Hiv Pinakafinal Na February Editing

MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF NURSING
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is considered as
chronic critical condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). The virus targets the immune system and weakens people’s
defense systems against infections. It is a sexually transmitted
infection that can be spread by contact with infected blood, by
having unprotected sex, from mother to child during pregnancy and
childbirth or breastfeeding. Without medication, it may take
approximately 2 to 15 years before HIV weakens your immune system
that leads to AIDS. As of 2016, 36.7 million people were living with
HIV, 1.8 million of them are newly infected and 1 million of them
were died due to AIDS (as reported by WHO, 2017). There were 1,098
new HIV positive individuals reported to the HIV and ART Registry of
the Philippines (HARP) in the month of May 2017. This was 48% higher
compared to the same period last year which is 741. And so, it is the
highest recorded cases ever since 1984. From the result, 95% of them
are male. More than half are 25-34 years old while 30% were youth
aged 15-24 years (as reported by DOH, 2017).
The Philippines is ranked as one of the most gay friendly nation
in the world and the most LGBT friendly in Asia. LGBT stands for
lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and along with heterosexual
1
they describe people’s sexual orientation or gender identity.
Philippines have the highest rate of new HIV infections in the Asia-
Pacific region, with new cases increasing by more than 100% from 2001
to 2015 (Peter Mosende,2015). Beginning in 2010, the transmission
trend shifted from male-female sex to male to male sex, which this
year accounts for 87% of new infections (Department of Health, 2017).
A woman is twice as likely to catch the virus from an infected
partner in a heterosexual relationship as a man is. Homosexual men
are at even greater risk. There are more than 20 times more likely to
get infected from an HIV-positive partner than partners in a
heterosexual relationship (Zambia-Emory HIV Project, 2014). The
increased risk Men who have sex with men (MSM) experienced reflects a
number of biological, behavioural and social factors. The average HIV
transmission rate during anal sex is estimated to be 18 times higher
than the rate during vaginal intercourse. The role variability of gay
men increases transmission risk. Role variability refers to taking
different “roles” during sexual intercourse encounters. Men who
practice receptive, unprotected anal intercourse are at higher risk
of contracting HIV. This optimizes the spread of HIV between gay men
in a way not seen in heterosexual couples. In heterosexual couples,
men are far more likely to penetrate and women to be penetrated.
Because of this, HIV is far more likely to spread from the male
partner to the female partner.
2
Men who have sex with men become an interesting subject and a
concern in the society which considered one of the main target groups
for HIV prevention program (Aeree Sohn, Byonghee Cho, June 2012).
Despite of having multiple causes in acquiring HIV, knowledge and
awareness of some LGBT is insufficient (Benjamine Grin, Philip A.
Chan et.al, January 2014). In response to the increasing incidence of
HIV AIDS, the Department of Health in collaboration with other non-
government organization has developed programs to address this
alarming dilemma. HIV/STI Prevention Program aims to reduce the
transmission of HIV and STI among the most at risk population and
general population and mitigate it’s impact at the individual, family
and community level. It includes free voluntary HIV counseling and
testing service; 100% Condom Use Program (CUP) especially for
entertainment establishments, peer education and outreach; Multi-
sectoral coordination trough Philippine National AIDS Council (PANC);
empowerment of communities; Augmentation of resources of social
hygiene clinics; and Procured male condoms distributed as education
materials during outreach.
It is therefore necessary to evaluate the knowledge of the
members of the LGBT community to create possible interventions for
them to be free from sexually transmitted diseases. Educational
Institutions take the greatest role of disseminating knowledge and
3
information that could strengthen the campaign against HIV-AIDS,
hence, this study was initiated.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In terms of health education and health promotion,Health Belief
Model is the most frequently used theory (Glanz Rimer, & Lewis 2002;
National Cancer Institute, 2003). There are four perceptions which
serve as main constructs of the model: perceived seriousness,
perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and perceived barriers
which illustrate health behaviour. Perceived Seriousness is all about
individual’s belief or judgement on how serious or severe a disease
is. In relation to HIV/AIDS, some are not knowledgeable about how the
disease affects their lives. Due to lack of awareness in the mode of
transmission of the disease, myths and misinformation increases and
people who live with HIV become vulnerable due to stigma and
discrimination they get from others. Perceived susceptibility is
defined as individual’s assessment of his or her chances of getting
the disease. Some people do not perceive themselves to be at risk of
having HIV/AIDS thus their perception of susceptibility of HIV/AIDS
is low as a result they do not practice appropriate and safe sex and
even though they have sufficient knowledge about the disease they
still fail to practice safer sex. Perceive Barriers, is an
individual’s perception or opinion as to what will stop him or her
from adopting new behaviour. In HIV counselling and testing, it
4
includes fear of positive test result and its related personal and
social consequences. They perceive that when they opt for counselling
and testing, other people might judge them and conclude them for
having HIV. With that, discrimination may occur. Perceived Benefits,
is an individual’ conclusion as to whether the new behaviour is
better than what or she is already doing. For example, early
detection during HIV testing would decrease the severity of acquiring
the disease.
5
Research Paradigm
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1.Personal Profile
2. The sources of
knowledge and
information of the
respondents regarding The level of Assessment of
HIV-AIDS. Knowledge, level of
beliefs and Knowledge, beliefs
3. Level of knowledge
practices were and practices of
of the respondents on
assessed through the LGBT on
HIV as regard to:
structured HIV/AIDS. It serve
a. Cause and risk questionnaire as basis for
factors recommendation to
The researchers the school
b. Manifestation
gathered all the administration in
c. Mode of
data from the conducting
transmission
respondents. information in
d. Prevention
The research was HIV/AIDS.
4. Beliefs of the
analysed
respondents on the
statistically
occurrence of HIV-AIDS
5. Preventive practices
of the respondents as
regards to HIV_AIDS
FEEDBACK
6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study is geared towards assessing the level of knowledge,
beliefs and practices of the members of the LGBT community among MCNP
and ISAP students.
Specifically, this study was conducted to answer the following
question:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Year Level
1.4 School
1.5 Religion
1.6 Ethnicity( Ilocano, Ibanag, Itawes)
2. What are the sources of knowledge and information of the
respondents regarding HIV-AIDS?
3. What is the level of knowledge of the respondents on HIV as
regard to:
3.1 Causes and risk factors
3.2 Manifestations
3.3 Modes of transmission
3.4 Prevention
4. What are the beliefs of the respondents on the occurrence of
HIV-AIDS?
7
5. What are the preventive practices of the respondents as regards
to HIV-AIDS?
6. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the
respondents and their level of knowledge on HIV/AIDS?
6.1 sources of Knowledge
6.2 Level of Knowledge
6.3 Beliefs
6.4 Preventive Practices
7. Is there a significant relationship between the level of
knowledge to the following:
7.1 Beliefs
7.2 Preventive practices
8. Is there a significant association between the beliefs of the
respondents and their preventive practices?
9. Is there a significant difference in the level of knowledge,
beliefs and preventive practices of the respondents when grouped
according to school?
8
HYPOTHESES
There is no significant relationship between the profile of the
respondents and their source of knowledge; Level of knowledge;
Beliefs ;and preventive practice
There is no significant relationship between the level of
knowledge of the respondents and their beliefs; and practices
There is no significant association between the beliefs of the
respondents and their practices
There is no significant difference in the Level of knowledge;
Beliefs; and Practices of the respondents when group according to
school.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study assesses the level of Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices
among MCNP-ISAP LGBT students in HIV/AIDS. This research aims to
disseminate the factual and proper information about HIV-AIDS
pointing on the awareness and understanding of the course, giving
emphasis on the development, for early correction and proper
teaching.
Members of the LGBT. It gives additional knowledge to the LGBT
regarding to the preventive measures in HIV/AIDS. Due to engagement
to different relationships, this study would help them enhance their
knowledge on how to avoid transmission of the disease.
9
MCNP Students. Nowadays, there are lots of people who engage to
different factors related to HIV-AIDS. In this study, it will help
them to gain knowledge and to know the importance of awareness in
preventing HIV-AIDS.
School. The result of the study will serves as a basis for continuing
in–service education and identifying assessment tools for students
who have lack of knowledge and lack of awareness to HIV-AIDS.
Guidance Office. The result of the study will help the guidance
office to implement seminars to avoid discrimination to the LGBT
community.
Department of Health. It will serve as their basis in conducting
interventions base on the result of the study. This would help them
as a guide in conducting
Administration and Teachers. As educators, this study would help them
to be more knowledgeable and make it as basis for them to disseminate
their learning and awareness to their students.
Researchers- as future health care providers we can able to share our
knowledge about the study through health education. This study would
help us to improve and add knowledge that they may also able to
supplement it with new ideas that will support this research.
Future Researchers- this study will serve as your guide in the
conduct of future or similar studies.
10
DEFINITION OF TERMS
AIDS- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Anal sex- is generally the insertion and thrusting of the erect penis
to a person’s anus, for sexual pleasure.
Beliefs- an acceptance that a statement is true or that something
exists.
Bisexual- sexually attracted to both men and women
DOH- Department of Health
Gay- a male who is sexually attracted to male; a male homosexual
Gender- Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, Transgender
Heterosexual- romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual
behaviour between person of the opposite sex or gender.
HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Homosexual- sexually attracted to people of the same sex
Immune System- protects the body against disease or other potentially
damaging foreign bodies.
Knowledge- information, understanding, or skill that you get from
experience or education
Lesbian- a woman who is sexually attracted to other woman; a female
homosexual
MSM- Men who have sex with men
Receptive- willing to listen to or accept ideas, suggestion, etc.
11
Practices – the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or
method as opposed to theories about such application or use
Sexual intercourse- sexual contact between individuals involving
penetration, specially the insertion of man’s erect penis into a
woman’s vagina.
Transgender- a person who strongly identifies with the opposite sex
and may seek to live as a member of this sex especially by undergoing
surgery ad necessary physical appearance (as by changing the external
sex organ)
Variability- something that changes or that can be change: something
that varies.
WHO- World Health Organization
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The research only focused on the Level of Knowledge, Beliefs and
Practices among MCNP LGBT students in HIV/AIDS. It does not intend to
find out the prevalence of HIV-AIDS among its respondents. The
respondents of this study were limited to the identified students of
MCNP and ISAP who are members of the LGBT. This study was conducted
on the 1st semester upon the approval of the Institutional Research
Board. The study is based on 50 LGBT students who are officially
enrolled in MCNP-ISAP in school year 2017-2018.
12
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Knowledge on HIV/AIDS:
According to Stephen, Oluyemi Adetunji; Nel, The knowledge of
causes of HIV/AIDS and the knowledge of symptoms and signs of
HIV/AIDS of prison inmates are low. Hence, the need for an immediate
intervention and efforts should be made in order to educate prison;
if there is lack of education of HIV/AIDS it indicates danger to all.
Similar to that, it was studied by M. Mofizul Islam, Katherine M.
Conigrive, Md, that there is an increase HIV vulnerability to those
outgoing migrant workers. As a result, the knowledge of the female
migrant workers is not enough. Also in 2013, there is lack basic
understanding of HIV/AIDS infection among fishermen, negative
attitudes towards HIV and Aids and had unsafe sexual practices
(Zafar, Mubashir; Nisar, Nighat; Kadir, Masood, Fatmi, Zafar;
Ahmed,Zeeshan Jan 2013). In 2017, there is a gap in the knowledge
about HIV/AIDS between educated and uneducated adults, important
awareness programs that especially reach out to the uneducated masses
that are otherwise uninformed about HIV and are under high risk of
acquiring HIV (Ahmad Z, et al. Cureus 2017). The general level of
knowledge responding to our goal can be considered good. However,
gaps in the knowledge due to lack of campaigns aimed exclusively such
public, as well as to the lack of awareness of professional were
13
identified (Heather Fay, Stefan D. Baral, Gift Trapence, et al Dec
2010). In the US, Hispanic MSM may be at risk for gaps in HIV
knowledge because of limited education, no HIV testing history, low
pride/ acceptance of homosexuality and those aged 18-24 or 50 above
(Bradley H. Wagenaar. Patrick S. Sullivan, Rob Stephenson March
2012). Men who have sex with men who engaged in unprotected sex were
more likely to have low levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge or education
(AereeSohn and Byonghee Cho, June 2012). Awareness and knowledge of
treatment as prevention was assessed. Nearly half of GBMSM in this
study reported having heard of Treatment as Prevention (TasP), yet
only 14% demonstrated complete understanding of the concept among
HIV-positive and other men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada
(Allison Carter, Nathan Lachowsky, and Robert S Hogg, June 2016). The
findings showed that Iranian youth and young adults have relatively
insufficient overall knowledge and negative attitudes about HIV and
PLHIV (Mostafahokoohi, Mohammad Karamouzian, Ali Mirzazadeh, AliAkbar
Haghdoost, et al, September 2016). Despite having multiple risk
factors for HIV infection, the examined HIV related knowledge,
attitudes and behaviours among MSM college students are unaware
(Benjamin Grin, BA, Philip A. Chan, MD, and Don Operario ,PhD ,
January 2014). Aside from exposure to a high risk of HIV infection,
Burmese brides in China are seriously lack response capabilities (Xu,
14
Yin; Fu, Li Ru; Jia, Manhong; Dai, Genyin; Wang, Qing; December
2014).
Beliefs in HIV/AIDS:
AIDS remains a stigmatized condition in the United States and
support for extremely punitive policies toward PWAs has declined
(Gregory M Herek PhD, John P. Capitanio PhD and Keith F. Widaman,
PhD. ,2002). In addition, AIDS brought a significant amount of
stigma that people were afraid, afraid of what it was and what could
be possibly do to them that can cause people to panic (Gwendolyn
Barnhart MS). In 2009, a direct negative impact has been found in
HIV/AIDS related stigma. Since then, discrimination have harmed
people (David Martin PhD, 2009). Generally, there were negative
feelings and views in the care given to HIV/AIDS patients across the
different hospitals. Health talks or seminars is the greatest source
of information in the cause, transmission and clinical treatment
(Chiamaka N. Umeh, James Essien ,Michael Ross, 2010). The African
American men and women holds conspiracy beliefs about HIV/AIDS, the
effects of the beliefs on behaviour was most striking among men. It
is concluded that, the stronger man held a conspiracy belief, the
less likely he was to use condom (Charles Dervarics, March 2005).
Innovative, non-stigmatising, confidential HIV testing interventions
targeted at young, less educated migrant and non-gay identifying MSM
may facilitate HIV testing and timely linkage to HIV care and
15
treatment within this population (Heather A Pines, David Goodman-
Meza, Eileen V Pitpitan, Karla Torres, Shirley J Semple, Thomas L
Patterson, Jan 2016)
Practices in HIV/AIDS:
Unprotected anal sex rated as high but over years, it has
decreased. Finding support an increasing prevalence of HIV and
syphilis among men who have sex with men in Harbin. Targeted
behavioural intervention and syphilis treatment are urgently needed
to prevent the epidemic from growing (Kailiwang, Hongmei Yan, Yanlin
Liu, ZhiweiLeng, Binyou Wang, JinkouZhao April 2002. Heterogeneity
in the organization and structure of sex work is an important
determinant of variations in HIV prevalence among FSW across
districts of India, much more the district themselves Ramesh,
Banadakoppa M, Moses, Stephen, Washington, Reynold et al. , Dec
2008). This population-based survey documented the extent to which
MSM know their partner’s serostatus and practice serosorting
behaviours, the findings emphasize the need for studies to report
sercodant and serodiscordant unprotected anal intercourse separately
as the former present’s significant lower risk of HIV transmission
(Xia, Qiang, Molitor, Fred, Osmond, Dennis H, tholandi, Maya,
Pollack, Lance M, Ruiz, Juan D, Catania, Joseph A , Oct 2006).
16
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, respondents of the
study, research instruments, data gathering tool, data gathering
procedure and data analysis.
Research design
The study utilized the descriptive correlational method of
research. Descriptive research is a fact-finding study with adequate
and accurate interpretation of the findings. It describes with
emphasis what actually exist. The study was concerned with the level
of knowledge, beliefs and practices of LGBT students in MCNP-ISAP on
HIV/AIDS and so, descriptive method was the most appropriate method
of research to use.
Participants of the Study
This research investigation included a total of 43 respondents
that are students of MCNP-ISAP and are LGBT members that are open to
the public. Snowball sampling was used where in existing participants
recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. It was
continued until the 3rd level of recruitment.
17
Data Gathering Tool
The research instrument used to gather data and information is a
5-part questionnaire. The data collection tool consists of 5
sections. The first section contains the necessary demographics of
the participants: age, gender, year level, religion, school,
ethnicity.
The second section consists of standard questionnaires on the
sources of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. The main tool used in the third
section of the study is a standardized questionnaire that was adopted
from University of Ibadan, Nigeria and North Western University of
USA.
The fourth and fifth part contains standardized questionnaires
that were adopted from International Planned Parenthood Federation
(IPPF) the questions are about the beliefs and practices that are
related to HIV/AIDS.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers asked permission to conduct the study through a
letter addressed through the Dean of the concerned department, the
Research Coordinators and to the participants. The instrument used to
collect data was the aforementioned questionnaire. An informed
consent was presented prior to the answering of the questionnaire.
18
DATA ANALYSIS
The data gathered were encoded, coded and statistically
processed and presented in a tabular form using mega stat. To
determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender, and
for the Level of knowledge, frequency and percentage distribution was
used.
Table 1
5 point Likert scale
Raw Score Equivalent

0 No knowledge
1-2 Poor knowledge
3-4 Average
5 Knowledgeable
The table 1 shows a 5 point likert scale. A raw score of 0 is
equivalent to no knowledge, a raw score of 1-2 is equivalent to poor
knowledge, 3-4 raw score is equivalent to average and a raw score of
5 is equivalent to knowledgeable.
To determine the relationship among knowledge, beliefs and
practices to the respondents we used Pearson-r. The Pearson r is the
most commonly used measure of correlation. It is used to determine
relationship between the profile of the respondents and to the level
of knowledge, beliefs and practices.
19
Chapter IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the
data collected in order to answer the problem in this study and to
know the results of the study
I. Profile of the Respondents
Table 2.1
Frequency Count and Percentage Distribution of Respondents in terms
of Age
Age Frequency Percentage

15-17 0 0
18-20 41 95.3
21-23 2 4.7
Total 43 100
The table 2.1 shows the distribution of respondents as to age.
Most of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 18-20 years old
which comprises of 95.3% of the total population and the second age
bracket comprises 4.7% which is the group of 21-23 years old. Age
group of 15-17 years old has no respondents. In 2012, ages 15-24
years old has the highest percentage of hiv/aids (Mohammed, Tefera
and Ahmed 2015).
Table 2.2
of Gender
20
Gender Frequency Percentage

Lesbian 5 11.6
Gay 10 23.3
Bisexual 28 65.1
Total 43 100
The table 2.2 shows the distribution of respondents as to
gender. Most of the respondents are Bisexual which comprises 65.1%
(28/43) of the total population, the second respondents are Gay which
comprises 23.3% (10/43) and the last are the respondents of Lesbian
which comprises 11.6% (5/43). The data signifies that our respondents
are dominated by bisexual.
Table 2.3
of Year Level
Year Level Frequency Percentage

3rd 23 53.5
4th 20 46.5
Total 43 100
The table 2.3 shows the distribution of respondents as to per
year level. Most of our respondents belongs to 3rd year level which
comprises 53.5%(23/43) while the 4th year level comprises
46.5%(20/43) of the total population.
Table 2.4
of School.
21
School Frequency Percentage

MCNP 24 55.8%
ISAP 19 44.2%
Total 43 100%
school. The respondents of MCNP comprise 55.8% (24/43) while the ISAP
comprises 44.2% (19/43) of the total population. Because of the
advancement of the knowledge of lesbian, gay and bisexual college
students, it became an advantage that most of them have a basic
information about HIV/AIDS(Piperato, 2014).
Table 2.5
Frequency Count and Percentage Distribution of respondents in terms
of Religion
Religion Frequency Percentage

Roman Catholic 26 60.5%
Iglesia ni Cristo 3 7.0%
Jehova’s Witnesses 2 4.7%
Born Again 4 9.3%
Methodist 0 0.0%
Others 8 18.6%
Total 43 100%
religion. Most of the respondents are Roman Catholic which compose of
60.5% (26/43) of the total population. The second are Others which
compose of 18.6% (8/43). The third are Born Again with 9.3% (4/43).
The fourth are Iglesia ni Kristo with 7.0% (3/43). the last are
Jehova’s Witnesses with 4.7% (2/43) of the total population.
22
Table 2.6
of Ethnicity
Ethnicity Frequency Percentage

Ilokano 29 67.4%
Itawes 1 2.3%
Ybanag 6 14.0%
Yvatan 1 2.3%
Kalinga 2 4.7%
Igorot 2 4.7%
Others 2 4.7%
Total 43 100%
ethnicity. Most of the respondents are Ilokano which compose of 67.4%
(29/43) followed by Ybanag with 14.0% (6/43). Next are Kalinga,
Igorot and others with 4.7%(2/43) and the last are Itawes and Yvatan
which compose of 2.3% (1/43) of the total population
Table 3
Source of Knowledge of the Respondents on HIV/AIDS
STATEMENTS Weighted Descriptive

mean Value
1. There are books in the library regarding 1.81 Agree
HIV/AIDS
Through television, radio, newspapers and 1.88 Agree
magazines
2. There are news and articles in the internet 1.93 Agree
about HIV/AIDS
3. Campaign Ads(brochures and posters) from 1.70 Agree
DOH regarding HIV/AIDS
4. It was discussed by my teachers 1.79 Agree
5. I heard from my family members 1.56 Agree
6. I heard from my peers 1.72 Agree
Total Mean Average 1.77 Agree
23
The table 3 shows the sources of knowledge. It indicates that
all the statements above were agreed as their sources about HIV/AIDS
with a total mean average of 1.77. However, the respondents gain more
knowledge through news and articles in the internet (Mean=1.93.
According to the study of Yufeng Wen, Huadong Wang and Wenjie Sun in
the year 2015, The sources of knowledge related to HIV/AIDS reported
by the respondents are commonly through television with 85.5% and
newspaper with 54.5%.
III. Level of Knowledge
Table 4.1
Level of Knowledge of the Respondents on HIV/AIDS as to Causes and
Risk Factors
Causes and Risk Frequency Percentage

Factors
No knowledge 1 2.3%
Poor Knowledge 2 4.7%
Average 31 72.1%
Knowledgeable 9 20.9%
Total 43 100%
The table 4.1 shows the Level of Knowledge about the causes and
risk factors of HIV/AIDS. It indicates that most of the respondents
have an average knowledge about the causes and risk factors regarding
HIV/AIDS which compose 72.1% (31/43). 20.9% (9/43) of them are
knowledgeable followed by 4.7% (2/43) who have poor knowledge and
24
2.3% (1/43) is not knowledgeable. In 2012, men who have sex with men
who use condom and having one sexual partner are more likely to have
high level knowledge in HIV/AIDS while MSM who engaged in unprotected
sex were more likely to have low level of HIV/AIDS knowledge and
education (Sohn and Cho 2012).
Table 4.2
Level of Knowledge of the Respondents on HIV/AIDS as to
Manifestations
Manifestation Frequency Percentage

No Knowledge 3 7.0
Poor Knowledge 18 41.9
Average 20 46.5
Knowledgeable 2 4.7
Total 43 100
The table 4.2 shows the Level of Knowledge about the
manifestations of HIV/AIDS. It indicates that only 4.7% (2/43) of
them are knowledgeable on it. Among the 43 respondents, most of them
have an average knowledge which composes 46.5% (20/43). Followed by
41.9% (18/43) of them who has a poor knowledge and 7% (3/43) of them
has no knowledge about the manifestations on HIV/AIDS.
Table 4.3
Level of Knowledge of the Respondents on HIV/AIDS as to Mode of
Transmission
25
Mode of Transmission Frequency Percentage

No Knowledge 8 18.6%
Poor knowledge 22 51.2%
Average 10 23.3%
Total 43 100%
The table 4.3 shows the level of knowledge about mode of
transmission on HIV/AIDS. Among the 43 respondents, most of them are
poor knowledgeable which comprises 51.2% (22/43). There are 23.3%
(10/43) who have an average knowledge followed by 18.6% (8/43) that
are not knowledgeable. Least of them are knowledgeable with a total
of 7% (3/43). ). Misconception about the transmission such as the
believe that mosquito bites (23%), sex with uninfected
partner(15.5%), non-usage of condom(14.7%), abstinence(9.5%) and
sharing utensils with an infected person (7.8%) were observe in
senior high school students and reported to have low level of
knowledge about the prevention of HIV/AIDS(Kingoum Nubed and Jane-
Francis Tatah,2016).
Table 4.4
Level of Knowledge of the Respondents on HIV/AIDS as to Prevention
Prevention Frequency Percentage

No Knowledge 5 11.6%
Poor knowledge 24 55.8%
Average 12 27.9%
Total 43 100%
26
The table 4.4 shows the Level of Knowledge about the Prevention
of HIV/AIDS. It indicates that most of them have a poor knowledge on
how to prevent the occurrence of HIV/AIDS with a result of 55.8 as
their percentage (24/43). There are 27.9% (12/43) who are belong to
average knowledge followed by 11.6% (5/43) who are not knowledgeable.
Least of them are knowledgeable on it with a total percentage of 4.7%
(2/43). In 2013, the senior high school students in Ghana reported
having low knowledge about the prevention of HIV/AIDS because of poor
education about the disease(Appiah-Agyekum and Robert Henry
Suapim,2013).
27
Table 5
Beliefs of the Respondents on HIV/AIDS

mean Value
1. People infected with HIV should be ashamed 3.09 Neutral
of themselves.
2. People infected with HIV/AIDS are Agree
promiscuous. 3.42
3. I would feel ashamed if I were infected Agree
with HIV. 3.44
4. People infected with HIV/AIDS should be Disagree
expelled from their community. 2.42
5. HIV infection is the result of personal Neutral
irresponsibility or moral fault(such as
infidelity that deserves to be punished. 3.19
6. HIV is associated with behaviours that Agree
should be disapprove (such as homosexuality,
drug use, sex work, or infidelity). 3.56
7. Most people living with HIV have had many Agree
sexual partners. 3.60
8. People get infected with HIV because they Agree
engage in irresponsible behaviors. 3.53
9. HIV is punishment for bad behaviour. 2.72 Neutral
10. Most people living with HIV do not care if
they infect other people. 2.88 Neutral
Total Mean Average 3.19 Neutral
Table 5 shows the beliefs of the respondents in regard to
HIV/AIDS. It has a weighted mean of 3.19 which indicates a neutral
descriptive value. Therefore, there is an impartial thought in their
beliefs in terms of morality, behavior and the way of living of a
person with HIV/AIDS.
28
Table 6
Practices of the Respondents on HIV/AIDS

mean Value
1. If a person is in possession of a male Neutral
condom, it implies they are planning to have
sex 3.23
2. Using a male condom reduces sexual pleasure 3.51 Agree
3. A man will be offended if a woman insists Neutral
that he should use a condom 3.02
4. It is embarrassing to buy or ask for condoms 3.21 Neutral
5. Men need to have more than one sexual Disagree
partner 2.19
6. Women need to have more than one sexual Disagree
partner 2.07
7. Sexual intercourse should only take place Agree
between married couples 3.91
8. Would you consider the practice( men having Neutral
sex with men in this community) to be common 2.63
9. It is safe to share sharp objects such as Neutral
clippers, nail cutters, razor blades, etc. with
friends or family members 2.77
10. A person can safely accept blood Neutral
transfusion if the blood have been screened for
HIV/AIDS. 2.79
General Weighted Mean Average 2.93 Neutral
Table 6 shows the practices regarding to the occurrence of
HIV/AIDS. It implies that there is a neutral understanding in terms
of the practices that are performing during sexual intercourse and
actions that are associated with the transmission of the disease. In
the year 2013, large population of students were engaged in multiple
sexual partners and unprotected sex. Various factors such as marital
status, year of study were associated with risky sexual
behaviors.(Zelalem Alamrew, Melkamu Bedimo and Muluken Azage 2013.
29
Table 7
Test of Relationship between Profile variables and Sources of
Knowledge, Level of Knowledge; Beliefs; and Preventive Practices of
the Respondents
Profile Variables Source of Level of Practices

Beliefs
knowledge knowledge
Age Pearson 0.016 0.127 -0.106 -0.013
Correlation
Sig. (2- .9200 .4164 .4982 .9339
tailed)
N 43 43 43 43
Gender Pearson 0.021 0.100 0.039 0.088
Correlation
Sig. (2- .8949 .5243 .8022 .5741
tailed)
N 43 43 43 43
Year Pearson -0.029 0.002 -0.141 -0.148
Level Correlation
Sig. (2- .8542 .9900 .3658 .3437
tailed)
N 43 43 43 43
Religion Pearson 0.119 -0.305 0.131 -0.009
Correlation
Sig. (2- .4490 *.0464 .4035 .9542
tailed)
N 43 43 43 43
Ethnicity Pearson -0.170 0.015 0.036 -0.037
Correlation
Sig. (2- .2771 .9263 .8190 .8114
tailed)
N 43 43 43 43
School Pearson 0.048 0.060 0.071 0.058
Correlation
Sig. (2- .7619 .7030 .6495 .7126
tailed)
N 43 43 43 43
Table 7 reveals that there is significant relationship between
level of knowledge and religion. Further, the calculation yielded a
Pearson correlation value of -0.305 and a probability value of .0464
30
at 0.05 alpha. This means that there is a significant relationship of
the level of knowledge and religion. This implies that Roman
Catholics have higher level of knowledge than the other religious
group. In 2009, Ghanaian women found that respondents who identified
themselves as Roman catholic were more knowledgeable about modes of
HIV/AIDS( James Zou, Yvonne Yamanaka and Nathan Thielman, 2009)
The rest of profile variables do not have significant
relationship with the participants sources of knowledge, level of
knowledge, beliefs and preventive practices.
Table 8
Test of Relationship between the Level of Knowledge to the Beliefs;
and Preventive practices of the Respondents towards HIV/AIDS
Profile Variables Preventive

Beliefs
Practices
Level of Pearson -0.128 0.235
Knowledge Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .4135 .1292
N 43 43
Table 8 shows that the relationship between level of knowledge
and beliefs and preventive practices. It means that there is no
significant relationship between the level of knowledge and beliefs
(P= .4135)and practices on HIV/AIDS (.1292).
31
Table 9
Test of Relationship between the Beliefs of the Respondents to their
Preventive practices on HIV/AIDS
Preventive practices
N Pearson Sig. (2-
Beliefs Correlation tailed)
43 0.639 *3.94E-06
Table 9 shows the relationship between beliefs and preventive
practices on HIV/AIDS. It implies that there is a significant
relationship between beliefs and preventive practices as supported
with a P value of 3.94E-06. Therefore, the respondents are performing
the preventive practices in accordance to their beliefs. In 2008, the
health care professional of the Nigerian showed a high level of
knowledge, beliefs and preventive practices (Umeh, Essien, Ross,Ph.D
2008).
Table 10
Test Difference in the Level of Knowledge; Beliefs and Preventive
practices of the Respondents when grouped according to School
Sig.
Dimensions Respondents t df (2-
N Mean tailed)
Level of knowledge MCNP 24 2.4896 -
41 .7030
ISAP 19 2.5395 0.38
Beliefs MCNP 24 3.1417 -

.6495
ISAP 19 3.2421 0.46 41
Practices MCNP 24 2.916 -

41 .8219
ISAP 19 2.956 0.23
32
Table 10 shows the test difference in the level of knowledge,
beliefs and preventive practices when grouped according to school.
The P values In the level of knowledge is .7030, beliefs is .6495 and
practices is .8219. Therefore, there is no significant difference
when the level of knowledge, beliefs and preventive practices are
grouped according to school.
33
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and
recommendation.
Summary of Findings
Of the 43 LGBT’s, majority are between 18-20 years old,
bisexuals, Roman Catholic, Ilokanos. Majority of the participants are
studying in MCNP and in their third year level. All of the
participants answered that they are agree to all the sources of
knowledge that was indicated. The participant’s level of knowledge in
the causes and risk factors and manifestation is average. On the
other hand, in terms of the level of knowledge about the mode of
transmission and prevention, it was found out that majority are poor
knowledgeable about it. The respondent’s beliefs in HIV/AIDS found
out that they are neutral. It means that there is an impartial
thought in their beliefs in terms of the morality, behaviour and the
way of living of the people with HIV/AIDS. The practices of the
respondents in HIV/AIDS imply that they have a neutral understanding
to the practices related to the performance during sexual intercourse
and actions that are associated with the transmission of the disease.
34
CONCLUSION
In view of the findings of the study, it is concluded that there
is an average level of knowledge about the causes and risk factors
and manifestations. On the other hand, the mode of transmission and
prevention resulted a poor level of knowledge which means that LGBT’s
don’t have the enough understanding when concerning to HIV/AIDS.
Furthermore, LGBT’s are neutral to the belief and preventive
practices. Therefore, there is an impartial judgement where in, they
are neither agree nor disagree to the beliefs and practices specified
in the study.
RECOMMENDATION
In light of the findings and conclusions presented, the
following recommendations are suggested
1. That LGBT’s in MCNP-ISAP should improve their level of knowledge on
matters regarding HIV/AIDS.
2. School administrators should facilitate strategies that would help
the students to become aware regarding HIV/AIDS.
3. School should implement programs or symposiums that focuses to the
upliftment of the knowledge, beliefs and preventive practices
regarding HIV/AIDS.
4. It is recommended that similar studies should be conducted in other
places. Where in, they are going to determine also the level of
35
knowledge, beliefs and preventive practices of the LGBT’s in their
community regarding HIV/AIDS so that if similar problems are found,
effort may be exerted for the improvement of their knowledge.
5. Suggest to the guidance office to conduct program in relation to
gender sensitivity that will strengthen the confidence and rights
of the LGBT students.
36
APENDICES
37
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.liyab.com/2016/determining-the-lgbt-population-of-the-
philippines/
http://www.researchgate.net/figure/51615966_fig2_The-Health-Belief-
Model-Application-to-HIV-testing-the-figure-illustrates-the-Health/
https://www.researchg51615966_fig2_The-Health-Belief-Model-ate.net/
https://www.hrc.org/resources/hrc-issue-brief-hiv-aids-and-the-lgbt-
community
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/index.html
38
INFORMED CONSENT
Dear participant,
We, Sales, Iana Roia and Vargas, Julibeth, 4th year students of
Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines College of Nursing are
conducting a research entitled “The Level of Knowledge, Beliefs and
Practices among MCNP-ISAP LGBT students in HIV/AIDS”. We thought of
conducting this study founded on the belief that researches are
inherently good and would benefit mankind. This study will further
guide Holy Infant Hospital to become eco-friendly and safe.
Respondents will come from the nursing, medical technology,
radiology, pharmacy department and student affiliated in this
hospital.
You will be participating in this study by answering honestly the
questionnaire provided by the researchers. Your participation in this
study is voluntary. If you choose not to participate or to withdraw
from the study at anytime, you can do so without penalty or loss of
benefit to yourself. The results of this research study may be
published but your identity will remain confidential and your name
will not be disclosed to any outside party. In this research, there
are no foreseeable risks to you.
As a participant in this study, you should understand the following:
1. You may decline to participate or withdraw from participation at
any time without consequences.
39
2. Your identity will be kept confidential.
3. The researcher has thoroughly explained the parameters of the
research study and all of your questions and concerns have been
addressed.
4. The information from the recorded interviews may be transcribed.
The researcher will structure a coding process to assure that the
anonymity of your name is protected.
5. Data will be stored in a secure and locked area.
6. The research results will be used for publication.
By signing this form, you acknowledge that you understand the
nature of the study, the potential risks to you as a participant,
and the means by which your identity will be kept confidential.
Your signature on this form also indicates that you are 15years old
and above that you give the permission to voluntarily serve as a
participant in the study prescribed.
Signature:___________________________________
Date:_______________
40
The goal of the study is to gather preliminary information to assess
the Level of Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices among MCNP-ISAP LGBT
students in HIV/AIDS.
 Participants in the study is completely voluntary and written
informed consent will be obtain.
 The questionnaire is to be answered by the students of different
departments
 Before starting to answer the questions, please go through the
instructions relevant to each question and Identify the correct
answer for each question.
Instruction: Provide all necessary information by checking on the
appropriate boxes
I. Profile
Name:(optional)
Ethnicity: Age:
( )Ilokano ( )15-17
( )Itawes ( )18-20
( )Ybanag ( )21-23
( )Yvatan ( )24- above
( )Kalinga
( )Igorot
( )Others:_____
41
Gender: Religion:
( )Lesbian ( )Roman Catholic
( )Gay ( )Iglesiani Cristo
( )Bisexual ( )Jehova’s Witnesses
( )Transgender ( )Born Again
( )Methodist
Year Level: ( ) others:__________
( )3rd year
( )4th year
School:
( )MCNP ( )ISAP
Course:
( )Medical Technology ( )Accountancy
( )Nursing ( )Business Administration
( )Pharmacy ( )Computer Engineering
( )Physical Therapy ( )Criminology
( )Radiologic Technology ( )Customs Administration
( )Secondary Education
( )HRM
( )Information Technology
( )Social Work
( )Tourism
42
The information requested above is purely for academic purpose and
will be treated confidentially
II. Sources of Knowledge
Instruction: Listed below are the possible sources of information and
knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. Identify the sources which has given
you the most information and knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS by checking
as many as you can.
2- Agree
1- Disagree
2 1
There are books in
the library
regarding HIV/AIDS
Through television,
radio,newspapers and
magazines
There are news and
articles in the
internet about
HIV/AIDS
Campaign
Ads(brochures and
posters) from DOH
regarding HIV/AIDS
It was discussed by
my teachers
I heard from my
family members
I heard from my
peers
43
III. Knowledge related to HIV/AIDS
Causes and Risk Factors
1. If one wants to have unprotected sexual activity with a partner
who is HIV positive, they are putting themselves at huge risk of
contracting HIV
a. true
b. false
2. Are women who have sex with women at risk for HIV infection
a. true
b. false
3. A person can make a person ill because?
a. It makes a person lose weight very suddenly
b. It attacks the immune system
c. It reduces the body’s core temperature
4. Having multiple sex partners may increase the risk of acquiring
HIV/AIDS
a. True b. False
5. There are possible HIV risk factors:(Select all that apply)
a. Having sexually transmitted infection(STI)such as herpes,
chlamydia and gonorrhoea
b. Having a mother who was infected in HIV before the baby is born
44
c. Using needles for piercing or tattooing that is sterile
d. Having sex after drinking alcohol or taking drugs
Manifestations
1. A person who is infected with HIV might displace no symptoms
a. True b. False
2. People who is infected with HIV may develop: (Select all that
Apply)
a. Headache
b. Sore throat
c. Muscle and joint pain
d. Rashes
e. Fever
3. As virus continues to multiply and destroy Immune cells, you may
develop:
a. Infection
b. Diabetes
c. Heart disease
d. Cancer
4. Between 1 and 4 weeks after someone is infected with the virus ,
they may have flu-like symptoms that last:
a. 4-5 months
b. 3-5 weeks
c. 1-2 weeks
45
d. 1 day
5. Gastrointestinal(GI) manifestation of HIV disease include(Select
all that apply)
a. Diarrhea
b. Vomiting
c. Weight loss
d. Abdominal discomfort
Modes of Transmission
1. What is the main mode of transmission of HIV worldwide?
a. unprotected heterosexual sex
b. men who have sex with men
c. injecting drug use
2. HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through(select all that apply)
a. Breast milk
b. Semen
c. Blood
d. Saliva
e. touch
f. vaginal fluid
46
3. kissing is a possible way of transmitting HIV
a. true
b. false
4. Can a person get HIV from a mosquito bite?
a. true
b. false
5. You can become infected with HIV from?
a. Sharing utensils or drinking from the same cup as someone with HIV
b. Mosquito bite
c. Touching someone with HIV
d. None of the above
Prevention
1. Condoms are the most effective means of preventing the transmission
of HIV and other STIs while sex
a. true
b. false
2. Where can you get an HIV test?
a. Hospital
b. Community health center
c. Doctor’s office
d. All of the Above
47
3. Is there a cure for HIV?
a. Yes
b. No
4. Do birth control methods other than condom reduce the risk of
HIV infection?
a. True
b. False
5. It is a therapy that is effective in reducing the viral load to
treat HIV infection:
a. Antibiotic
b. Antifungal therapy
c. Antiretroviral therapy
d. Drug therapy
e. Beliefs related to HIV/AIDS
IV. Instruction: Each statement is followed by a choice of
responses. Please check the response that corresponds to how you feel
about each statement.
5- Strongly Agree
4- Agree
3- Neutral
2- Disagree
1-Strongly Disagree
48
Questions 5 4 3 2 1
People infected with
HIV should be ashamed
of themselves.
HIV/AIDS are
promiscuous.
I would feel ashamed
if I were infected
with HIV.
HIV/AIDS should be
expelled from their
community.
HIV infection is the
result of personal
irresponsibility or
moral fault(such as
infedility0 that
deserves to be
punished.
HIV is associated with
behaviours that should
be disapprove (such as
homosexuality, drug
use, sex work, or
infidelity).
Most people living
with HIV have had many
sexual partners.
People get infected
with HIV because they
engage in
irresponsible
behaviors.
HIV is punishment for
bad behaviour.
Most people living
with HIV do not care
if they infect other
people.
49
V. Practices related to HIV/AIDS.
Instruction: Each statement is followed by a choice of responses.
Please check the response that corresponds to how you feel about each
statement.
Questions 5 4 3 2 1
If a person is in possession
of a male condom, it implies
they are planning to have
sex
Using a male condom reduces
sexual pleasure
A man will be offended if a
woman insists that he should
use a condom
It is embarrassing to buy or
ask for condoms
Men need to have more than
one sexual partner
Women need to have more than
one sexual partner
Sexual intercourse should
only take place between
married couples
Would you consider the
practice( men having sex
with men in this community)
to be common
It is safe to share sharp
objects such as clippers,
nail cutters, razor blades,
etc. with friends or family
members
A person can safely accept
blood transfusion if the
blood have been screened for
HIV/AIDS.
50
General Statistical Table
Causes and
RF cumulative
midpoin widt frequenc percentag frequenc percentag

lowe uppe
r r t h y e y e
1 < 2 2 1 1 2.3 1 2.3
2 < 3 3 1 2 4.7 3 7.0
3 < 4 4 1 31 72.1 34 79.1
4 < 5 4 1 9 20.9 43 100.0
43 100.0
Age cumulative
lower upper midpoint width frequency percentage frequency percentage
2 < 2 2 1 41 95.3 41 95.3
3 < 3 3 1 0 0.0 41 95.3
3 < 3 3 0 2 4.7 43 100.0
43 100.0
51
Gender cumulative
lower upper midpoint width frequency percentage frequency percentage
1 < 2 2 1 5 11.6 5 11.6
2 < 3 3 1 10 23.3 15 34.9
3 < 4 3 1 28 65.1 43 100.0
43 100.0
Religion cumulative
lower upper midpoint width frequency percent frequency percent
1 < 2 2 1 26 60.5 26 60.5
2 < 3 3 1 3 7.0 29 67.4
3 < 4 4 1 2 4.7 31 72.1
4 < 5 5 1 4 9.3 35 81.4
5 < 6 6 1 0 0.0 35 81.4
6 < 7 6 1 8 18.6 43 100.0
43 100.0
52
Year
Level cumulative
1 < 1 1 1 23 53.5 23 53.5
2 < 2 2 1 0 0.0 23 53.5
2 < 2 2 0 20 46.5 43 100.0
43 100.0
School cumulative
1 < 1 1 1 24 55.8 24 55.8
2 < 2 2 1 0 0.0 24 55.8
2 < 2 2 0 19 44.2 43 100.0
43 100.0
53
Frequency Distribution -
Quantitative
Course cumulative
1 < 2 2 1 1 2.3 1 2.3
2 < 3 3 1 6 14.0 7 16.3
3 < 4 4 1 6 14.0 13 30.2
4 < 5 5 1 3 7.0 16 37.2
5 < 6 6 1 8 18.6 24 55.8
6 < 7 7 1 2 4.7 26 60.5
7 < 8 8 1 1 2.3 27 62.8
8 < 9 9 1 0 0.0 27 62.8
9 < 10 10 1 0 0.0 27 62.8
10 < 11 11 1 5 11.6 32 74.4
11 < 12 12 1 2 4.7 34 79.1
12 < 13 13 1 5 11.6 39 90.7
13 < 14 14 1 0 0.0 39 90.7
14 < 15 15 1 1 2.3 40 93.0
15 < 16 15 1 3 7.0 43 100.0
43 100.0
54
Causes and RF cumulative
Quantitative

Manifestation cumulative
1 < 2 2 1 1 2.3 1 2.3
2 < 3 3 1 2 4.7 3 7.0

3 < 4 4 1 31 72.1 34 79.1
1 < 2 2 1 3 7.0 3 7.0
4 < 5 4 1 9 20.9 43 100.0
2 < 3 3 1 18 41.9 21 48.8
43 100.0
3 < 4 4 1 20 46.5 41 95.3
4 < 5 4 1 2 4.7 43 100.0
43 100.0
Quantitative
prevention cumulative
1 < 2 2 1 5 11.6 5 11.6
2 < 3 3 1 24 55.8 29 67.4
3 < 4 4 1 12 27.9 41 95.3
55
4 < 5 4 1 2 4.7 43 100.0
43 100.0
Quantitative
MOT cumulative
1 < 2 2 1 8 18.6 8 18.6
2 < 3 3 1 22 51.2 30 69.8
3 < 4 4 1 10 23.3 40 93.0
4 < 5 4 1 3 7.0 43 100.0
43 100.0
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name: IanaRoia A. Sales
56
Date of Birth: November 14, 1998
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Address: Purok 3, Cabulay, Santiago City
Citizenship: Filipino
Educational Background
Elementary: Cabulay Elementary School
High School: Cabulay High School
College: Medical Colleges of Northern PhilippinesDegree: Bachelor of
Science in Nursing
57
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Background
Name: Julibeth M. Vargas
Date of Birth: July 22,1997
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Address: General Balao, Solana, Cagayan
Citizenship: Filipino
Educational Background
Elementary: General Balao Elementary School
High School: Sampaguita National High School
College: Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Nursing
58

Hiv Pinakafinal Na February Editing

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Hiv Pinakafinal Na February Editing

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

MEDICAL COLLEGES OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF NURSING

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is considered as

chronic critical condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus

defense systems against infections. It is a sexually transmitted

infection that can be spread by contact with infected blood, by

having unprotected sex, from mother to child during pregnancy and

childbirth or breastfeeding. Without medication, it may take

approximately 2 to 15 years before HIV weakens your immune system

aged 15-24 years (as reported by DOH, 2017).

The Philippines is ranked as one of the most gay friendly nation

lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and along with heterosexual

they describe people’s sexual orientation or gender identity.

to 2015 (Peter Mosende,2015). Beginning in 2010, the transmission

year accounts for 87% of new infections (Department of Health, 2017).

A woman is twice as likely to catch the virus from an infected

partner in a heterosexual relationship as a man is. Homosexual men

get infected from an HIV-positive partner than partners in a

heterosexual relationship (Zambia-Emory HIV Project, 2014). The

number of biological, behavioural and social factors. The average HIV

transmission rate during anal sex is estimated to be 18 times higher

men increases transmission risk. Role variability refers to taking

different “roles” during sexual intercourse encounters. Men who

practice receptive, unprotected anal intercourse are at higher risk

in a way not seen in heterosexual couples. In heterosexual couples,

men are far more likely to penetrate and women to be penetrated.

partner to the female partner.

Despite of having multiple causes in acquiring HIV, knowledge and

awareness of some LGBT is insufficient (Benjamine Grin, Philip A.

Chan et.al, January 2014). In response to the increasing incidence of

HIV AIDS, the Department of Health in collaboration with other non-

government organization has developed programs to address this

alarming dilemma. HIV/STI Prevention Program aims to reduce the

general population and mitigate it’s impact at the individual, family

and community level. It includes free voluntary HIV counseling and

testing service; 100% Condom Use Program (CUP) especially for

entertainment establishments, peer education and outreach; Multi-

sectoral coordination trough Philippine National AIDS Council (PANC);

empowerment of communities; Augmentation of resources of social

hygiene clinics; and Procured male condoms distributed as education

materials during outreach.

It is therefore necessary to evaluate the knowledge of the

members of the LGBT community to create possible interventions for

them to be free from sexually transmitted diseases. Educational

Institutions take the greatest role of disseminating knowledge and

information that could strengthen the campaign against HIV-AIDS,

hence, this study was initiated.

In terms of health education and health promotion,Health Belief

National Cancer Institute, 2003). There are four perceptions which

serve as main constructs of the model: perceived seriousness,

perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and perceived barriers

which illustrate health behaviour. Perceived Seriousness is all about

individual’s belief or judgement on how serious or severe a disease

disease affects their lives. Due to lack of awareness in the mode of

transmission of the disease, myths and misinformation increases and

discrimination they get from others. Perceived susceptibility is

defined as individual’s assessment of his or her chances of getting

the disease. Some people do not perceive themselves to be at risk of

having HIV/AIDS thus their perception of susceptibility of HIV/AIDS

still fail to practice safer sex. Perceive Barriers, is an

individual’s perception or opinion as to what will stop him or her

from adopting new behaviour. In HIV counselling and testing, it

having HIV. With that, discrimination may occur. Perceived Benefits,