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How Do We Learn?
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Stimulus-Stimulus Learning Response-Consequence Learning
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI
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Pavlov’s Experiments Pavlov’s Experiments
Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus, During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the
US) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After
UR). However, the tone (neutral stimulus) does not. conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned
Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned
Response, CR)
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Acquisition Extinction
Acquisition is the initial stage in classical When the US (unconditioned stimulus: food) does not
conditioning in which an association between a follow the CS (conditioned stimulus: tone), the CR
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes (conditioned response: salivation) begins to decrease and
place. eventually causes extinction.
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Stimulus Discrimination Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a Pavlov and Watson considered consciousness, or
conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an mind, unfit for the scientific study of psychology.
unconditioned stimulus.
However, they underestimated the importance of
cognitive processes and biological constraints.
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However, later behaviorists suggested that animals However, behaviorists later suggested that learning
learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they is constrained by an animal’s biology (i.e., Robert
learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus Bolles and “species-specific defense reactions”).
(Rescorla, 1988).
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Pavlov’s Legacy Applications of Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)
A Clockwork Orange
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Xt0ucxOrPQE What is the US? What is the UR? What is the CS?
And What is the CR?
Clockwork Orange: John Broadus Watson
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv1Bmne20l4 27 28
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