PHYSICS

Paper 2
2 1/4 Hours

NDEJJE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

MOCK SET II EXAMINATIONS, APRIL 2017
SENIOR FOUR
PHYSICS
Paper 2
2 hours 15 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Answer any five questions

These values of physical quantities may be useful to you.

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s-2

Specific heat capacity of water = 4,200 J kg-1 K-1

Specific heat capacity of ice = 2,100 J kg-1 K-1

Specific latent heat of fusion of water = 340,000 J kg-1

Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m s-1

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1. (a) Define acceleration due to gravity. (01 mark)
(b) V(m s-1)

20

0
10
t(s)
0 65 70

The figure shows a velocity-time graph of a car of mass 800 kg.

Find the
(i) accelerating force. (03 marks)
(ii) total distance moved. (02 marks)
(c) Explain the following observations;
(i) An object which is moving over a horizontal surface retards to
rest when the accelerating force is removed. (02 marks)
(ii) A high jumper flexes his knees on landing on a hard surface.
(04 marks)
(d) (i) State the principle of conservation of momentum. (01 mark)
(ii) A trolley of mass 0.30 kg is moving at 20 m s-1.
Find its momentum. (02 marks)

2. (a) Define the following terms as applied to waves:

(i) Amplitude. (01 mark)
(ii) Frequency. (01 mark)
(b) Describe an experiment to demonstrate resonance of sound.
(03 marks)
(c) A student standing 540 m in front of a high wall in clear space
makes a loud sound and hears an echo after 3 seconds.
(i) Determine the speed of sound in air. (03 marks)
(ii) State two factors which affect the speed of sound in air.
(02 marks)
(d) A radio wave transmits at 5 MHz.
Find its wavelength. (02 marks)
(e) Draw a sketch diagram to show how circular waves are reflected
from a plane reflector. (03 marks)
3. (a) Define
(i) the principal focus of a converging lens. (01 mark)
(ii) a virtual image. (01 mark)
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe a simple experiment to
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 determine the focal length of a converging lens.
(c) An object of height 4 cm is placed perpendicularly on the principal
axis at a distance of 45 cm from a converging lens of focal length
15 cm.
By graphical construction determine
(i) the position of the image.
(ii) the magnification.
(d) Give one use of converging lenses. (01 mark)

4. (a) Give two methods of producing electrons from metals. (02 marks)
(b) State the effect of each of the following on a fine beam of electrons
(i) electric field. (02 marks)
(ii) magnetic field. (02 marks)
(iii) gravitational field. (01 mark)
(c) (i) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how X-rays are
produced. (05 marks)
(ii) Distinguish between hard X-rays and soft X-rays. (02 marks)
(iii) What precautions should be taken to minimize health hazards?
(02 marks)
5. (a) What are cathode rays? (01 mark)
(b) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the main features of a cathode
ray tube. (02 marks)
(ii) Describe briefly how cathode rays are produced in the cathode
ray tube. (02 marks)
(iii) State two uses of a cathode ray oscilloscope. (01 mark)
(c) Define the following terms:
(i) Isotopes. (01 mark)
(ii) Half life. (01 mark)
(d)

Path of emitted
particle P

Uniform magnetic field directed

into plane of the paper

The diagram above shows the path of a particle P, emitted from a

radioactive sample of a rock, passing through a region of uniform
magnetic field directed perpendicularly into the paper.

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 (i) Identify the particle P. (01 mark)
(ii) Describe the changes that take place in the nuclear structure of
an element X with atomic number 226 when it emits particle P,
identified in (d) (i). (02 marks)
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(e) (i) The mass of a radioactive substance decays to of its original
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value after 36 days. Find its half life. (03 marks)
(ii) State one medical use and one industrial use of radioactive
tracers. (02 marks)

6. Define the following terms as applied to machines.

(a) (i) Mechanical advantage. (01 mark)
(ii) Velocity ratio. (01 mark)
(b) (i) Draw a pulley system of velocity ratio five. (03 marks)
(ii) Find how far the load is raised by the above system, if the effort
moves down by 3 m. (02 marks)
(iii) Calculate the effort required to raise a load of 1200 N, if the
mechanical advantage is 4. (02 marks)
(iv) Calculate the efficiency of the system. (02 marks)
(c) Explain what happens to the efficiency of the system in (b) above
if the load is much;
(i) less than 1200 N. (01mark)
(ii) more than 1200 N. (01 mark)
(d) Give two practical applications where pulley systems are used.
(02 marks)
7. (a) State the changes detected when listening to a sound note if the
(i) amplitude is raised. (01 mark)
(ii) frequency is increased. (01 mark)
(b) Give three differences between light waves and sound waves.
(03 marks)
S R
(c)

P Q
The diagram above shows a ripple tank PQRS whose one side is
raised. A ripple is started by touching the water at A, and after one
second it has the shape shown.
(i) State which side of the tank is raised. (01 mark)

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 (ii) Explain the shape of the ripple.
(d) 4 cm

Direction of travel

A B
The lines in the figure above show crests of straight ripples formed
in a ripple tank.
(i) If after 10 seconds, A is in position B, calculate the velocity of
the ripples. (04 marks)
(ii) Draw a diagram showing how the ripples would pass through a
wide gap of an obstacle they would meet. (02 marks)
8. (a) Define a ray of light (01 mark)
(b) (i) What is meant by power of accommodation with reference to
the eye? (01 mark)
(ii) Explain with the aid of sketch ray diagram how the eye defect
called long sightedness arises. (04 marks)
(iii) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how the defect mentioned
in (b) (ii) can be corrected. (04 marks)
(c) (i) State the laws of refraction. (02 marks)
(ii) A N Air
60º

P Q
O

glass

S R
Air
The diagram shows a ray of light incident on a glass block at angle
of incidence of 60º. If the refractive index of glass is 1.50,
calculate the angle of refraction. (02 marks)
(iii) Redraw the diagram in (c) (ii) showing the subsequent path of
the ray through glass until it emerges out of the glass block
indicating all the appropriate angles involved. (03 marks)
END

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SOLUTIONS
1. (a) Acceleration due to gravity is the rate of change of velocity with
time of a body falling freely under gravity. (01 mark)
(b) (i) v = u + at  20 = 0 + 10a
-2
a = 2ms
F = ma  F = 800 ×2 = 1600 N

(ii) Distance moved, s = area under graph with time axis.

s = ½ × 10 × 20 + 55 × 20 + ½ × 5× 20
s = 100 + 1100 + 50
s = 1250 m
(c) (i)
 Retardation is caused by frictional force between the object
and the surface on which it moves.
 This is because friction always acts in such a direction so as
to oppose the relative motion between two surfaces in
contact.
(ii)
 As the high jumper flexes his knees, he takes longer to come
to rest.
 The rate of change of momentum is therefore lowered which
leads to a small force to be exerted on his body.
 He is therefore not hurt.
mv  u  mv  mu
 F = ma = =
t t
(d) (i) If no external forces act on a system of colliding objects, the
total momentum of the objects in a given direction remains
constant.
(ii) mass of trolley, m = 0.30 kg, velocity, v = 20 m s-1

Momentum = mv
= 0.30 × 20 = 6 kg m s-1
2. (a) (i) Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a particle from its
rest position.
(ii) Frequency is the number of complete oscillations made per
second.
(b)
 Fill a resonance tube with water held vertically.
 Place a vibrating tuning fork near its open end.
 Open the tap so that water flows out as length of air column

6
 increases until a loud sound is heard. Resonance is then said
to occur.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2𝑑 2×540
(c) (i) Velocity = = = = 360 m s-1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 3
(ii) The factors are;
 Temperature of the air.
 Direction of wind
v 3  10 8
(d) v = f   = = = 60 m
f 5  10 6
(e) incident wave pattern
reflected wave pattern
arrows

Source of
waves Source of reflected
waves

3. (a) (i) Principal focus of a converging lens is the point on the principal
axis to which all rays originally parallel and close to the axis
converge after passing through the lens.
(ii) A virtual image is the one formed by the apparent intersection
of rays when their directions have been produced backwards.
(b) Plane mirror White screen

Converging lens Cross-wires

Rays with arrows
Labels
O lit bulb

f O is object
Lens holder I is image

 The converging lens is mounted vertically in a lens holder

and placed in front of a plane mirror arranged parallel to it.

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  The cross-wires across a small hole in a white screen is
placed vertically at the level or of the principal axis of the
lens, and it is well illuminated by a bulb. The cross wires act
as the object.
 The position of the lens holder is adjusted until a sharp
image of the cross-wires is formed on the screen besides the
object.
 The distance between the lens and screen is measured and it
is equal to the focal length of the lens.
(c) See graph paper.
The image is 23 cm from the lens.
2
Magnification is = 0.5
4
(d)
 Converging lens is used in a camera to focus images on the
film. Any one
 It is used in a projector to focus real images of the slides on a
screen when the slide is between F and 𝐹′
 It is used in eye glasses to correct long-sightedness.
 They are used in microscopes to magnify images of tiny
objects
 It can be used as a magnifying glass when object is between
the principal focus and its optical centre.

4. (a) Two methods of producing electrons from metals:

 By heating the metal to a high enough temperature
preferably in a vacuum;
Thermionic emission.
 By shining light or an electromagnetic radiation of high
enough frequency on a clean metal surface;
Photoelectric emission.
(b) (i) The electric field deflects the beam of electrons towards the
positively charged plate.
(ii) The magnetic field deflects the beam of electrons along a
circular arc in a direction showing negative charge/current
according to Fleming’s left hand rule.
(iii) The gravitational field has no effect on a beam of electrons.

8
(c) (i)
Coolidge X –ray tube

High voltage
Focusing
Anode cathode cup
vacuum

A
Cathode
Radiator
rays
fins Tungsten
Low voltage
target X- ray beam
a.c

Correct diagram
At least 4 Correct labels

Production of X-rays
 The low voltage a.c source connected to the cathode and the
high positive potential of the anode are switched on.
The cathode heats up to high enough temperature and emits
electrons by thermionic emission.
 The high positive potential of the anode accelerates the
electrons towards the anode and the focusing cup focuses the
electrons onto the tungsten target.

9
  On reaching the target the cathode rays are stopped and most
of their kinetic energy is converted to heat, while the rest is
converted to X-rays whose frequency/ or quality depends on
the accelerating potential, and intensity depends on the low
voltage potential.
(ii) Hard X-rays are the ones with very short wavelength, high
frequency and high penetrating power while soft X-rays are those
with longer wavelength, lower frequency and less penetrating
power.
(iii) Precautions:
 The staff working in X-ray unit should wear protective
gear/shield made of lead to prevent unnecessary exposure to
X-rays.
 The number of exposures to X-ray examinations at a
particular part of a patient’s body should be limited to a
recommended maximum safe value since over exposure may
damage body cells.
 The parts of the patient’s body not under X-ray examination
must be safely covered with lead protective shield.
5. (a) Cathode rays are a stream of fast moving electrons.
(b) (i)

At least 4 labels; 1½ marks

Correct diagram; ½ mark

 The low voltage source is switched on to heat the cathode to

high enough temperature for electrons to be emitted.
 The emitted electrons are accelerated by the anode
connected to a high potential so that the electrons acquire
high velocity, hence, high kinetic energy. These are the
cathode rays.
 When the cathode rays strike the screen, their kinetic energy
is converted to light, i.e. the screen fluoresces or glows.

10
 Uses of the Cathode ray oscilloscope.
Any two
 To measure frequency of waves
 To measure voltages of both a.c and d.c type
 To measure the phase difference between waves
 To display and study different waveforms
 It is used in TV and computer monitors for displaying
information.
(c) (i) Isotopes are atoms of an element which have the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons or mass numbers.

(ii) The half – life period of a substance is the time taken for half
the atoms in any given sample of the substance to decay.
OR
The half – life of a radioactive nuclide is the time taken for half the
nuclei present in any given sample to decay.
(d) (i) Particle P is Alpha particle.
(ii) The nuclear changes are:
 The number of neutrons in the nucleus decreases by 4 and
mass number becomes 222
 The number of protons decreases by 2
(e) (i)
Let M = mass of radioactive substance,
Let T = half life of the substance.
Time (days) Mass
0 M
T M
2
2T M
4
3T M
8
4T M
16
4T = 36
36
T = = 9 days
4
(ii)
USES OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS
Medical uses;
To detect lung cancer. Any one
They are used in carbon dating to determine the age of rocks and
any ancient fossils.
They are used to kill germs in tinned foods.
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 Industrial uses;
Any one
They are used to detect leakages in pipes.
They are used to check and control thickness of paper and
aluminium during production or manufacturing.
They are used to check for faults and imperfections in welded
joints.
They are used in smoke detectors to trigger off an alarm in case of
fire.
6. (a) (i) Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the load to the effort.
(ii) Velocity ratio is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to
the distance moved by the load in same time.
(b) (i)

Effort

5 pulleys

LOAD

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡

(ii) Velocity ratio =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
3
5 = where d = distance moved by load.
d
3
d = = 0.6 m
5
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
(iii) Mechanical advantage =
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
1200
4 =
𝐸
1200
4E = 1200  E = = 300 N
4

12
 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
(iv) Efficiency ŋ = × 100%
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

4
ŋ = ×100% = 80%
5
(c) Load is directly proportional to efficiency.
Hence,
(i) If load is less than 1200 N, the efficiency decreases.
(ii) if the load is more than 1200 N, the efficiency increases.
(d)
 pulleys are used in cranes to raise or lower cargo
 they are used on flag posts to raise flags. Any two
 they are used on curtain rails to draw curtains
 they are used in lifts to transport lift passengers
 on conveyor belts to transport loads, passengers etc.

7. (a) (i) The sound note becomes louder.

(ii) The sound note heard is of higher pitch.
(b) Differences between light waves and sound waves
 Light waves are electromagnetic while sound waves are
mechanical.
 Light waves can travel through both material media as well
as through vacuum while sound waves travel through
material media only.
 Light waves are transverse while sound waves are
longitudinal.
(c) (i) Side SR
(ii)
The distance travelled by the ripple in same time is different in the
different directions from the source A.
The distance is shortest in the direction towards SR, where the
water is shallowest, and therefore the ripple is slowest in
shallowest water.
As depth increases, distance covered in same time also increases,
hence increased speed until longest distance in direction towards
side PQ where water is deepest, and therefore the ripple is fastest in
deepest water.

13
 (d) (i) wavelength,
t = 10 s distance d = 4 cm = 4 × 10-2 m
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 4×10−2
v = = = 4×10-3 m s-1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 10
(ii)
Obstacle with wide gap

8. (a) A ray of light is the direction of the path taken by light energy.
(b)
(i) Power of accommodation is the ability of the eye to focus
images on the retina for objects at different distances from the eye
by automatic alterations of the focal length of the eye lens.

(ii) Long sightedness arises from the eye ball being too short
leading to the formation of the image of an object at the normal
near point N, behind the retina.
Short eye ball

N I

Retina

P I

P is the eye’s own near point and it is further than N from the eye.
The image of an object at P is formed on the retina.

(iii)

14
 The defect is corrected by use of a converging lens which
converges the rays from the object at near point to take the
direction so as to appear as if they are coming from P in order
for the image to be formed on the retina.

Converging lens

P N
I

Retina

(c) (i)
 The incident and refracted rays are on opposite sides of the
normal at the point of incidence and all three lie in the same
plane.
 The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of
the angle of refraction is a constant for a given pair of media.
(ii)
sin i
Use = n
sin r
sin 60 0 sin 60 0 0.866
= 1.5  sin r = = = 0.577
sin r 1.5 1 .5
r = 35º

(iii) A N Air
60º

P Q
O

350 glass
0
35

S B R
600 Air Direction of ray BC to be
parallel to AO
C

15