe and were impressed by the American, Indian,
wearing war pants and feathers, proudly riding their horses like centaurs.

The tall, dignified, proud, and powerfully built Indians ignited Rizal’s imagination.

He told he friend “why should we resent being called Indios by the Spaniards, look at the American
Indians. They were ashamed of their race. Let us be the Spaniards revise the conception of the term. We
shall become Indios Bravos!”

Thus, a new society of Filipino- Indios Bravos-was born in Paris.

It replaced the Kidlat club.

The members Aguilera, Dimayuga , Pautu, Canon, Antonio and Juan Luna, Lorente and Roxas- pledge to
excel in intellectual and physical prowess in order to win the administration of the Spaniards.

They practice with greater energy the use to swords and pistol.

Rizal taught them jiujitsu, the Japanese art of self-defence, which he learned in Japan.

ANNOTATED OF MORGA PUBLISHED

Rizal outstanding achievement in Paris in January, 1890 was publication of his annotated edition of
Morga’s Sucesos which he wrote in the British Museum.

It was painted by Granier Fereres- hi dedicated this historical work “TOP THE FILIPINOS” and the
prologue was written by professor Blumentritt, upon request of Rizal.

In his prologue, Blumentritt commented Rizal for his fine historical scholarship.

However, he frankly censured Rizal for two things which revealed Rizal’s error, namely:

 Rizal commits the error of many historians in appraising the events of the past in the light of
present standard.
  Rizal’s attack the church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not
be construed to mean that Catholicism is Bad.

Notwithstanding of two blemishes of Rizal’s work, it is by far and large, a splendid piece of
historiography.

Rizal annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos because it is the best of many histories of the Philippine
written by the early Spanish writers, being accurate in the narration of events, unbiased in judgment,
and unmarred by childish fantasies.

In this historical works, Rizal proved that the Filipino were already civilized before the advent of Spain.
They had clothes, government, law, writing, literature, religion, art, science and commerce with
neighbouring Asian nations.

Thus, Rizal blasted the historical heresies of the Spanish writers who claimed that the early Filipinos
were savages and was a low mentality.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FILIPINOLOGIST

Taking advantage of world attention which was then focused at the international Exposition of 1889 in
Paris, Rizal proposed to established an “international association of Filipinologist” and have it inaugural
convention in the French capital.

He first broached mentioned hi idea to Blumentritt in a letter dated January 14, 1889, and the latter
gladly supported him.

The association aims to study the Philippines from scientific and historical point of view.

OFFICER

President- Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian)

V. President- Mr. Edmund Plauchut (French)

Couselor- Dr. Reinhold Rost (Anglo-German)

Couselor- Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor (Filipino-Spanish)

Secretary- Dr. Jose Rizal (Filipino)

Rizal scheduled the holding of the inaugural convention of the IAF in Parish in August 1889. He invited
renowned scholars in Europe and prepared agenda for the said inaugural, but the convention did not
materialized because the French government discourage the holding of conference by the private
organizations during the period of the international exposition.
FILIPINO COLLEGE FOR HONG KONG

Another magnificent project of Rizal in Paris which also fizzled out was his plan to establish a modern
college in Hong Kong.

He wrote to his friend, Jose Ma. Basa about to this matter. Accdg. To Rizal, this college aims “to train
and educate men of good family and financial means in accordance with the demand of modern time
and circumstances”

A rich Filipino family in Paris, Mr. Cunanan, promised to help him raise 40,000 pesos as initial capital for
the college.

However, this project was not materialized.

POR TELEPONO

Rizal wrote again satirical work entitled Por Telepono on 1889 as a reply to another slander work of Fr.
Salvador Font, who also masterminded the banning of his Noli.

Por Telepono was published in booklet form in Barcelona 1889. Rizal received the printed copies from
Mariano Ponce, as revealed by his letter to the latter, dated Paris, August 13, 1889.

This satirical pamphlet under the authorship of “Dimas Alang” is a witty satire which ridicules Fr. Font.

It describes in comical vein Fr. Font and a friar in San Agustin in Convent Manila.

Incidentally Por Telepono demonstrates not only Rizal’s sparkling wit, but also his prophetic insights.

It is amazing how he foreseen this phenomenon which we enjoy now.

RIZAL AND THE BOUTEAD SISTERS

Rizal had another romantic affair in Paris.

This time it was Adelina Bousted the younger sister of Nellie.

He grew fond of her instead of the athletic Nellie, because he was quiet, dignified and refined on the
other hand, Antonio Luna is so much in love to Nelly.

Both Rizal and Luna were frequent visitors at the Bousted home in Paris.

Nelly was attracted by the talented Rizal, with who she was infatuated.
Rizal, however, loved Adelina. Luna as madly in love with Nelly, but Nelly did not reciprocate his
affection.

Luna became jealous of Rizal because Nelly was apparently in love with him (Rizal).

He rashly thought that his friend Rizal was alienating Nelly affection for him.

To preserve their friendship, Rizal had to tell Luna that he had no amorous interest on Nelly. As a matter
of fact he tried his best to promote Luna’s suit, but it was hopeless because Nelly did not love the
passionate Ilocano.

On November 16, 1889-Luna wrote to Rizal, announcing his trip to Barcelona to seek a duel with Mr.
Deas, Spanish newspaperman who was writing article against the Filipinos.

Later, in 1889, when Rizal grieving over Leonor Rivera’s coming marriage to an Englishman. Mr. Hendry
C Kipping, he visited the bousted family in Biarritz to propose marriage to Adelina

Fortunately or unfortunately his marriage proposal did not prosper for three reasons:

 Adelina was not sure he loved her because of his broken engagement with Leonor Rivera.
 Rizal refused top accept the condition that he became the protestant like her.
 Adelina’s mother opposed the match because Rizal was not rich enough to support a family in
style.

Despite the failure of his marital plan, Rizal remained a fiend of the bousted family. He was welcomed
guest at villa Eliada, the bousted villa in Biarritz.

CHRISTMAS IN PARIS

December 25, 1889- Rizal and Jose Albert prepared a Christmas dinner with fried chicken, rice and
vegetables.

This dinner proved to be Rizal’s last Christmas dinner in Paris.

Shortly after New York, Rizal made brief visit London.

To compared hid printed annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos with original copies in British Museum

To visit Gertrude Beckett for the last time

By the middle of January, 1889, he was back in Paris and complained about a terrible headache, at that
time influenza epidemic is ravaging Europe, fortunately he was not stricken with flu.
CHAPTER 17- RIZAL IN BRUSSELS, 1890

Now must I ponder deep, Meditate, and struggle on; E’en sometimes I must weep; for he was loved
would keep great pain has undergone.

On January 28, 1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, capital of Belgium. There are two reasons why he
leaved Paris, there are:

 The cost of living in the Paris was very high because of international exposition,
 They gay social life of the city hampered his literary work specially the writing of his second
novel El Filibusterismo.

His friend MH del Pilar and Valentin Ventura taught that he will left because was running away from a
girl as what happen when he left London.

When he told them that the reason for his leaving Paris was because his money was dwindling, Ventura
generously invited him to live with him in Paris without paying rent.

He could not accept the invitation of Ventura, for he had a high sense of dignity and would not accept
charity in any man.

LIFE IN BRUSSELS

Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels

They lived in the modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philipe Champagne which was run by Jacoby sisters.

Later Jose Albert lived the city and was replaced by Jose Alejandrino, an engineering student.

In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second novel El Fili, the continuation of Noli.

Aside from writing its chapter, he wrote articles for La Solidaridad and letters to his family and friends.

He also spent many hours in a medical clinic because he was a physician.

For recreation, he had gymnastic at the gymnasium and practice target and fencing in the armory, thus
he wrote to Antonio Luna

“I go to the clinic, I read, I write, I go to the gymnasium and to the armory” Speaking of his frugality, Jose
Alejandrino, his roommate in Brussels said “in Brussels we took our meal in a house and Rizal one
occasion suggested that we eat pancit. We are spending so much day a purchase the necessary
ingredients, but Rizal miscalculated the value of ingredients, thus they eat pancit for two days.

RIZAL’S ARTICLE IN LA SOLIDARIDAD

1. La Verdad Para Todos (the truth for all)- issue of May 31, 1889. First article of Rizal written for LS
2. “Versades Nuevas” (New truth), July 31, 1889
 3. Una Profanancio (A Profanation), July 31, 1889- a bitting against the friars for refusing the bury
Mariano Herbosa in the catholic cemetery.
4. Diferecias (Differnces)- sept. 15, 1889
5. Filipinas dentro de Cein Anos (the Philippine A century hence), published serially on September
30, October31, December 15, 1889 and February 1, 1890- it contains a prophecy that someday
Filipinos will rise in revolution against Spain and win the Independence, but later the Philippines
shall come under the rule of the US
6. Ingratitude’s (ingratitudes)- January 15, 1890- a reply to the GG Weyler who, while visiting
Laguna Province in company with the Dominicans, said that the people “should not let
themselves be deceived by the vain promises of ungrateful sons”
7. Sin Nombre (Without name)- Feb. 28, 1890.
8. Sobre La Nueva Orthografia de la Lengua Tagala (On the new Orthography of the tagalog
language)- April 15, 1890- Rizal advocates the use of the new spelling tagalog
9. Cosas de Filipinas (things about Philippines) April 30, 1890.
10. Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos (on the indolence of the Filipinos), July 15- Sept.15,1890- a
brilliant essay in defence of Filipino Indolence

RIZAL CRITICIZES MADRIS FILIPINOS FOR GAMBLING

In Brussels Rizal received news From Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura that the Filipino in Spain was
destroying the good name of their nation by gambling too much.

This two compatriots urge him to do something

Accdgly., Rizal wrote to MH del Pilar on May 28, 1890 to remind Filipinos in Madrid that they did not
come to Europe to gamble, but they work for their fatherland’s freedom.

The gambling Filipinos were angry when they learned of Rizal moralizing, thereafter they called Rizal
“papa” instead of Pepe

BAD NEWS FROM HOME

Letter from home which received in Brussels worried him, because the calamba Agrarian trouble was
getting worse.

The management of the Dominican hacienda continually raised the land rent until such time that Don
Francisco Rizal (father) refused to pay his rents. Other tenant inspired by Don Francisco’s courage,
refused also to pay their rent.

The Dominican order filed suit in court to dispossess the Rizal family of their land in Calamba.

Meanwhile the tenant including Rizal family were persecuted and ejected from their land
Paciano, Antonio Lopez (Narcissa). Sivestre Ubaldo (Olympia) were deported to Mindoro

Another brother in law Manuel Hidalgo was banished for second time in Bohol.

The sad news from home depressed Rizal. His heart bled to know the sorrowful plight of his parent,
brother in Laws, thus he wrote to Soledad on June 6, 1890.

PRESENTATION OF DEATH

In his moment of despair Rizal had a bad dream during the night in Brussels when he was restless
because he was always thinking of his unhappy family in Calamba.

Although he was not a superstitious, he feared that he would not live long. He was not afraid to die, but
he wanted to finish his second novel before he went to his grave.

PREPERATION TO GO HOME

In the face of sufferings which affected his family, Rizal decided to go home.

He could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his parent, relatives and friends in distant Philippine
were in despair.

Hearing that Garciano Lopez Jaena was planning go to Cuba. He wrote Ponce dated July 9, 1890,
opposing plan of Jaena.

He said that Garciano should not go to Cuba to die with yellow fever, instead he “ought to go to the
Philippines to allow himself to be killed in defence of his ideals”

And Rizal ways “ we have only once to die and if we do not die well, we lose on opportunity which will
not again present to us”

Another letter to Ponce dated July 18, 1890 he expressed his determination to go home.

All his friends warned him the danger awaited him at home.

ON MADRID INSTEAD OF HOME

Rizal did not heed the warning of his friends; no threat of danger could change his plan.

Something however happened changes his mind and that was the letter to Paciano that they lost the
case against the Dominican in Manila, but they appealed in the supreme court of Spain. Hence lawyer is
needed to handle it in Madrid.
Rizal wrote to MH del Pilar on June 20, 1890 retaining that he will go to Madrid in order to supervised
the case.

ROMANCE WITH SUZANNE JACOBY

Niece of his landlady

Lonely in a foreign land he was deeply in love in a Belgian girl and because he missed Leonor Rivera that
much.

He might have flirted with Suzanne Jacoby, but he could not stop low deceptive amorous relationship.

Although Rizal was in faraway Madrid, Suzanne could not forget him, she wrote him in French.