THE ROLE OF HORTICULTURE SECTOR IN THE GROWTH OF

TANZANIAN ECONOMY: THE CASE OF GREEN BEANS

ABSTRACT

The study was on the role of horticulture sector in the growth of Tanzanian economy,
using green beans as case study.; the case of green beans. The study investigated the
support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and private sector,
the fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the international markets
and suggest way forward on managing the challenges facing the sector so that the sector
can have greater be of big contribution to the country’s economy. The study involved
______insert the numbers here (equivalent to 56.7%) Female and__________________
(equivalent to 43.3%) Men. The data collection methods were questionnaires and
documentary. Simple statistics methods were used for data analysis.

The findings revealed that there was lack of Government support which inhibits the green
beans production in Tanzania. It was also noted that the parliament of Tanzania has failed
to enact reforms to the plant Protection Act which would streamline the cumbersome
process of registering agrochemicals on green beans and the Ministry of Trade Tanzania
has not qualified vegetable pack houses as eligible for EPZ incentives which inhibits the
development of green beans production. Furthermore, the findings revealed that The
findings as well noted that the Dutch Government supports studies and staffing at TAHA.
On the other hand, there are donors who are supporting small farmers on green beans in
Tanzania such as USAID. However, it was revealed that the major leading market for
green beans is European supermarkets; which Tanzanian are selling on retails not
wholesales due to the airfreight costs. Different challenges revealed such as limited
airfreight capacity, lack of markets, lack of skilled labor, limited land right, freight costs,
unavailability of laboratory to do food safety and testing in Tanzania. The findings
revealed that there was a need to have enough airfreight capacity, international markets,
availability of skilled labor and the availability to do safety and testing for green beans
here in Tanzania is very important.

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The findings conclude that there production of green beans are essential in Tanzania
because increases the economy of the country. It was recommended that the Government
of Tanzania are required to support the small farmers of green beans because the business
increase the economy of the Country

CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the main reasons for the study. It also gives the background to the
problem, problem statement, research objectives, research questions, study significance
as well as limitations to the study. The chapter also presented the research methodology
of the study.

1.1 Background to the problem

The term horticulture is often defined as the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables,
flowers or ornamental plants (Relf, 1992). Mwanga, (2003) conducted a study on the role
of horticulture: issues, opportunities and constraints. He said, the world’s population is
projected at 9 billion by the year 2030. Most of the increase in population will be in
developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, where chronic food shortages
and malnutrition persist. Horticulture is underdeveloped in most African countries. The
regions food priorities can be addressed by focusing attention on important horticultural
crops and critical issues. Key issues include food shortage, distribution and nutrition,
competitive advantage of individual countries or regions, local and export marketing
constraints, and industry strategic planning involving policy, institutional and
technological innovations. Global horticulture annual growth averaged 13% between
2001 and 2008 whereby all categories of horticulture (fruits, vegetables, flowers and
spices) grew by more than 10% yearly since 2001 with fruit and spices growing at the
fastest rate COMTRADE data NHDS United State and Europe are the largest importers
of horticultural produce. However, the highest markets for horticultural exports include
India, Russia, VAE and Turkey.

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In many developing countries horticulture has traditionally provided food security and a
way of life for millions of small holders. The rising demand for horticultural produce
creates opportunities for income generating activities for the small scale farmers and
entrepreneurs in Rural and Urban areas. Horticultural production not only improves food
and nutrition security but also it contributes towards economic growth and development.
A good example in the developing countries is India, as India is the second largest
producer of vegetables in world, accounting for about 10 percent of the worlds
production. In sub-Saharan countries horticulture provides good opportunities for
production of fruits and vegetables As the also play an important role in nutrition and
human health Furthermore, farmers engaged in horticultural production often earn higher
incomes as compared to those of other crops. According to Humphrey (2006:20) some
horticultural outputs are more attractive for small farmers due to their few economies for
scale in their production and small. The demand for flowers as luxurious products with
high social vale has increased. Getu (2009) most of the Sub- Saharan countries take the
advantage of its geographic as a solution to achieve rapid economic growth Ethiopia as
one of the sub-Saharan country is attempting to expand its export base with a view to
gaining new sources of income and foreign exchange though international markets
(Ethiopian Horticultural strategy, 2007). And on top of that the country is benefiting from
this development of horticulture through creating employment opportunity for
unemployed citizens EHPEA (2007), shows that the expansion of the horticulture sector
in Ethiopia has been expansion phenomenal and have created employment for more than
30,000 peoples.

In East Africa, Horticulture subsector in Kenya has growth to become a major foreign
exchange earner and it is the fastest growing agricultural sub-sector and is ranked third in
terms of foreign exchange earnings form exports vegetables, fruits and cut flower
production are the main aspects of horticultural and production in Kenya (EPZA, 2005)
the horticulture subsectors directly and indirectly employs ever six million Kenyans. In
2009, Kenya earned KES 71.6 billion form Horticultural exports and KES billion from
the domestic market Kenya National Horticulture policy (2010). In Tanzania agriculture
is the largest sector it accounts for 26.7% of the country’s GDP and it is the sector that

3
provides employment to the large part of the country’s population. Agriculture in
Tanzania also contributes an average of nearly 30% of the country’s export role in
inflation control as more than 95% of food requirements in the country are obtained from
locally produced crops. According to İbrahim, (2011) he said green bean is one of the
most widely grown fruit crops throughout the world. According to FAO data for 2007, g
Green bean production all over the world was about 6,605 million tones (FAO, 2007).
The major producer countries include China, Indonesia, Turkey, India and Egypt [7].
Green bean is cultivated widely in Turkey, where 519,968 t had been produced in 2007.
Okra and green bean, like most other fruits and vegetables, are susceptible to rapid
deterioration because of their high moisture content. They are preserved in some forms,
such as frozen, canned and dried.

The horticulture sub sector in Tanzania has grown significantly and the foreign exchange
generated by the horticulture industry has increased form USD 46. 7 million per annum is
in 2006/07 to USD 112.6 million in 2008/09 and USD 127.7 million in 2010/11(MAFSC
2012). Moreover, Horticulture makes significant contribution to nutrition improvement,
food security and economic growth. The horticulture products consist of flowers, fruits,
vegetables, spices, herbs and horticultural seeds. The sub sector has a potential to become
one of the main sources of foreign exchange earnings and a significant driver of
economic growth. The study will examine the role of the horticulture sector in the
Tanzania Economy, especially the horticulture which involves the production, storage,
processing and marketing of vegetables.

Green beans, sometimes known as string beans, snap beans or French beans in the UK,
are the green or unripe fruits of all beans including the common bean. French beans have
been used since ancient times in the treatment of diabetes (Adrian 2008). According to
Adrian, 2008, China is the world’s largest producer of green beans, with Indonesia,
Turkey and India other top producing countries. In comparison to the dried bean varieties,
the green bean offers less protein and more fiber and other nutrients. Green beans are an

4
ideal vegetable for adding to Asian dishes such as stir fries and green curries. Cooking
reduces the amount of vitamin C in green beans but does not affect vitamin A content.
The best way to cook green beans is to steam them very quickly so that they retain their
vitamin C. Green beans are an excellent source of manganese, vitamin K and vitamin C.
They are very good source of dietary fiber, potassium, iron, foliate, and vitamin A. They
are a good source of calcium, protein, magnesium, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and
copper. Green beans and other green vegetables are a very good source of vitamin K,
which plays an important role in bone health and the prevention of osteoporosis. Several
studies have demonstrated that vitamin K deficiency is associated with low bone mineral
density, and an increase in bone fractures. Vitamin K supplementation and an increase in
consumption of vitamin K rich foods such as green beans have been shown to improve
bone health. In one 3-year double blind placebo controlled study, 181 healthy
postmenopausal women showed reduced bone loss of the femoral neck after vitamin K
supplementation. According to Avery, (2011) said that green beans may be grown as bush
beans or pole beans. Bush beans, also known as snap beans, can stand on their own,
growing in a bush-like plant that may stand as tall as two feet. Pole beans grow upward,
requiring the support of a trellis or pole. Runner beans are a type of pole bean and taste
most flavorful when harvested young. Despite of the importance of green beans for the
human health, yet the production is green beans is small and the role of horticulture as far
as green beans are concerned are not yet done well. This study aimed to investigate the
role of horticulture in Tanzania in case of green beans.

1.3 Background Information

1.3.1 Horticulture

Horticulture has always been part of Tanzania’s diet and agricultural activities; Tanzania
has a large area suitable for horticultural cultivation but only a smile portion of this is
under cultivation. Regions with suitable conditions for vegetable production are situated
in the area of Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Tanga, Iringa and Mbeya The high lands
are the best suited for vegetable production distributed rainfall and possibilities for
irrigation and the presence of relatively good roads for distribution (Swai, 1991). The

5
horticulture sector plays an important role in the Tanzania economy and posses the
potential to advance the country’s objectives of growth. The performance of the overall
Tanzania economy has been driven by the performance of the agriculture sector, due to its
large share in the economy (Amani, 2005).

Horticultural produces contribute to national wealth. They are the important exporting
exportable commodities in many countries (Mithofer, 2011). In Tanzania also through
export of horticultural produces our country is earning foreign exchange. Vegetables are a
significant component of agricultural farming systems in Africa. Beyond income
generating opportunities for producer’s vegetable production for domestic and export
markets is an important driver for growth due to implement opportunities in production,
processing and trade. (Waibel 2011), Tanzania produces 1,709,622 metric tons of fruit,
656,513 metric tons of vegetables and 9,390 metric tons of flowers annually (MAFC,
2012). Horticultural produce has always been part of Tanzania diet and mainstay of the
Tanzania’s economy (National Tanzania Horticulture development strategy (2010). There
is a large range of vegetables produced in Tanzania which are marketed through several
types of markets. These are local markets consuming traditional vegetables such as
Mchicha, Tomatoes egg plant etc the urban market which also consumes high valve
vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, sweet pepper, broccoli, zucchini and lettuce. A part
from the national markets thee are export market. There is a regional export market,
mainly Nairobi for onions and tomatoes and there is a high value export market in Europe
the high valve export vegetables are such as baby corn, green (French) beans

The government of Tanzania has identified horticulture as one of the sources of growth
and prioritizes horticulture as a potential subsector for export diversification to reduce the
risk of dependency on traditional exports, whose price recently has beans declining.
Tanzania level of production of fresh vegetables increasing and there is still enormous
production potential, but the country does not contribute much in the vegetable export
market despite the fact that Tanzania is among the top 20 producers of vegetables (2010
ESRS). On the other hand though Kenya is not among the top 20 producers, she was
ranked 8th among the top 20 exporters of fresh vegetables in 2010. This shows that there

6
is undesirable mismatch between vegetable production in Tanzania and official exports
from the country. This mismatch has created loss on the part of Tanzania in terms of lost
employment opportunities, loot incomes and more.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Agriculture in Tanzania is a backbone to the development of the country. However,
horticulture played a great role in the development of the country as well. Proper
horticulture help improve the safety and quality of food and agricultural products. Green
beans are a food quality and safety and protect people’s health an important factor in
national development. Specifically the producers and consumers of green beans are now
coming up and a sell their product outside the country. Exports of green beans to global
markets improve their livelihoods and the national economy as a whole. However, the
export of green beans is a challenge. The producers of green beans are not getting the
support from the government to continue with the production of green beans. This is a
challenge for the producers of green beans and must be addressed.

1.6 General Research Objectives

To examine whether vegetable production can be as significant driver of economic
growth in Tanzania.

1.6.1 Specific objectives

(i) To examine the support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the
government and private sector.
(ii) To exploit the fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the
international markets.
(iii) To examine challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on
managing the challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the
country’s economy.

7
1.3 Background Information

1.3.1 Horticulture

Horticulture has always been part of Tanzania’s diet and agricultural activities; Tanzania
has a large area suitable for horticultural cultivation but only a smile portion of this is
under cultivation. Regions with suitable conditions for vegetable production are situated
in the area of Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Tanga, Iringa and Mbeya The high lands
are the best suited for vegetable production distributed rainfall and possibilities for
irrigation and the presence of relatively good roads for distribution (Swai, 1991). The
horticulture sector plays an important role in the Tanzania economy and posses the
potential to advance the country’s objectives of growth. The performance of the overall
Tanzania economy has been driven by the performance of the agriculture sector, due to its
large share in the economy (Amani, 2005).

Horticultural produces contribute to national wealth. They are the important exporting
exportable commodities in many countries (Mithofer, 2011). In Tanzania also through
export of horticultural produces our country is earning foreign exchange. Vegetables are a
significant component of agricultural farming systems in Africa. Beyond income
generating opportunities for producer’s vegetable production for domestic and export
markets is an important driver for growth due to implement opportunities in production,
processing and trade. (Waibel 2011), Tanzania produces 1,709,622 metric tons of fruit,
656,513 metric tons of vegetables and 9,390 metric tons of flowers annually (MAFC,
2012). Horticultural produce has always been part of Tanzania diet and mainstay of the
Tanzania’s economy (National Tanzania Horticulture development strategy (2010). There
is a large range of vegetables produced in Tanzania which are marketed through several
types of markets. These are local markets consuming traditional vegetables such as
Mchicha, Tomatoes egg plant etc the urban market which also consumes high valve
vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, sweet pepper, broccoli, zucchini and lettuce. A part
from the national markets thee are export market. There is a regional export market,

8
mainly Nairobi for onions and tomatoes and there is a high value export market in Europe
the high valve export vegetables are such as baby corn, green (French) beans

The government of Tanzania has identified horticulture as one of the sources of growth
and prioritizes horticulture as a potential subsector for export diversification to reduce the
risk of dependency on traditional exports, whose price recently has beans declining.
Tanzania level of production of fresh vegetables increasing and there is still enormous
production potential, but the country does not contribute much in the vegetable export
market despite the fact that Tanzania is among the top 20 producers of vegetables (2010
ESRS). On the other hand though Kenya is not among the top 20 producers, she was
ranked 8th among the top 20 exporters of fresh vegetables in 2010. This shows that there
is undesirable mismatch between vegetable production in Tanzania and official exports
from the country. This mismatch has created loss on the part of Tanzania in terms of lost
employment opportunities, loot incomes and more.

1.5 Research Questions

In this study, the formulated research question is, can horticulture especially vegetables
production lead to growth in the Tanzania economy? The intention is to investigate
whether vegetable production as one of the horticulture field can be a significant driver of
economic growth in Tanzania. This is done under the following areas of concerns;

(iv)What are the support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government
and private sector?
(v) Are there fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the
international markets?
(vi)What is the way forward on managing the challenges facing the sector so that the
sector can be of big contribution to the country’s economy?

9
1.6 General Research Objectives
To examine whether vegetable production can be as significant driver of economic
growth in Tanzania.

1.6.2 Specific objectives

(vii) To examine the support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the
government and private sector.
(viii) To exploit the fast growing demand and market opportunities available in
the international markets.
(ix)To examine challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing
the challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s
economy.

1.7 Methodology and methods of Data Collection

1.7.1 Introduction
This part of the chapter presents research design, study area, population, sample
technique and sample size. The chapter also contains data collection methods,
instruments and data analysis methods.

1.7.2 Research design

This study was a qualitative case design. The study will be a case design study because
dealt with Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions in Northern of Tanzania. These two areas are
very important areas for green beans production. Case study design is very important
because the study deals with one case which studies the thing deeply. The main reason for
dealing with a case study of this study is to get the inner information’s which is also
reliable. The finding of this study was useful in facilitating policies which improved the
horticulture sector in general.

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1.7.3 Area of the Study

This study was conducted in Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions. The choice of Arusha and
Kilimanjaro Regions was due to the fact that the Regions are good producers of green
beans. However, the choice of Arusha and Kilimanjaro Regions is based on the fact that
researchers is aware with environment and it will be easy to access data and it will help to
save time and money

1.7.4 Population
Population is very important in research methodology. From the population sample size
is drawn which normally used in research methodology. Population is a group of people
who have common characteristics. According to (Kothari, 2004) a population in research
is the totality of the objects under investigation while a sample is a part of the population.
The population is composed of growers and small holder farms in Arusha and
Kilimanjaro regions in Northern Tanzania due to financial and time constraints. The study
was limited only to the high value and baby vegetables such as green beans and a range
of baby vegetables including carrot, baby corn.

1.7.5 Sampling procedure

Sampling techniques refers to the process of selecting the participants of the sample study
from the population (Kothari, 2004). This used convenient sampling for Taxpayers.
Convenient sampling is a statistical method of drawing representative data by selecting
people because of the ease of their volunteering or selecting units because of their
availability or easy access. The advantages of this type of sampling are the availability
and the quickness with which data can be gathered. The disadvantages are the risk that
the sample might not represent the population as a whole, and it might be biased by
volunteershttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/convenience-sampling.html
access on 30th April 2014.

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3.6 Sample size
Sample is a small position from the population drawn for the study. According to
(Kothari, 2004), the sample size must be 5% or 10% of the population. For the case of
this study the population of the green beans for Kilimanjaro was 10% of 118 which was
equal to 59 and for Arusha was 10% of 183 which is equal to 91. The sample size is
shown in Table 3.1

S/N Sample Frequencies

1 Kilimanjaro 59

2 Arusha 91

Total 150

Source: Researcher construction

1.7.4 Types of Data and their collection

This study employed primary data and secondary data. Secondary data was obtained
through documentary reviews. Some reports were made available to the researcher from
about green beans production. Also, use of online scholarly articles was of great help in
obtaining some information. However, the primary data was used to get information
which facilitated the study

1.8 Data collection instruments

1.8.1 Documentation
The questionnaires are very important method of data collection from respondents.
Questionnaires are used purposeful to collect information from the large sample. The
researcher read relevant documents related to production of green beans. The reason why
the researcher chose the method is that it helps to know what has been done by others and
give the wider area to deal with the problem.

1.8.2 Questionnaires

The questionnaires are very important method of data collection from respondents.
Questionnaires are used purposeful to collect information from the large sample. This

12
study used questionnaires to collect information from green beans producer which used
for primary data. Open and closed questionnaires were used to capture information from
green beans producers in Arusha and Kilimanjaro.

1.8.4 Data analysis

The research used the mixture of qualitative and quantitative research. The mixed
approach took a qualitative approach some of the times and a quantitative approach at
others depending on the needs of the investigation. Critically review of other literatures
and this was where qualitative approach involved. Interviews with key stakeholders in the
horticulture sector and especially the vegetable field conducted transcription and
organization of data. Then analyzing the transcripts and grouping together comments on
similar themes and attempting to interpret them and draw conclusion. Every effort was
made to ensure objectivity and the researchers personal bias may shape the way the views
and understanding of the data that was collected and their interpretation. Common themes
and trends from the stakeholder’s interviews were picked up. And all these were used to
draw conclusions.

1.8.5: Limitation of the study

The study was limited to high valve and baby vegetables while leaving a gap to other
researchers to study. However the coverage was within Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions
on the other hand the researcher study only from potential small holder farms and not all
high valve vegetable farms in Arusha and Kilimanjaro given the typical of the case
selected however it is anticipated a real picture on how the vegetable production has
contributed to the Tanzania economic growth.

1.9 Structure of the Dissertation

Consistent with the principal objective of this study and the Bradford format, this report
is organized as follows. Chapter one presents an introductory section which consists of
the background information, research objectives, research questions, methodology,
limitations, and ethical considerations.

13
Chapter two presented literature review related to this study such as support and
commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and private sector, fast growing
demand and market opportunities available in the international markets and challenges
facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing the challenges so that the sector
can be of big contribution to the country’s economy, empirical studies and international
trade theories.

Chapter three presented the findings related to support and commitment in the vegetable
duster by the government and private sector.

Chapter four presented the findings related to fast growing demand and market
opportunities available in the international markets.

Chapter five presents the findings related to challenges facing the sector and suggest way
forward on managing the challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the
country’s economy

. Chapter six presents summary of the study, answers to the research questions,
recommendations, and policy suggestions from the study and suggestion for further
study.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

Chapter one was an introduction part of this study. This chapter presents literature review
related to conceptual definitions of this study, the role of horticulture to the economy of
the country, the support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and
private sector, the fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the
international markets and challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on
managing the challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s
economy and empirical studies and theories of international trade

2.1 The role of horticulture to economy of the country

Horticulture is a branch of agriculture which concerned with plants used for food or
edible products. Sometimes the products from horticulture can be used as for medicinal
use or ornamental and aesthetic purposes. Horticulture products are very important for
the modern society and in the economy of the country. The green beans are one of the
products which come from horticulture. Green beans are used for the benefits of human
being and are very important for exportation. Exportation of green beans adds value to
the revenue collection of the country hence is beneficial for the Government of the
Tanzania. Kamei, (2013) conducted a study on an overview of horticultural growth the
role of horticulture in Tamenglong District. The study showed that in primitive stages of
agricultural development, agriculture remained the main occupation of the people. In the
transitional stage of economic development, agriculture carried immense burden in the
drive for economic growth. However, during maturing phase the main emphasis still
remains on the maintenance of balance role for agriculture, but horticulture becomes

15
more important. This is due to commercialization of crops around the world. Fruits and
vegetables have becomes greater importance in the past few year in the process of
agricultural development. This is so because of the high increases in income derived by
the cultivation of fruits and vegetables crop as compared to annual cereal crops. In
addition; fruits and vegetables crop are being the sources of protective foods, brought
awareness to the masses. It simply meant that man is expected to make use of blessing of
nature and for that he makes use of his faculties to draw from nature whatever advantages
he can.

Horticultural crop production creates jobs. Many people gets new job by engaging
themselves on horticulture. Horticulture products are much than the product obtained
from agriculture on the same one hectare. Many people now days move from cereal crops
to horticulture because the horticulture have high-value horticulture crops contributor to
employment opportunities in developing countries. Because of the longer and more
complex of chain in horticulture, it developed and creates more job opportunities. In
horticulture, many women are benefiting because it is easy to handle but complex on the
transportation. Women, in general, play a much more significant role in horticultural crop
production compared to starchy staple crops. Tanzania, one of the Developing Countries
women are played a dominant role in the production of horticultural crops and cultivate
more than half of the total smallholdings.

Kamei, (2013) conducted a study on horticulture crops potentiality, problem and its role
to alleviate the poor economy of the hill district in Manipur with focus on tamenglong
district. The paper indicated that the world today are facing a global climate change, mal-
nutrition and mal-nourishment of women and children with ever rising and people are
health conscious and their dietary pattern of food are moving close to chemical free
plants material. So also, recently quite a large number of farmers commit suicide in India.
The Fact of India, today is rural poverty are in grave situation. They have no option for
engaging themselves in secondary and tertiary sector. This is happening because many
people who are wealthy; even the government have paid a meager attention to transform
those rural India. Therefore, most people in rural villages carried on their Jhum

16
cultivation and agricultural activities as a major source of livelihood. The technologies
which have been in vogue in this primary sector are still primitive. Horticultural crops
like fruits, vegetables and spices etc., are highly rewarding therefore, promoting
horticulture is the best option to transform the rural economy of our country India

2.2 The support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and
private sector

Green beans, also known as string bean, snap bean in the north-eastern and western
United States, or ejotes in Mexico, are the unripe fruit of various cultivars of the common
bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Green bean cultivars have been selected especially for the
fleshiness, flavour, or sweetness of their pods http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean
accessed on 1st May 2014Green beans are of nearly universal distribution. They are
marketed canned, frozen, and fresh. Green beans are. often steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or
baked in casseroles. A dish with green beans popular throughout the United States,
particularly at Thanksgiving, is green bean casserole, which consists of green beans,
cream of mushroom soup, and French fried onions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean accessed on 1st May 2014

Often called green beans or string beans, the common garden bean can be both stingless
and colours other than green. But it is the green bean that everyone recognizes as one of
the most frequently prepared vegetables. Green beans are also easy to grow, so read on
for how to grow a bean plant in your vegetable garden. Green bean plants are either pole
varieties or bush. Green beans are several inches long and either round or flattened in
shape. http://gardening.about.com/od/vegetables/p/GreenBeans.htm accessed on 1st May
2014

Production of green beans is very important for small farmers and for the revenue
collections. It helps farmers for their health as well for the income. On the other hand, it
helps the Government because is used to increase revenue collections. Unfortunately, the

17
Government has not taken great initiatives to support these small farmers. As a result they
struggle themselves without any support which lead to poor production of green beans.
The Government should put her hand towards these small farmers in order to get more
production of green beans. However, the private organization and Non Government
organization should see these activities of helping green beans producers as an
opportunity. They need to understand the important of production of green beans and
make sure that they support them to grow and get more revenue collection.

2.3 The fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the
international markets
Many African countries have moved into the production of non-traditional agricultural
products, in an effort to diversify their exports and increase foreign currency earnings.
However, in order to access developed country markets and urban domestic markets,
these products must meet food safety requirements, including protocols relating to
pesticide residues, field and pack house operations, and traceability. Faced with stringent
food safety requirements, companies that establish production centers in low-income
countries might exclude poor farmers, thus negatively impacting the poor (Julius, Narrod,
and Devesh 2007). According to Julius et al, 2007, the top 5 producers of green beans in
the world are China, Indonesia, Turkey, India and Spain, together accounting for 68% of
the world production of green beans in 2004. In Africa, the major green bean producers
are Egypt, Morocco, South Africa and Kenya. Egypt is the African leader, but its
production growth has stagnated over the last 5 years. By comparison, Morocco’s green
bean production increased by 286% over the same period. Morocco enjoys lower freight
costs, since it is closer to its major markets and ships its beans by sea, whereas the other
countries must ship by air.

Major European retailers have responded to increased food safety concerns and changing
regulatory requirements by developing and disseminating private (in-house) protocols
relating to pesticide residue limits, packer hygiene and traceability (Okello, 2005a). Most
green beans are exported to European supermarkets in a prepacked, precut form. This
requires a large investment to coordinate supply and maintain hygienic conditions at the

18
farm and processing area, and often requires third party certification (Hatanaka, et al.,
2005). To comply with the international food safety standards (IFSS), producers must
switch to safer but more costly pesticides, invest in expensive medium and long-term
assets, and keep technical records of pesticide usage and application. The capital required
to meet these requirements has generated concerns that IFSS will exclude poor farmers
from the lucrative fresh export business (Julius, Narrod, and Devesh 2007). The major
export areas are European countries, UK, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, US, Spain
and the UK are the dominant importers of green beans.

Okello (2011) conducted a study on the Role of Collective Action in Overcoming the
Challenges of European Food Safety Standards. The paper argued that the European
Union (EU) is the leading importer of developing-country high value exports. EU
countries have in the last two decades developed stringent food safety standards and
imposed them on developing-country fresh vegetable and fish suppliers. These standards
require investment in costly physical facilities and human skills. Developing-country
suppliers often lack human and financial capital needed to invest in such facilities.
Consequently, there have been concerns that these standards will exclude poor
developing country exporters. The role collective action has played in facilitating
compliance with International Food Safety Standards (IFSS) by Kenyan suppliers of
French beans and Nile perch to Europe. It finds that IFSS caused a drop in exports French
beans and Nile perch. However, suppliers of both commodities used collective action to
resolve idiosyncratic market failure, exploit economies of scale, and reduce buyers’
transaction costs hence increase exports. The findings imply that developing countries
can overcome the challenges the challenges by mobilizing small suppliers into groups
that then help small suppliers to meet the standards through joint investments in costly
assets.

19
Mkinga (2014) reported that there is a French company based in Arusha which has been
utilizing the European green beans market. He said the company have been buying
green beans from local Arusha farmers and packaging it into the international
standards. It was further reported that currently there were about 20 French
companies operating in the country. The green beans from Arusha have entered the
European market such as; Italy, France, Belgium and Holland, even the transport has
been made easier to the market. It is time now Tanzanians farmers can use that
opportunity. It was reported that there is a need for the country’s commitment to
support three key areas of vocational training, infrastructure, and water and
sanitation together with skilled labourers. The paper emphasized that the private
sector was crucial for development, adding that for that reason his government had
decided to assist the sector acquire a skilled workforce. It was concluded that it is a
time to improve business relations between his country and Tanzania, adding that it
was the government’s responsibility to create a conducive business environment to
enable the private sector perform better.

Bakri and Abou-Shleel (2013) said that green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the
stress of reliance on food imports and the limited area for most popular legume crops all
over the world including agriculture require Egyptians to find new ways to increase
Egypt. Green beans are part of the diet for Egyptians and agriculture productivity in
general and food crops in many other countries in the Middle East. It should be specific.
Potato is a major industrial crop in Egypt and is mentioned that there is a great effort in
Egypt to extend middle Egypt. The total cultivated area of potato is 390.7. The total
cultivated area of green bean is 69.9 thousands, which produced about 305.6 thousand
Tons in the year of 2011 and the total green bean exports was 11.3 thousand ton/year in
2010.

2.4 Challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing the
challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s economy.

20
Leschmann, (2010) in her study on the Causes of Leaf Wilting in Green Bean Plants. The
study revealed different challenges for production of green beans as follows;

Water; whenever sees wilting plants natural assumption is they are not getting enough
water. Obviously water is important to all plant life and green beans are no different.
Without it, they are unable to make their own food and sustain life. Leaf wilt is the first
sign of this problem. Give the plants a thorough, early morning soak. If the plants have
not perked up by the end of the day, there may be another cause.

Pests; another common problem can be an infestation of an insect. There are several that
feed on bean plants which can cause this symptom. Groups of blister beetles are small
flying insects that eat green bean leaves. As they chew, they secrete a toxin which burns
and wilts the leaves. Leafhoppers cause leaves to take on a brown and crinkled
appearance that can look like wilting at first glance. These insects usually move on once
the plant is disturbed by movement.

Soil Conditions; If the soil is nitrogen-poor, your green bean leaves may suffer for it. A
quick application of some 10-10-10 fertilizer may solve the problem. Read "The Effects
of Fertilizer on Bean Plants" for more on this subject.

Diseases; Green bean plants are susceptible to several diseases with wilting leaf
symptoms. "Damping off" is caused by a fungus in the soil which limits root
development so plants cannot take in enough water and nutrients. Blight is a bacterial
infection that starts with lesions on the leaves. Later leaves turn brown and burnt-looking.
Anthracnose is a cool, damp weather fungus that also creates lesions which lead to
wilting. The most common disease causing wilt in green beans is Bean Mosaic Virus.
Leaves turn downward in a cup shape.

DFID Kenya, (2001) conducted a study on the Kenyan green bean subsector. The study
agued that while the overall picture for green beans in Kenya today is still very bright, the
subsector is under attack from a number of different forces to which the industry must

21
respond or else it will decline rapidly in the future. The main market, the European
Union, has instigated a number of very specific requirements that exporters must meet to
be able to enter the market, including health and consumer safety (pesticide residues and
traceability), environmental (production must conserve water and be safe to the
environment), and social (wages and worker safety). It was further indicated that
increasing competition from other markets, such as Morocco and neighboring countries
Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Uganda that have lower costs of production or transport.
Preferential import duties into the E.U. are scheduled to end in 2008 as Kenya drops from
the list of least developed countries. The challenge for Kenya is how to respond to these
challenges and maintain a dynamic and vibrant green bean export industry.

2.5 Empirical studies on green beans

Bakri and Abou-Shleel (2013) conducted a study on Economic Impacts of Climatic
Changes on Some Vegetable Crops in Egypt This study was carried out to assess the
economic impacts of climate change on some major vegetable crops (potato, tomato and
green bean) in Egypt and to predict the production, intended cultivated area and water
requirements under increasing population annual growth rate of 2.07% with and without
climate change during the period of 2025s- 2100s according to SRES A and B scenarios.
The statistical and economical 22 analyses were used to analyze the data, such as
regression analysis and paired t-test.The results showed that increase of consumption gap
for studied crops (potato, tomato and green bean) as a result of population growth as well
as climate change impacts. The consumption gap will be increased from 1396.6, 3415.7
and 103.8 to 8658.7, 21177.5 and 630.3 thousand tons for potato, tomato and green bean,
respectively, through the period of 2025s-2100s compared to the year of 2011. The
cultivated area should be increased in order to decrease these consumption gaps by
1128.9, 1790.8 and 209.2 thousand feddan for the three crops, respectively. The results
Indicated that total water requirements will be increased to reach about 1450.0, 4404.2
and 413.9 Mm for potato, 3 tomatoes and green bean, respectively, in the year of 2050s as
a result of increase ET by 9.0% and the target 0 cultivated areas for the three crops in
order to decrease the consumption gap

22
Satya, Patrick, Greta and Brad (2012) conducted a study on susceptibility of Helicoverpa
zea to Commercial Insecticides Used in Green Bean Production on Texas High Plains.
The paper agued that susceptibility levels of adult Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), collected
from green bean growing areas of Texas and New Mexico using sex-pheromone baited
traps, were tested against some of the most common commercial insecticides that are
extensively used in green bean production. Insecticide vial bioassays indicated variation
in the levels of tolerance over the season with highest LC50 values during mid-season in
2002 and 2003. Studies included three active ingredients from two insecticide classes.
Zeta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, and methomyl were tested at nine different concentrations.
Data from 2002 showed a statistically significant progressive decrease in susceptibility
levels between the generations that were tested with bifenthrin and methomyl. In 2003,
these variations in susceptibility levels were different though not significant. Differences
in bifenthrin susceptibility were substantial between the locations in the middle of the
2003 season for thirdgeneration moths. Increased insecticide use in 2002 compared to
2003 might have accounted for higher tolerance levels in 2002

Freidberg (2003) conducted a study on French beans for the masses. Much of the
literature on the modern history of food and diet in Africa focuses on material dearth and
cultural loss, described in overarching terms such as `urbanization and westernization'.
Such generalizations do not capture the complexity of the dietary and culinary changes
that have occurred there. This article shows how a geographic perspective enriches the
historical analysis of food and food ways, by situating changing norms and practices in
spatial and ecological contexts. It examines the twentieth-century history of food
consumption in Burkina Faso, focusing on the region of Bobo-Dioulasso, the country's
second largest city. It shows how the agricultural policies, dietary preferences, and health
concerns of French colonials all of which emphasized the need for fresh garden
vegetables–helped to transform not just the regional diet but also the landscape and
economy, and thus certain temporal and spatial patterns of daily life. The article also
examines how, in recent history, Burkina Faso's in corporation into globalize markets and

23
media networks has resulted in both unintended gluts of luxury food (French beans) as
well as growing concerns about the safety and purity of everyday food

Rahmeto, N (2007). Determinants of adoption of improved haricot bean production

package in alaba special woreda, Southern Ethiopia Haricot bean is considered as the
main cash crop and protein source of the farmers in many low lands and mid altitude
zones of Ethiopia. The country’s export earning from haricot bean exceeds that of other
pulses such as lentils, horse bean and chickpea. Low production and productivity, which
are mainly associated with poor adoption of improved technologies and poor marketing
system, were among the major problems. Adoption of improved technologies is one of
the most promising ways to reduce food insecurity in Ethiopia. However, the adoption
and dissemination of these technologies is constrained by various factors. To this end, the
aim of this study was to empirically examine factors affecting adoption and intensity of
adoption of improved haricot bean production package in the study area. Two stage
sampling procedure was followed to select rural kebeles and households for the study.
Four rural kebeles were selected purposively, and 160 household heads were selected
randomly using probability proportional to size sampling. Structured interview schedule
was developed, pre-tested and used for collecting the essential quantitative data for the
study from the sampled households. Focus group discussion was used to generate
qualitative data. In addition, secondary data were collected from relevant sources such as
woreda office of agriculture and rural development and others. The result of the study
indicated that majority of farmers in the study area preferred local variety over improved
because of local market and consumption demand. Moreover, farmers’ practice was
found largely to deviate from research and extension recommendations. Result of the
econometric model indicated that household head’s attitude towards haricot bean
production technology package, participation in extension event (participation in training
and field visit) and access to credit were important variables which had positively and
significantly influenced adoption and intensity of adoption of improved haricot bean
production package. Where as, perceived relative disadvantage of technology attributes
of the household head had shown negative relationship with adoption and intensity of

24
adoption. Some farmers who previously adopted improved haricot bean varieties have
discontinued planting the varieties mainly due to market problem. The overall finding of
the study underlined the high importance of institutional support in the areas of
extension; credit and market to enhance adoption of improved haricot bean production
package. Therefore, policy and development interventions should give emphasis to
improvement of such institutional support system so as to achieve wider adoption,
increased productivity and income to small scale farmers.

İbrahim, (2011) conducted a study on drying of green bean and okra under solar energy
The study indicated that the sun drying characteristics of green bean and okra were
investigated. Drying experiments were conducted in Iskenderun-Hatay, Turkey. The
drying study showed that the times taken for drying of green bean and okra from the
initial moisture contents of 89.5% and 88.7% (w.b.) to final moisture content of around
15±0.5% (w.b.) were 60 and 100 h in open sun drying, respectively. The constant rate
period is absent in drying curves. The drying process took place in the falling rate period.
The drying data were fitted to thirteen thin-layer drying models. The performance of
these models was investigated by comparing the determination of coefficient (R2),
reduced chi-square (χ2) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and
predicted moisture ratios. Estimations by Approximation of diffusion (for green bean)
and Midilli et al. models (for okra) were in good agreement with the experimental data
obtained.

Sharada, (2013) conducted a study on Mathematical Models for drying behaviour of

green beans. It said that drying is the oldest methods for prevention of the Agricultural
products such as fruits and vegetables. Green Beans have a significant share in vegetables
production in the world. It is also important raw material for many food products.
Temperature velocity and relative humidity of drying air are important parameters for hot
air drying process. Drying characteristics of green beans were examined for average
moisture content from 90.53 ± 0.5% to 14 ± 0.3% using hot air of the temperature range
of 50 0C. The experimental drying curves obtained were fitted to a number of semi-
theoretical models, namely Handerson and Pabis, Lewis and page models. Comparing the

25
determination of coefficient, reduced chi-square and root mean square values of three
models, it was concluded that the page model represents drying characteristics better than
others. The effective diffusivity coefficient of moisture obtained as 2.641 * 10-9 m2 / s
over the temperature range.

2.6 Theories of international trade

International trade is the purchase, sale or exchange of goods and services across national
borders (Wild and Han 2006). Scott, (2009) on five Theories of International Trade said
International trade produces many benefits to countries both exporting and importing
products. For countries importing products, the benefit is that they get goods or services
they cannot produce enough of on their own. Likewise, for the exporter, one of the
benefits is through the trade they can also get either the goods or services they need or the
money in which to purchase these goods from another country or source. International
trade also helps the economies of the countries by providing more jobs for people in
order to process these various commodities. The economy of countries affects the world
output of international trade. If a country's economy is slow so does the volume of
international trade while a higher output produces more trade. If a currency is weak in
one country as compared to the other countries of the world then the imports are going to
be more expensive than domestic products. In relation to trade walking hand in hand with
world output, trade has consistently grown faster than output. International trade
encompasses many aspects in relation to various countries. There are many theories
regarding international trade. Some of these include mercantilism, absolute advantage,
comparative advantage, factor proportions theory, international product life cycle, new
trade theory and national competitive advantage.

Mercantilism is a theory that states that nations should accumulate financial wealth
through exports and discouraging imports. This was accomplished through trade
surpluses, government intervention and colonization. These three things worked together.
Trade surplus was maintained through the colonization of under developed territories for
their raw materials. The country would colonize these under developed countries, ship the
raw materials needed for export back to the home country and export the finished product

26
around the world. The government intervention occurred when they banned certain
imports or imposed a tariff on these imports. At the same time, the government would
subsidize their own industries to expand exports (Scott, 2009).

The absolute advantage theory was the ability of a nation to produce a product more
efficiently than any other nation using the same amount or fewer resources. The
difference in this theory is that trade should not be banned or restricted by tariffs but
allowed to flow freely according to the demand of the market. This theory also states that
the objective be that the people of the country have a higher living standard by being able
to obtain goods more cheaply and in greater abundance. The theory measures a nation's
wealth on the living standards of the people and not on the money the country has in its
reserve (Scott, 2009).

In the comparative advantage theory the country in question may not be able to produce
the good more efficiently than any other country but can produce the good more
efficiently than any other good within its own country. This type of trade is accomplished
if, say, one country has the absolute advantage in two different types of exports but it
costs more monetarily or in labour than another country. This second country then has the
comparative advantage. It is able to produce and export this second good to the first
country cheaper and more efficiently (Scott, 2009).

The factor proportions theory states that countries import goods where resources to make
them are in short supply and export goods where the resources are abundant. The other
theories concentrated on the productivity of a specialized good while this theory focuses
on the abundance and cheapness of the goods. Using this theory, a country will specialize
in labour products if the cost of labour is lower than capital and land and specialize in
capital and land if the cost is lower than labour. If a country has a large amount of land
and specializes in exporting agriculture products then they will more than likely import
the capital products needed to help in the labour of these exports (Scott, 2009).

27
The latest theory is the national competitive advantage that states a nation's
competitiveness in a certain industry depends on the ability of that nation to innovate and
upgrade that industry. This theory takes into account the resources of the country and, in
addition, the skills of the country and technological abilities. The national competitive
advantage concentrates on improvements in technology and worker processes and worker
training and development (Scott, 2009).

Based just on these five theories, you can see how many different factors are included in
international trade. These theories have developed throughout the years and will continue
to develop as time goes on. International trade continually fluctuates due to all the
different factors involved in the production of goods and services exported and imported
throughout the world. If the other countries in the world were to stop trading with one
another, one of the major things this country would be deficient in would be in the
electronic industry. A lot of our electronic products come from overseas, specifically
Japan. On the reverse side, Japan currently imports a lot of its iron ores and other
agricultural products from Australia, the United States and Europe. By this example,
Japan would have to concentrate some of its electronic expertise into the production of
agricultural products thus reducing the advancements in electronics it currently holds
(Scott, 2009).

2.7 Conclusion
This chapter contains the summaries of the literature review which contains the support
and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and private sector, The fast
growing demand and market opportunities available in the international markets and the
challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing the challenges so that
the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s economy. The next chapter is on the
presentation of the data which related to respondents profiles and the support and
commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and private sector.

28
 CHAPTER THREE

THE SUPPORT AND COMMITMENT IN THE VEGETABLE DUSTER BY THE

GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR

3.1 Introduction
Chapter two presented literature review related to the title of this study. In response to the
first research question, this chapter tends to present Respondent’s profile and the support
and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and private sector.

3.1 The profile of respondents

3.1.1 Gender
Under gender, Respondents were given questionnaires to fill. The aim of getting
information on gender based on the fact that gender is important to know gender balance
for green beans producers. Respondents were given questionnaires to fill as indicated in
Box 3.1

Box 3.1: Questionnaire number one

1. Gender
(i). Male ( )
(ii) Female ( )

29
 Source: Research student

Respondents fill the questionnaires and it was analyzed using statistical methods and
results were presented in Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1: Gender of Respondents

Source: Field Data, 2014

Results in Figure 3.1 revealed that out of 150 respondents (56.7%) were Female while
(43.3%) were Men. These findings show that farmers on Green beans were Females
dominant. The more Females due to the fact that there is also a multiplier effect to
educating girls and women. More educated women tend are participate more in the
formal labor market. More women now days are busy looking for the opportunity to
deliver them from poverty. The situation becomes more as women are engaging on
international business.

3.1.2 Region
Respondents were asked to indicate the where they come from by selecting either Arusha
or Kilimanjaro. Therefore, they were asked to fill questionnaires indicated in Box 3.2 on
the position of their businesses.

Box 3.2: Questionnaire number two

2. Specify the position of your

business
(i). Arusha ( )
(ii). Kilimanjaro ( )

Source: Research student

30
Results were analyzed using simple statistical methods and results were presented in
Table 3.1

Table 3.1: Distribution of respondents by Regions (N=150)

Region Number of the Percentages (%)

respondents
Kilimanjaro 59 39.3
Arusha 91 60.7
Total 150 100
Source: Field Data, 2014

Results in Table 3.1 show that the farmers engaged on green beans differ in numbers. It
was revealed that out of 150 Respondents, (60.7%) were from Arusha Region and
(39.3%) were from Kilimanjaro Region. This indicated that there were many green beans
in Arusha compared to Kilimanjaro Region. This implies that there were many people
who are using green beans in Arusha compared to Kilimanjaro Region.

3.1.3 Respondent’s age

Respondents were asked to state their ages in the nearest years. The reason for looking
for the age of the respondents was based on the fact that a researcher was interested to
know the current database of the respondents’ of the famers on green beans. Respondents
were asked to fill the questionnaires as indicated in Box 3.3

Box 3.3: Questionnaire number three

3. What is your age?

(i). 18-24 years ( )
(ii) 25-40 years ( )
(iii) 41 -50 years ( )
(iv) Above 51 years ( )
Source: Research student

Results were analyzed using simple statistical methods and results were presented in
Figure 3.2

Figure 3.2: Respondent’s age

31
 Source: Field Data, 2014

Results in Figure 3.2 revealed that Respondents differ on their ages. It was revealed that
out of 150 Respondents; (7.3%) were between 18-24 ages, (42.7%) were between 25-40
ages, (34.7%) were between 41-50 years and (15.3%) were above 51 years. These
findings show that the leading ages were those between 25-40 followed by 41-50. This
indicates that people who are dealing with farming of green beans are productive ages.
The age between 25-50 are productive ages because at this age many people are busy
looking for ways to get rich.

3.1.4 Experience on farming of green beans

Respondents were asked to state their experiences on farming of green beans. They were
asked to choose from the range of experiences in years such as; less than a 1 years; 2 - 5
years; 6 to 10 years and above 11 years. Respondents were asked to fill the questionnaires
in Box 3.4
Box 3.4: Questionnaire number four

4. Experiences on farming
of green beans
(i). Less than 1 year ( )
(ii) 2 to 5 years ( )
(iii) 6 to 10 years ( )
Source: Research student
Source: Research student

Respondents filled the questionnaires and the data were analyzed by statistical methods
and results were presented in Figure 3.3

32
 Figure 3.3: Respondents experiences on farming of green beans

Source: Field data, 2014

The findings revealed on Figure 3.3 discovered that Respondents differ on experiences on
farming on green beans. It was revealed that out of 150 Respondents, (27.3%) had
experiences of less than 1 year, (34.7%) had experiences between 2- 5 years, (26%) had
experiences above 11 years. These findings show that the leading experiences were those
with had experiences between 2-5 years followed by those with 1 year. This finding
implies that there are many people who are currently engaged in horticulture of green
beans. However, this findings show that many people are enter into the business of green
beans because (27.3%) who had experiences of less than 1 years are new in the field of
farming of green beans.

3.1.3 Level of education

Respondents were questionnaires to fill on the highest level of education they had
attained. Respondents had to select from a given list comprising various level of
education as per the Tanzanian education system such as; Secondary Education,
Certificate in any training, Diploma in any training, First degree, Master degree and PhD
as indicated in Box 3.5

33
 Box 3.5: Questionnaire number five
5. Indicate your Level of education
(i). Secondary Education ( )
(ii) Certificate in any training ( )
(iii) Diploma in any training ( )
Source: Research
(iv) First degree student ( )
(v) Master degree ( )
(v) PhD ( )

Respondents filled the questionnaires and the data were analyzed by statistical methods
and rresults were presented in Table 3.3

Table 3.3: Distribution of Respondent’s education level (N=150)

Level of education Frequency Percentage

Secondary Education 23 15.3
Certificate in any training 32 21.3
Diploma in any training 39 26
First degree 45 30
Master degree 9 6
PhD 2 1.4
Total 150 100
Source: Field Data, 2014

Results in Table 4.3 revealed that Respondents differ on the level of education. The
findings revealed that out of 150 Respondents; (15.3%) of Respondents had secondary
education, (21.3%) had certificate in any training, (26%) had diploma in any training,
(30%) had first degree, (6%) had master degree and (1.4%) had PhD. These findings
show that the highest level of education obtained were those with first degree followed by
Diploma in any training. These findings show that many graduates are engaged on self
employment of green beans horticulture. This is probably due to the fact that there is a
shortage of employment in Public sectors therefore forced graduates to have self
employment.

34
3.2 Are there support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government
and private sector?

Under specific research question number one of this study, Researcher was interested to
gather information on the support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the
government and private sector as indicated in Box 3.6

Box 3.6: Specific research question number one

6. Are there any support and commitment in
the vegetable duster by the government?
Source: Research student

Under specific research question number one, Researcher was interested to gather
information on whether there any support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the
government. Data was collected through documentary review and results were presented
as follows;

The findings revealed that there was lack of Government to cluster development.
Government need to support on coordinating many ministries that affect the vegetables
cluster. Because the Government does not support the value chain of green beans inhibits
all the actions of green beans production in Tanzania (Portal, 2010). However, the Portal,
(2010) also pointed that the parliament of Tanzania has failed to enact reforms to the
plant Protection Act which would streamline the cumbersome process of registering
agrochemicals.

The findings as well noted that the Ministry of Trade Tanzania has not qualified vegetable
pack houses as eligible for EPZ incentives. However, Tanzania Revenue Authority
recently began charging 18% VAT on air freight of horticulture products and even when
the Government commits to make changes, it can take years before reforms are enacted
(Portal, 2010). According to Portal, (2010), however, the Tanzania Government has

35
allowed the Dutch Government to support studies and staffing at TAHA. The World Bank
and UK are funding for TCCP.
Under the same specific research question number one of this study, Researcher was
interested to gather information on the support and commitment in the vegetable duster
by the private sector as indicated in Box 3.7

Box 3.7: Specific research question number one

7. Are there any support and commitment in
the vegetable duster by the private sector?
Source: Research student

The findings of this part of the study were collected from the documentary review.
According to Portal, (2010) it was found that there had been support from the private
sectors on production of green beans. It was noted that between 200 and 2002, two
foreign investors acquired land and began producing HVV for export. In 2005, the
Tanzania Horticulture Association (TAHA) was established. Portal, (2010) also pointed
that production of green beans in Tanzania makes Kenya to build interest on Tanzania on
green beans. Kenyan interest together with global demand on green beans makes
international donors to invest more in farming of green beans. Portal, (2010) as well
pointed that donors such as USAID had decided to train and equip stallholders as viable
out growers and to develop an air cargo freight programme.

36
 CHAPTER FOUR
THE FAST GROWING DEMAND AND MARKET OPPORTUNITIES
AVAILABLE IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

4.0 Introduction
Chapter three was on the support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the
government and private sector. It was revealed that there is small Government support to
the growers of green beans in Tanzania. However, it was noted that there was support and
commitments from donors towards green beans. The findings noted that support from the
Tanzanian Government could bust the production of green beans. This chapter intended
to investigate the fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the
international markets.

4.1 Are there fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the
international markets?
Under research question number two, data were collected from different papers and
journals to gather information on the fast growing demand and markets opportunities
available in the international markets. Data were supposed to collected according to the
question number two in Box 3.8

Box 3.8: Specific research question number two

8 Are there fast growing demand and market
opportunities available in the international
markets?”

Source: Research student

Tanzania has found to be one among the developing countries which have small farmers
for green beans. Tanzania is selling green beans to European supermarkets (Portal, 2010).

37
According to Portal, (2010) Tanzania competes at the high end of the European vegetable
retail markets but not in whole sale markets due to the costs of freight. Tanzanians are
forced to sell their green beans to the retails at the convenience and ready to eat packs in
Europeans markets especially for supermarkets. Green bean from Tanzania to European
supermarkets normally via Kenya (Portal, 2010). In Kenya green beans are acting,
peeling, washing and testing and packed and transport to Europe. When they reach
European countries the European importers are delivered to supermarkets. Due to
perishability of the green beans, the logistics in particular the availability of airfreight
space is very important. Kenya has regular direct British Airways flights to the UK,
facilitating shipping of green beans to the UK (Julius and Clare 2007).

The findings of this study under research question number two revealed that United
Kingdom (UK) is found to be one among the international markets for green beans. It
was found that Kenya is the leading exporter of green beans to UK. The major retailers in
the UK have developed private pesticides standards that directly affect the types of active
substance used by its suppliers (Okollo, 2005). The government of Kenya recognizes the
importance of access to international markets for horticultural export which has in turn
proposed the development of marketing infrastructure, assisting farmers to meet high
quality standards and improving access to credit facilities as some of the ways of
meeting the challenges as far as green beans are concerned (GoK , 2004).

Major European retailers and their developing country suppliers have developed very
stringent food safety protocols in response to the heightened attention on food safety by
developed-country consumers and governments. Access by farmers to major European
retailers (i.e., the supermarkets) is based on compliance with these food safety protocols
(Julius and Clare and Devesh, 2009). According to Julius and Clare and Devesh,
(2009) yet production of non traditional exports in developing countries remains with
poor smallholder households not necessarily aligned to multinational supply chains
(Dolan and Humphrey, 2000; Reardon, 2000). Consequently many smallholder farmers
have found it hard to maintain their participation in the high value chains with some

38
exiting. Yet to date there is limited understanding of the points along the high value
chains at which smallholder farmers face the greatest risk of being excluded from the
export business.

The findings were supported by Bruno and Nicodème (2013) who conducted a study on
Trade Effects of Private and Public European Food Safety Standards on Horticultural
Imports from Kenya. The study investigated to what extent private and public European
food safety standards affect European imports of a key high-value horticultural product
such as green beans from Kenya. First, they estimated the ad valorem tariff equivalents of
these nontariff measures (NTMs) for the main European importing countries using an
extension of the price-wedge method. Second, they embed these estimated tariff
equivalents into a gravity model. They find that the trade effects of these measures during
the period 1990–2011 move from being positive in the beginning of the period to being
increasingly negative from 1995 until 2003 and then tend to vanish at the end of the
period as if Kenyan suppliers have progressively adjusted their trade to these NTMs.
They also show that the establishment of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa and the East African Community stimulates that trade with European countries.

According to Okello and Swinton (2011) they argued that most developing country
farmers producing for international markets rely on pesticides for agricultural production.
The warmth and humidity of tropical climates exacerbates the pest and disease problems
(Okello, 2005). Due to standards for cosmetic quality in export markets for fresh fruits
and vegetables, the use of pesticides has been especially pronounced in production of
these products in the tropics. Production and export of fresh produce from developing
countries have witnessed major growth in many developing countries seeking to diversify
their production from staples to high value commodities. Growth has especially been
greatest in the fresh fruits and vegetables and in the flower subsectors. Most of these non-
traditional exports were destined to Europe (with UK, Holland, Germany, and Italy being
the leading importers) (Okello et al, 2008). According to (Okello et al, 2008) Exports of
green beans, a major non-traditional export, by three of the leading exporters of fresh
vegetables from Africa. It shows an increase in exports of green beans between 2000 and

39
2006 in all these countries. Kenya is one of the leading exporters of fresh vegetables to
Europe, and especially the United Kingdom (UK). Expansion of green bean exports,
highlighting the growth in those destined for the UK. The strong expansion in green bean
exports is largely targeted at European consumers who demand aesthetic quality
attributes such as spotlessness that generally encourage increased use of pesticides.

4.2 Conclusion
The green beans products are highly needed internationally. The Government of Tanzania
requires putting more efforts on production of green beans. Actually, Tanzanians are
selling their green beans in the Europeans Countries which is the main markets. However,
Tanzanians are able to sell to supermarkets in retails because they cannot compete to
wholesales. Availability of all necessary conditions for green beans will reduce the costs
of the product and Tanzanian will be able to sell their products in wholesales markets.

40
 CHAPTER FIVE
CHALLENGES FACING THE SECTOR AND SUGGEST WAY FORWARD ON
MANAGING THE CHALLENGES

5.0 Introduction
In chapter four, results revealed that there was a fast growing demand and market
opportunity available in the international markets. Availability of demand and
opportunities in international markets help encourages the green beans producers to put
more efforts on production of the green beans. The opportunities of international market
will increase because green beans are highly needed at global level. This chapter presents
the challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing the challenges so
that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s economy

5.1 Challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing the
challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s economy

Under research question number three of this study, Researchers was interested to gather
information on the challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing the
challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s economy. Hence,
Respondents were required to answer the question as indicated in Box 3.9.

41
 Box 3.9: Specific research question number three
9. What are the challenges facing Tanzania
on farming of green beans?
(i)………(ii)………..(iii)……….(iv)……….

Source: Research student

On the questions “What are the challenges facing Tanzania on farming of green beans?”
Researcher was interested to investigate the challenges facing the sector and suggest way
forward on managing the challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the
country’s economy. The reason for asking this question was based on the fact that the
production of green beans in Tanzania is low and has not given high priority. Therefore,
Respondents were given questionnaires to fill in order to provide their opinions. Results
were analyzed by statistical methods and results were presented in Figure 3.4 where by Y
axis represent Respondent’s percentages and X axis represent different challenges.

Figure 3.4: Different challenges facing green beans producers in Tanzania

Source: Field Data, 2014

Results in Figure 3.4 discovered that there were different challenges facing green beans
producers in Tanzania. It was revealed that out of 150 Respondents, (28.7%) indicated
that there was limited airfreight capacity. It is true that Tanzania has no international air
cargo for transport of green beans outside the country. As a results Tanzania re using
passengers jets which are very limited and discourage to carry enough for exportation.
The limited air cargo to carry green beans for exportation prevents more investments on
green beans.

42
The findings as well revealed that (26%) of Respondents indicated that there was lack of
markets. A market for green beans is very important because without markets no business
can be done. Tanzania has not in a position to compete with other countries to secure
information on international markets. Information on international markets requires
people with enough experiences dealing with it. Lack of knowledge of international
markets especially on supermarkets in European Countries prevents many Tanzanian to
fail to cope with international markets as far as green beans are concerned.

The findings as well noted that (26%) of Respondents indicated that lack of skilled labor
was among the challenge facing green beans producers. Skilled labor in organization is
essential because are the key performers in the work and are the one who can meet the
goals of the organization. Lack of skilled personnel of production and preserving green
beans is draw back for the production of green beans. A skilled worker is any worker who
has some special skill, knowledge, or (usually acquired) ability in their work. A skilled
worker may have attended a college, university or technical school. Or, a skilled worker
may have learned their skills on the job Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia accessed on 7th
April 2014.

The findings also noted that (15.3%) of Respondents indicated that there was a challenge
of limited land right. In Tanzania all land are for state. For the individual to get land right
is bureaucracy and requires a lot of money to get. This prevents the production of green
beans and brings unfavorable condition for investments. Land is fundamental resources
for people because it helps in living conditions and empower people on economic.
However, due to due to economic, legal, social and cultural factors their rights to access
are somehow not very easy.

The findings as well noted other challenges which was indicated by (5.3%) of
Respondents. Other challenges revealed include; there was a challenge of freight costs.
The costs of freight are higher which prevents producers of green beans to export. Even if
producers of green beans can export, yet he may fail to sell on whole sell and instead
most of green beans exporters from Tanzania are selling their products in retail especially

43
for supermarkets. Unavailability of laboratory to do food safety and testing in Tanzania
in Tanzania is another challenge. More than (70%) of green beans produced in Tanzania
are processed in Kenyan pack houses (Bernstein, 2010).

Under research the same question number three of this study, Researchers was interested
to gather information on the challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on
managing the challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s
economy. Hence, Respondents were required to answer the question as indicated in Box
3.9.
Box 3.10: Specific research question number three part two
10. Suggest way forward on managing the
challenges so that the sector can be of big
contribution to the country’s economy?

Source: Research student

The finding of this part of the study was collected through qualitative way and results
were done by matching of information, explanation building and comparison to establish
reasons on what has been observed at the case. The findings revealed that there was a
need to have enough airfreight capacity. The time to use passengers jets are over because
the demand of green beans is increasing and the products is highly needed internationally.
This brings an attention to Tanzanian Government to have an airfreight for vegetable
transportation include green beans. The availability of airfreight for exportation of green
beans together with other vegetables will stimulate more production of green beans as a
results the revenue of the country will increase too.

The findings as well noted that the farmer of green beans requires having knowledge of
international markets. International marketing is the process of exporting the products
worldwide with the aim of reaching the global community. Therefore, the green beans
producer from developing countries include Tanzania needs to know all information on
international marketing. For example things which producers of green beans are needed

44
to know include; price, location and business regulation of the countries which producer
wants to send the products. Knowing the price of the green beans on the international
level will help farmers to have confidence on his business and it is easy to calculate the
profits before he invested much on the cultivation of green beans.

The findings of this study as well noted that availability of skilled labor on green beans is
essential. Green beans producers need multi-skilled workers who had training and skills
in more than area of how to handle green beans. Multi skilled workers should know how
to handle seeds, processing, and packing and transportation process. This will help green
beans business to grow up and to reach the demand of international markets which seems
to grow now. If green beans will have multi skilled workers help to increase productivity
and reduce labor costs.

The findings also noted that land is very important for green beans producers. Land has
been recognized as a primary source of wealth, social status, and power. Access to water
and other resources, as well as to basic services such as sanitation and electricity, is often
conditioned by access to and holding rights in a unit of land
(http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub24/figpub24.htm access on 14th April 2014). Land is
very important in the life of human being and other living things because all of them
depend on land. In Tanzania, though statistics vary depending on use, and user more than
80% rural based communities depend entirely on land through farming, livestock
keeping, mining, fishing, hunting and gathering, or doing varieties of related activities
like tourism (Yefred, 2009).

The findings as well revealed that freight costs is an issue which not to be ignored. If the
problem of freight will be resolved in Tanzania, the costs of transportation of green beans
will be solved. However, the availability to do safety and testing for green beans here
Tanzania is very important. This is because all costs associated with sending green beans
to Kenya will be vanished. However, the proper pest and disease management is very

45
important for green beans. This is because green beans are suffered very much with a
number of pests and diseases. Organic management of pests and diseases in green bean
production is based on an integrated preventive package, which encourages that a range
of practices are applied simultaneously to prevent the introduction and spread of pests
and diseases. The findings as well noted that there was a need for proper weed control.
Weed control in green beans is necessary because availability of weeds in green beans
prevents green beans to growth and weed brings diseases. Therefore, weed control help
green beans to grow well.

5.2 Conclusion
The findings of this study revealed there were many challenges facing green beans
production such as; limited airfreight capacity, lack of markets, lack of skilled labor,
limited land right, freight costs, and unavailability of laboratory to do food safety and
testing. These challenges can be solved by findings the ways to get them. If these
challenges will be resolved will increase the production of green beans in Tanzania.

46
 CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
7.1 Introduction

Chapter five was on the challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on
managing the challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s
economy. The challenges revealed include; limited airfreight capacity, lack of markets,
lack of skilled labor, limited land right, freight costs, unavailability of laboratory to do
food safety and testing. The ways forward as far as these challenges are concerned were
to findings the ways to increase airfreight, markets, skilled labor, provide enough land, to
have laboratory for food safety and testing. However, this chapter presented conclusion
focuses with Farmers profiles, research objectives, recommendation of the study and
suggestions.

6.2 The following conclusions were reached.

6.2.1 Area of focus

6.2.1.1 Respondent’s profiles
The findings revealed that (56.7%) were Female and (43.3%) were Men. These findings
show that farmers on Green beans were Females dominant. However, it was noted that
(60.7%) of farmers were from Arusha Region and (39.3%) were from Kilimanjaro
Region. This indicated that there were many green beans in Arusha compared to
Kilimanjaro Region. The findings noted that the leading ages as far as farmers of green
beans are concerned were between 25-40, followed by 41-50. This indicates that people
who are dealing with farming of green beans are productive ages. The findings as well
showed that the leading experiences were those with had experiences between 2-5 years

47
followed by those with 1 year. This finding implies that there are many people who are
currently engaged in horticulture of green beans. However, the level of education differs
as from those who had secondary education, certificate in any training, Diploma in any
training, First degree, Master degree and PhD. The leading farmers of green beans were
those with first degree followed by Diploma in any training. The findings show that many
graduates are engaged on self employment of green beans horticulture. It was concluded
that any person regardless of the age, Regions, gender, education, experiences can be
involved in production of green beans.

6.2.1.2 The support and commitment in the vegetable duster by the government and
private sector.
Under specific research objective one, the findings noted that there was lack of
Government to cluster development which inhibits the green beans production in
Tanzania. It was also noted that the parliament of Tanzania has failed to enact reforms to
the plant Protection Act which would streamline the cumbersome process of registering
agrochemicals on green beans which are very important in the production. On the other
hand, it was revealed that the Ministry of Trade Tanzania has not qualified vegetable pack
houses as eligible for EPZ incentives which inhibits the development of green beans
production. However, Tanzania Revenue Authority recently began charging 18% VAT on
air freight of horticulture products which also increase costs to green beans business.
Though, the Tanzania Government has allowed the Dutch Government to support studies
and staffing at TAHA and the World Bank and UK are funding for TCCP.

However, the findings noted that between 200 and 2002, two foreign investors acquired
land and began producing HVV for export. In 2005, the Tanzania Horticulture
Association (TAHA) was established. Kenyan interest together with global demand on
green beans makes international donors to invest more in farming of green beans in
Tanzania. Donors such as USAID had decided to train and equip stallholders as viable
out growers and to develop an air cargo freight programme. It was concluded that
support from the Government and private sectors is important in the production of green
beans because encouraging the producers to produce more.

48
6.2.1.3 The fast growing demand and market opportunities available in the
international markets
Under specific research objective two, it was noted that the major leading market is
European supermarkets. However, it was noted that Tanzania are selling their products in
retail markets but not in whole sale markets due to the costs of freight. Furthermore, the
green bean from Tanzania to European supermarkets normally via Kenya which increase
costs because there are laboratory for food safety in Kenya and there are many airfreight
to Europe everyday. It was also noted that United Kingdom (UK) is found to be one
among the international markets for green beans. The availability of international markets
encourages the farmers of green beans to put more efforts to produce more because they
are sure with markets. The Government may help farmers to find other markets.

6.2.1.4 Challenges facing the sector and suggest way forward on managing the
challenges so that the sector can be of big contribution to the country’s economy
Under specific research objective three, the findings revealed different challenges facing
green beans producers in Tanzania include; limited airfreight capacity, lack of markets,
lack of skilled labor, limited land right, freight costs, unavailability of laboratory to do
food safety and testing in Tanzania. The findings revealed that there was a need to have
enough airfreight capacity, farmers of green beans requires to have knowledge of
international markets. Things such as; price, location and business regulation of the
countries which producer wants to send the products, availability of skilled labor on
green beans is essential, land is very important for green beans producers, freight costs
and the availability to do safety and testing for green beans here in Tanzania is very
important. This is because all costs associated with sending green beans to Kenya will be
vanished. However, the proper pest and disease management is very important for green
beans. The findings as well noted that there was a need for proper weed control for green
beans. It was concluded that production of green beans are very important in Tanzania
because increases economy of the country. These challenges are small with time they will
be resolved and more production of green beans from Tanzania will take off.

49
6.3 Recommendations
i. The Government of Tanzania are required to support the small farmers of
green beans because the business increase the economy of the Country

i. More donors are required to support small farmers of green beans in

Tanzania

ii. Tanzania Government are required to buy airfreight for transportation of

green beans and other vegetable abroad, this will prevents small farmers to
via their products Kenya which reduced the transportation costs

iii. The Government of Tanzania is required to facilitates small farmers to

have laboratory for foods safety and testing for green beans

6.4. Suggestions.
6.4.1. Suggestion for Policy implication
(i). Policy should be made on exportation of green beans from Tanzania because it
contributes to the economy of the Country.

(ii). Policy to engage donors to support green beans farmers in Tanzania.

6.4.2. Suggestion for further research

The study focused on the role of horticulture sector in the growth of Tanzanian economy;
the case of green beans. Another study could be studied on the same topic but for specific
vegetables and thus a wider sample should be conducted.

50
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